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Entity that always performs optimal actions from given information
A rational agent or rational being is a person or entity that always aims to perform optimal actions based on given premises and information. A rational
Rational_agent
Quality of being agreeable to reason
why it is rational for an agent to do so in response. An important rival to this approach are coherence-based accounts, which define rationality as internal
Rationality
Class of models in the behavioral sciences
to the conclusion that the individual weakly prefers A over C. The rational agent will then perform their own cost–benefit analysis using a variety of
Rational_choice_model
Software agent which acts autonomously
like "goals" and "rational agents." An objective function (or goal function) specifies the goals of an intelligent agent. An agent is deemed more intelligent
Intelligent_agent
Autonomous artificial intelligence agent
Intelligent agent List of AI-assisted software development tools Model Context Protocol Native app Rational agent Robotic process automation Software agent "AI
AI_agent
Making of satisfactory, not optimal, decisions
Bounded rationality is the idea that rationality is limited when individuals make decisions, and under these limitations, rational individuals will select
Bounded_rationality
Model of humans as rational, self-interested agents
economicus, or economic man, is the portrayal of humans as agents who are consistently rational and narrowly self-interested, and who pursue their subjectively
Homo_economicus
Logical paradox in decision-making theory
us on the level of rational argument, but begin by denouncing all argument; they may forbid their followers to listen to rational argument, because it
Paradox_of_tolerance
Hypothesis about intelligent agents
only valuable to an agent as a means toward accomplishing its final goals. The contents and tradeoffs of an utterly rational agent's "final goal" system
Instrumental_convergence
School of thought within decision theory
school of thought within decision theory which states that, when a rational agent is confronted with a set of possible actions, one should select the
Causal_decision_theory
Standard example in game theory
theory, the prisoner's dilemma is a thought experiment involving two rational agents, each of whom can either cooperate for mutual benefit or betray their
Prisoner's_dilemma
Thought experiment
analogous – a rational agent in a deterministic universe deciding whether or not to cross a potentially busy street. Such a rational agent chooses to cross
Newcomb's_problem
Ethical theory of Immanuel Kant
as ends in themselves. The formulation of autonomy concludes that rational agents are bound to the moral law by their own will, while Kant's concept
Kantian_ethics
Philosophical terms
"instrumental rationality" and "value rationality" refer to two types of action identified by sociologist Max Weber. Instrumental rationality is a type of
Instrumental and value rationality
Instrumental_and_value_rationality
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
of behavioral relations. It is now an umbrella term for the science of rational decision making in humans, animals, and computers. Modern game theory began
Game_theory
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
Individual Values by Kenneth Arrow Stable marriage problem Trade-off talking rational economic person (TOTREP) Welfare economics Black, J. D.; Hashimzade, N
Pareto_efficiency
Solution concept of a non-cooperative game
under certain conditions. The Nash equilibrium may sometimes appear non-rational in a third-person perspective. This is because a Nash equilibrium is not
Nash_equilibrium
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Tic-tac-toe
German philosopher (1724–1804)
rational agents. We owe a duty to rationality by virtue of being rational agents; therefore, rational moral principles apply to all rational agents at
Immanuel_Kant
Theory of behavioral economics
expected utility theory (which models the decision that perfectly rational agents would make), prospect theory aims to describe the actual behavior of
Prospect_theory
Mathematical game
that perfectly rational players playing in such a game should not guess 0 unless they know that all other players are perfectly rational as well, and that
Guess_2/3_of_the_average
Branch of applied probability theory
prescriptive and concerned with identifying optimal decisions for a rational agent, rather than describing how people actually make decisions. Despite
Decision_theory
Philosophical thought experiment about utility
experiment demonstrating a problem in expected utility maximization. A rational agent should choose actions whose outcomes, when weighted by their probability
Pascal's_mugging
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Minimax
Language for cognitive agents
cognitive agents. Agent communication language Autonomous agent Cognitive architecture Declarative programming Practical reasoning Rational agent The elevator
GOAL agent programming language
GOAL_agent_programming_language
English saying meaning "equivalent retaliation"
recorded in 1558. It is also a highly effective strategy in game theory. An agent using this strategy will first cooperate, then subsequently replicate an
Tit_for_tat
Game whose outcome can be correctly predicted
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Solved_game
Any individual whose preferences satisfy four axioms has a utility function
an agent is (VNM-)rational if and only if there exists a real-valued function u defined by possible outcomes such that every preference of the agent is
Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem
Von_Neumann–Morgenstern_utility_theorem
Search algorithm
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Alpha–beta_pruning
Israeli-American psychologist and economist (1934–2024)
Kahneman's published empirical findings challenge the assumption of human rationality prevailing in modern economic theory. Kahneman became known as the "grandfather
Daniel_Kahneman
Human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasing risk
(September 1, 1999). "The Sunk Cost and Concorde Effects: Are Humans Less Rational Than Lower Animals?". Psychological Bulletin. 125 (5): 591–600. doi:10
Escalation_of_commitment
Philosophical concept
object whose behavior is to be predicted as a rational agent; then you figure out what beliefs that agent ought to have, given its place in the world and
Intentional_stance
Concept in game theory
all agents (weakly) gain, and if it has negative synergy, all agents (weakly) lose. If i {\displaystyle i} and j {\displaystyle j} are two agents, and
Shapley_value
Model of conflict for two players in game theory
introduction of an element of uncontrollable risk: even if all players act rationally in the face of risk, uncontrollable events can still trigger the catastrophic
Chicken_(game)
Two-player extensive form game
(2022) shows that a model including altruistic agents and uncertainty-averse agents (instead of rational agents) explain even better the experimental data
Centipede_game
Model for designing artificial intelligence
autonomous vehicles for human values. A BDI agent is a particular type of bounded rational software agent, imbued with particular mental attitudes, viz:
Belief–desire–intention software model
Belief–desire–intention_software_model
Thought experiment, to justify Bayesian probability
Dutch book arguments are a set of results showing that agents must satisfy the axioms of rational choice to avoid a kind of self-contradiction called a
Dutch_book_arguments
Israeli psychologist (1937–1996)
began in the late 1960s. Their work explored the biases and failures in rationality continually exhibited in human decision-making. Starting with their first
Amos_Tversky
Overuse of a shared resource
shared and can benefit the individual at a cost to the community, it is rational for the individual to overuse the resource, even though this collectively
Tragedy_of_the_commons
Situation where total gains match total losses
payoff in a zero-sum game gives rise to a generalized relative selfish rationality standard, the punishing-the-opponent standard, where both players always
Zero-sum_game
Hand game for two players or more
Strategic Interaction". Proceedings of the International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART): 587–590. Archived from the original
Rock_paper_scissors
Type of heuristic technique
perfectly rational agent. The setup is as follows. Let a 1 , a 2 , … , a T {\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{T}} be the actions issued by an agent up to
Thompson_sampling
Probabilistic theory of knowledge
rationality of beliefs at any moment, and dynamic constraints, governing how rational agents should change their beliefs upon receiving new evidence. One advantage
Bayesian_epistemology
Theorem in game theory
other words, if it is commonly known what each agent believes about some event, and both agents are rational and update their beliefs using Bayes' rule,
Aumann's_agreement_theorem
Pairing where no unchosen pair prefers each other over their choice
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Stable_matching_problem
Lack of self-control
intuitive assumption that rational judgment governs an agent's behavior. For example, there can be an instance of akrasia when (i) an agent is aware of what they
Akrasia
School of thought within decision theory
school of thought within decision theory which states that, when a rational agent is confronted with a set of possible actions, one should select the
Evidential_decision_theory
Principle that an action is rational if it maximizes one's self-interest
Rational egoism (also called rational selfishness) is the principle that an action is rational if and only if it maximizes one's self-interest. As such
Rational_egoism
Device to implement precommitment by restricting one's future options
analyzed commitment as a bargaining tactic and Robert Strotz modeled how a rational agent might benefit from constraining future choices. Experimental research
Commitment_device
Philosophical tract by Immanuel Kant
principles of moral theory, and showing that they are normative for rational agents. Kant proposes to lay bare the fundamental principle of morality and
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
John_von_Neumann
Hand game for two or more players
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Chopsticks_(hand_game)
Intelligence of machines
for AI applications. An "agent" is any entity (artificial or not) that perceives and takes actions in the world. A rational agent has goals or preferences
Artificial_intelligence
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
decision-making under ordinal utilities can satisfy the requirements of rational choice theory. Specifically, no such rule can satisfy independence of irrelevant
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Military strategy during the Cold War with regard to the use of nuclear weapons
rational choice and game-theoretic models of decision making (see game theory). Rational deterrence theory entails: Rationality: actors are rational Unitary
Deterrence_theory
Finding an optimal algorithm for playing chess
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Solving_chess
Process to determine the highest profits for a firm
mainstream approach to microeconomics, the firm is assumed to be a "rational agent" (whether operating in a perfectly competitive market or otherwise)
Profit_maximization
Philosophical movement
Jena. Fichte defined freedom as the ability of the I to be an active, rational agent, striving to overcome the limits of the Not-I. His philosophy is best
German_idealism
Concept in game theory
players would try to predict how other players act. They model the level of "rational expectation" players have by their ability to form priors (models) about
Focal_point_(game_theory)
Game in economic experiments
taken as both evidence for and against the Homo economicus assumptions of rational, utility-maximizing, individual decisions. Since an individual who rejects
Ultimatum_game
Economic model
compete in quantities rather than prices; and The firms are economically rational and act strategically, usually seeking to maximize profit given their competitors'
Cournot_competition
Hungarian-American economist and philosopher (1920–2000)
of rational behavior". Social Research. 44 (4): 623–656. JSTOR 40971169. Reprinted as: Harsanyi, John C. (1982), "Morality and the theory of rational behaviour"
John_Harsanyi
Decrease in severity of conflicts
severity. In asymmetric conflicts a probabilistic escalation might be rational for one side in some situations, resulting in challenges for de-escalation
De-escalation
Field of economics and game theory
(individual rationality) constraint is sometimes added if agents have the option of not playing. Consider a setting in which all agents have a type-contingent
Mechanism_design
Statement that players know and also know that other players know (ad infinitum)
for a group of agents. It is applied in the following way: there is common knowledge of p in a group of agents G when all the agents in G know p, they
Common_knowledge_(logic)
Game theory concept
payoffs, u, are given as follows: If both players are rational and both know that both players are rational and everything that any player knows is known to
Bayesian_game
Scottish-American philosopher (1929–2025)
that "there are no neutral standards available by appeal to which any rational agent whatsoever could determine" the conclusions of moral philosophy. In
Alasdair_MacIntyre
Problem in process of sharing surplus
have a possibility of being better than the disagreement point for both agents. The disagreement point d {\displaystyle d} is the value the players can
Cooperative_bargaining
British computer scientist
multi-agent systems, and in particular, in the computational theory aspects of rational action in systems composed of multiple self-interested agents. His
Michael Wooldridge (computer scientist)
Michael_Wooldridge_(computer_scientist)
Condition in economics and game theory
different than complete information, which implies common knowledge of each agent's utility functions, payoffs, strategies and "types". A system with perfect
Perfect_information
Reduction of the negative effects of cognitive biases
theory and practice of bias mitigation. This debate contrasts the rational economic agent standard for decision making versus one grounded in human social
Cognitive_bias_mitigation
Computer program acting for a user
Expert systems do not consider social ability. Intelligent agents (also known as rational agents) are not just computer programs: they may also be machines
Software_agent
Political model of international conflict resolution
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Two-level_game_theory
Branch of game theory about two-player sequential games with perfect information
combinatorial game allows constructions of games whose values are dyadic rational numbers. At the infinite level, it allows one to construct all real values
Combinatorial_game_theory
Situation where all parties are worse off
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
No-win_situation
English language word
"[a]cceptability with respect to a rational agent relies upon a notion of defense", with the complete set of arguments that a rational agent may accept being required
Acceptability
Facilitating a peaceful outcome to a dispute
Conflict is a contest. Rational behavior, in this contest, is a matter of judgment and perception. Strategy makes predictions using "rational behavior – behavior
Conflict_resolution
Representation of a game in game theory
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Normal-form_game
Formal rule for predicting how a game will be played
assumes that all future play will be rational. In subgame perfect equilibria, play in every subgame is rational (specifically a Nash equilibrium). Backward
Solution_concept
Thought experiment in ethics
316–337. Kamm, F. M. (2003). "The Doctrine of Triple Effect and Why a Rational Agent Need Not Intend the Means to His End". Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Trolley_problem
Game theory scenario
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Win–win_game
Complete plan on how a game player will behave in every possible game situation
strategy is based on the payoff or outcome of each action. The goal of each agent is to consider their payoff based on a competitors action. For example,
Strategy_(game_theory)
Tendency to overestimate in auctions
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Winner's_curse
Experimental tool
passive participant (the recipient). One would expect players to behave "rationally" and maximize their own payoffs, as shown by the homo economicus principle;
Dictator_game
the perceived value. Arthur, W. Brian “Inductive Reasoning and Bounded Rationality”, American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings), 84,406-411, 1994
List_of_games_in_game_theory
Economic model
in the current period. This threat may be credible because it could be rational for the follower to punish in the next period so that the leader chooses
Stackelberg_competition
Two-player coordination game in game theory
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Battle of the sexes (game theory)
Battle_of_the_sexes_(game_theory)
Economics concept
Rational expectations is a set of modeling assumptions describing how macroeconomic agents form expectations about the future under uncertainty. Under
Rational_expectations
Simple mathematical game
game. It is a multi-player version of the ultimatum game. There are five rational pirates (in strict decreasing order of seniority A, B, C, D and E) who
Pirate_game
Experimental economics game
and also how closely one identifies with the group. In turn, the more a rational individual "reasons for the team" i.e., behave as a component of a profile
Public_goods_game
Diplomatic policy of concessions
circumstances of their time". Taylor said that appeasement ought to be seen as a rational response to an unpredictable leader that was both diplomatically and politically
Appeasement
Solution concept in game theory
become "perfectly rational", and play approaches a Nash equilibrium. For dynamic (extensive form) games, McKelvey and Palfrey defined agent quantal response
Quantal_response_equilibrium
Notion in combinatorial game theory
Abalone (Thesis). Reed College. Joosten, B. "Creating a Havannah Playing Agent" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-03-29. E. Bonnet; F. Jamain; A. Saffidine (March
Game_complexity
Conflict between safety and cooperation
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Stag_hunt
Israeli-American mathematician (born 1930)
Academy of Sciences. He is a professor at the Center for the Study of Rationality in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He also holds a visiting position
Robert_Aumann
Combinatorial game theory theorem
equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizable strategy Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium
Sprague–Grundy_theorem
Israeli economist
participants engage in decision procedures that are inconsistent with the "Rational Agent" model. His primary contributions in this field include: Repeated Games
Ariel_Rubinstein
Class of theorems about Nash equilibrium payoff profiles in repeated games
outcomes that are strictly individually rational, can be attained in Nash equilibrium. This is because, if an agent deviates, he gains in the short run,
Folk_theorem_(game_theory)
Quality of a strategy in game theory
is assumed that rationality among players is common knowledge, that is, each player knows that the rest of the players are rational, and each player
Strategic_dominance
Inferring motives from actions
process of inferring an agent's mental states, such as goals, beliefs, emotions, etc., from actions by assuming agents are rational planners. It is a method
Inverse_planning
RATIONAL AGENT
RATIONAL AGENT
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
National Player
Boy/Male
Hindu
Rational
Girl/Female
Christian, German, Greek, Hebrew
Noble; Kind; Rational; Great Happiness
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
National Boy; Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
National Leader
Boy/Male
Indian
Talker, Speaker, Rational
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Rational
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Categorical (decision) talker, speaker, rational
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rational
Boy/Male
English
National protector.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Revolving; Pearl
Boy/Male
Hindu
Rational
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Animated; Rational
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Lord of Pleasure
Girl/Female
Indian
Optional
Boy/Male
Muslim
Talker, Speaker, Rational
Girl/Female
German, Greek
Noble; Kind; Rational
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rational
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English, Teutonic
National Protector; Wealthy Defender
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Rational
RATIONAL AGENT
RATIONAL AGENT
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Fighting Point; Battleground
Boy/Male
English
Area of Birch Trees
Male
English
Cliff Dweller
Boy/Male
Dutch, French, German
Peaceful Ruler
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Love
Girl/Female
Hindu
Calm, Soft natured, Tranquil
Boy/Male
British, English
One who Grinds Grain
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sabari Gireesh | ஸாபரீ கீரீஷÂ
Lord of Sabari hill, Lord Ayyappa
Female
English
English name derived from Latin amabilis, AMABEL means "lovable."
RATIONAL AGENT
RATIONAL AGENT
RATIONAL AGENT
RATIONAL AGENT
RATIONAL AGENT
n.
The state of being national; national attachment; nationality.
a.
Having reason, or the faculty of reasoning; endowed with reason or understanding; reasoning.
adv.
In a rational manner.
a.
Notional.
a.
Involving an option; depending on the exercise of an option; left to one's discretion or choice; not compulsory; as, optional studies; it is optional with you to go or stay.
v. t.
To supply with rations, as a regiment.
a.
An explanation or exposition of the principles of some opinion, action, hypothesis, phenomenon, or the like; also, the principles themselves.
a.
Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as, a fractional part of the population.
a.
Expressing the type, structure, relations, and reactions of a compound; graphic; -- said of formulae. See under Formula.
a.
Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting a fraction; as, fractional numbers.
a.
Of or pertaining to a nation; common to a whole people or race; public; general; as, a national government, language, dress, custom, calamity, etc.
a.
Attached to one's own country or nation.
a.
Given to foolish or visionary expectations; whimsical; fanciful; as, a notional man.
a.
Relating to the reason; not physical; mental.
a.
Fractional.
n.
A rational being.
a.
Not rational; void of reason or understanding; as, brutes are irrational animals.
a.
Agreeable to reason; not absurd, preposterous, extravagant, foolish, fanciful, or the like; wise; judicious; as, rational conduct; a rational man.
v. t.
To form a rational conception of.
a.
Involving surds; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers; radical; irrational; as, a surd expression or quantity; a surd number.