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Reference dependence is a central principle in prospect theory and behavioral economics generally. It holds that people evaluate outcomes and express preferences
Reference_dependence
Medical condition
Caffeine dependence is substance dependence on caffeine. Conditions may include symptoms of tolerance, withdrawal, persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts
Caffeine_dependence
Chronic disease
Nicotine dependence is a state of substance dependence on nicotine. It is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by a compulsive craving to use the
Nicotine_dependence
Actions in the present are dependent on previous decisions or experiences
In the social sciences, path dependence is the phenomenon of past events or decisions constraining or defining later events or decisions. It can describe
Path_dependence
Need for a drug, whose discontinuation results in withdrawal symptoms
Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated
Substance_dependence
Physical or psychological dependence on tanning or sunbathing
Look up tanorexia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tanning dependence or tanorexia (a portmanteau of tanning and anorexia) is a syndrome where an individual
Tanning_dependence
Neurological disorder related to persistent cocaine use
Cocaine dependence is a neurological disorder characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of cocaine use. It often occurs alongside cocaine addiction
Cocaine_dependence
Problematic excessive alcohol consumption
despite the problems it causes. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic alcohol use has been mentioned in the earliest
Alcoholism
Theory of behavioral economics
theory are evaluated relative to a reference point rather than in absolute terms, a feature known as reference dependence, which helps explain why identical
Prospect_theory
Substance use disorder
Polysubstance dependence refers to a type of substance use disorder in which an individual uses at least three different classes of substances indiscriminately
Polysubstance_dependence
Metaphysical dependence relation between facts or entities
Metaphysical grounding is a relation of metaphysical dependence that aims to capture how certain facts or entities obtain “in virtue of” others. It is
Metaphysical_grounding
Aspect of decision and prospect theories
a paper in 1991 about a consumer choice theory that incorporates reference dependence, loss aversion, and diminishing sensitivity. Compared to the original
Loss_aversion
Economic theory
Resource dependence theory is the study of how the external resources of an organization affect the behavior of the organization. The procurement of external
Resource_dependence_theory
Idea that small causes can have large effects
In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear
Butterfly_effect
Concept in probability theory
In probability theory, conditional dependence is a relationship between two or more events that are dependent when a third event occurs. It is the opposite
Conditional_dependence
Medical condition
Barbiturate dependence develops with regular use of barbiturates. This in turn may lead to a need for increasing doses of the drug to get the original
Barbiturate_dependence
Representation of graph notation
A Program Dependence Graph (PDG) is a directed graph of a program's control and data dependencies. Nodes represent program statements and edges represent
Program_dependence_graph
Benzodiazepine medication
with larger doses required for the same effect. Physical dependence and psychological dependence may also occur. If stopped suddenly after long-term use
Lorazepam
Voltage reference used in integrated circuits
25 V that exhibits low temperature dependence. This particular circuit is one type of a bandgap voltage reference, named after Paul Brokaw, the author
Brokaw_bandgap_reference
Country in North America
culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy
Canada
Committee appointed by the World Health Organization (WHO)
The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) is a committee within the World Health Organization (WHO) that consists of a chosen group of independent
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
WHO_Expert_Committee_on_Drug_Dependence
Statistical relationship
causation". Furthermore, the concept of correlation is not the same as dependence: if two variables are independent, then they are uncorrelated, but the
Correlation
Country in Central Europe
another nuclear power plant in Dukovany. The Czech Republic is reducing its dependence on highly polluting low-grade brown coal as a source of energy. Natural
Czech_Republic
Russia by two-thirds in 2022, and Germany stated that it would reduce its dependence on Russian energy imports by accelerating renewables and reaching 100%
Russia in the European energy sector
Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector
Application of behavioral economics to legal systems
context-specific biases. The incorporation of behavioral principles such as reference dependence and context-sensitive preferences has been interpreted as fundamentally
Behavioral_law_and_economics
Sociological term
measures of welfare dependence are assessed alongside the statistics for poverty in general. Government measures of welfare dependence include welfare benefits
Welfare_dependency
dependence Alcohol use disorder Alcoholic hallucinosis Alcohol withdrawal Harmful pattern of use of alcohol Cannabis use disorder Cannabis dependence
List_of_mental_disorders
Proteins that mediate programmed cell death
In cellular biology, dependence receptors are proteins that mediate programmed cell death by monitoring the absence of certain trophic factors (or, equivalently
Dependence_receptor
Factors influencing economic decisions
include: Reference dependence: When evaluating outcomes, the decision maker considers a "reference level". Outcomes are then compared to the reference point
Behavioral_economics
Medication
naltrexone is that it requires patients with OUD and ongoing physical dependence to be fully detoxified before initiation to prevent severe opioid withdrawal
Naltrexone
Type of relationship
1986, psychiatrist Timmen L. Cermak published Diagnosing and Treating Co-Dependence, from which he developed the unsuccessful argument that codependency should
Codependency
In number theory, two positive integers a and b are said to be multiplicatively independent if their only common integer power is 1. That is, for integers
Multiplicative_independence
Historic house in Maryland, United States
Legg's Dependence, also known as Long Creek Farm and William E. Porter Farm, is a historic home located at Stevensville, Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Legg's_Dependence
Branch of physics describing the motion of objects without considering forces
studies the time dependence of geometrical quantities such as position, distance and angular measure with respect to a frame of reference. Most frequently
Kinematics
Electronic device producing a fixed voltage
visible light emitting diodes. These devices have a strong temperature dependence, which may make them useful for temperature measurement or for compensating
Voltage_reference
Model of variation in cognitive style
Field dependence is a concept in the field of cognitive styles. It is a one-dimensional model of variation in cognitive style. The concept was first proposed
Field_dependence
Process to determine relationships among statements
In computer science, loop dependence analysis is a process which can be used to find dependencies within iterations of a loop with the goal of determining
Loop_dependence_analysis
Benzodiazepine sedative
excitement or agitation may occur. Long-term use can result in tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms on dose reduction. Abrupt stopping after long-term
Diazepam
Benzodiazepine medication
treatment of panic disorder because of concerns regarding tolerance, dependence, and abuse. Most evidence shows that the benefits of alprazolam in treating
Alprazolam
Cause of death by drug overdose from poly drug use
by drug overdose from poly drug use, often implicated in polysubstance dependence. People who engage in polypharmacy are at an elevated risk of death from
Combined_drug_intoxication
American economist (born 1963)
the idea of reference dependence in Prospect Theory, according to which monetary and hedonic prizes are evaluated in relation to a reference point, whereby
Matthew_Rabin
Continual use of drugs despite negative consequences
the DSM-5 (2013), the DSM-IV diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence were merged into the category of substance use disorders. The severity
Substance_use_disorder
Constraint in information theory is the degree of statistical dependence between or among variables. Garner provides a thorough discussion of various forms
Constraint (information theory)
Constraint_(information_theory)
Argentine revolutionary (1928–1967)
Marxism–Leninism led him to posit that the Third World's underdevelopment and dependence was an intrinsic result of imperialism, neocolonialism, and monopoly capitalism
Che_Guevara
Central nervous system stimulant
associated with slightly slower growth. Methylphenidate can be misused; dependence and withdrawal are mainly reported with high-dose or non-medical use and
Methylphenidate
Class of CNS depressant drugs
continued efficacy beyond 4–6 months or that dependence phenomena are common. However, some of these references were published before the in-depth scoping
Benzodiazepine
Antihistamine drug
com Monograph MedlinePlus a682866 License data US DailyMed: Hydroxyzine Dependence liability Very Low Addiction liability None-Very Low Routes of administration
Hydroxyzine
Wakefulness-promoting medication
amphetamine or cocaine. Unlike these drugs, modafinil has low addiction and dependence potential and does not produce strong euphoria, which contributes to its
Modafinil
Country in Southwestern Europe
ISBN 978-1-108-42419-6. OCLC 1029790624. Borges Santos, Paula (22 August 2025). "Path dependence and political bargaining in the elaboration of contents of authoritarian
Portugal
Proposed compulsive sexual disorder
several sex-related disorders within hypersexual disorder. The term sexual dependence is also used to refer to people who report being unable to control their
Sexual_addiction
Concept that city layouts favor automobiles over other modes of transportation
Car dependency (also called car dependence) is a pattern in urban planning that occurs when infrastructure favours automobiles over other modes of transport
Car_dependency
Country in North Africa
embarked upon the construction of large solar energy farms to lessen dependence on fossil fuels, and to eventually export electricity to Europe. On 17
Morocco
Country in South America
Brazilian government has embarked on a program over the decades to reduce dependence on imported oil, which previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's
Brazil
Opiate and prodrug of morphine used to treat pain
infant. As with other opiates, chronic use of codeine can cause physical dependence which can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms if a person suddenly stops
Codeine
Central nervous system stimulant
extratherapeutic use will lead to compulsive drug use) and high psychological dependence liability (a high likelihood that withdrawal symptoms will occur when
Methamphetamine
increasing temperature. This article discusses several models of this dependence, ranging from rigorous first-principles calculations for monatomic gases
Temperature dependence of viscosity
Temperature_dependence_of_viscosity
Form of outsourcing
unclear contracts, changing requirements, unmet service levels, and over-dependence on providers. BPO originated with manufacturing firms, such as Coca-Cola
Business_process_outsourcing
Posthumous legal determination
self-induced abortion Cause of death aggravated by lack of care, or self-neglect Dependence on drugs Non-dependent abuse of drugs Want of attention at birth Death
Manner_of_death
Supreme Court of Canada case
the government to bring two reference questions to its Supreme Court. Only one reference resulted in a finding of dependence, namely for lack of adequate
Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court
Reference_re_Remuneration_of_Judges_of_the_Provincial_Court
Vectors whose linear combinations are nonzero
maximum number of linearly independent vectors. The definition of linear dependence and the ability to determine whether a subset of vectors in a vector space
Linear_independence
Country in northern Europe
after the 1973 oil crisis strengthened Sweden's commitment to decrease dependence on imported fossil fuels. To protect against unexpected oil supply shocks
Sweden
Island country in the Indian Ocean
first president of the republic, James Mancham. René discouraged over-dependence on tourism and declared that he wanted "to keep Seychelles for the Seychellois"
Seychelles
Gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with its environment
depletion of near surface layers of glasses and gives an inverse-square-root dependence of corrosion rate with exposure time. The diffusion-controlled normalized
Corrosion
Programming situation where an instruction refers to a prior instruction's data
discover data dependencies among statements (or instructions) is called dependence analysis. Assuming statement S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} and S 2 {\displaystyle
Data_dependency
Island country in Southeast Asia
in order to protect against rising sea levels. To reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, it has ramped up deployment of solar panels on rooftops
Singapore
Statue of Venus (modest Venus)
However, some scholars argue that the drapery Aphrodite holds indicates her dependence of human form, as occurs in the east pediment of the Parthenon. According
Aphrodite_of_Menophantos
Number of occurrences or cycles per unit time
measured indirectly utilizing heterodyning (frequency conversion). A reference signal of a known frequency near the unknown frequency is mixed with the
Frequency
Benzodiazepine medication
Long-term use may result in tolerance, dependence, and life-threatening withdrawal symptoms if stopped abruptly. Dependence occurs in one-third of people who
Clonazepam
Country in Central Africa
due to its dense coastal population, economic hubs along the shore, and dependence on rain-fed agriculture. Rising sea levels threaten to erode the coastline
Gabon
Ongoing conflict since 2014
Yuzivska gas field, which had been planned as a way to reduce Ukrainian dependence on Russian gas imports. Eventually, the EU commissioner for energy Günther
Russo-Ukrainian_war
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
such as its temperature, pressure, and rate of deformation. However, the dependence on some of these properties is negligible in certain cases. For example
Viscosity
American supermodel (1960–1986)
knew Gia blamed her "fractured childhood" for the instability and drug dependence that plagued her adult life. Carangi was sexually abused when she was
Gia_Carangi
Temperature below which condensation occurs
Service. 25 June 2009. Horstmeyer, Steven L. (2011). The weather almanac: a reference guide to weather, climate, and related issues in the United States and
Dew_point
Decentralized social networking protocol
services, with the goal of providing an integrated online experience without dependence on any single privileged entity. As of January 2026, the protocol's general
AT_Protocol
Plant in the Erythroxylaceae family
in its natural form, does not induce a physiological or psychological dependence, nor does abstinence after long-term use produce symptoms typical to substance
Coca
Country in East Asia
restarted. Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and has a heavy dependence on imported energy. The country has therefore aimed to diversify its sources
Japan
Web browser developed by Google
your desktop". This meant offline access, desktop shortcuts, and less dependence on Chrome—apps launch in a window separate from Chrome, and look more
Google_Chrome
Pain medication of the opiate family
perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration. It can be taken
Morphine
Concept in polymer physics
polymer chains. Some materials, polymers in particular, show a strong dependence of viscoelastic properties on the temperature at which they are measured
Time–temperature superposition
Time–temperature_superposition
Chemical stimulant produced by some plants
produce reinforcement and dependence while remaining far below toxic levels. Nicotine is highly addictive, and nicotine dependence is characterized by tolerance
Nicotine
American singer and songwriter (born 1958)
controversial Letterman appearance, prompted commentators to question her dependence on provocative imagery. Madonna briefly dated rapper Tupac Shakur and
Madonna
Country in East Asia
administration has prioritized green technology and reducing Chinese dependence on foreign technology. It has emphasized technocratic leadership in the
China
topping the chart during the 1980s. The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations, with the box-office dominance of films
List of highest-grossing films
List_of_highest-grossing_films
List of fears of different things or objects
perception disorder Intoxication Physical dependence Rebound effect Stimulant psychosis Substance dependence Substance-induced psychosis Withdrawal Schizophrenia
List_of_phobias
Broad category of electronic music
"ecstasy": Results from an online testing service" (PDF). Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 83 (3): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.016. PMID 16364567
Electronic_dance_music
Political system
Ruggeri, Andrea; Pilster, Ulrich (April 2017). "Counterbalancing, Spatial Dependence, and Peer Group Effects". Political Science Research and Methods. 5 (2):
Authoritarianism
President of the United States from 1861 to 1865
death of his son Edward in 1850, Lincoln more frequently expressed a dependence on God. He never joined a church, although he and his wife frequently
Abraham_Lincoln
Compact astronomical body
2722–2731. arXiv:1907.05239. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1904. We find a universal dependence of the falling probability into the black hole on the charge of the test
Black_hole
Term for a drug mixture used by cyclists
French word pot is not a reference to cannabis, and this drug is not normally associated with pot belge. A French reference also lists morphine in the
Pot_belge
Sex-specific adaptations
"Plumage colour in nestling blue tits: sexual dichromatism, condition dependence and genetic effects". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 270 (1521): 1263–70
Sexual_dimorphism
Supranational political and economic union
amounted for about three quarters of the imports in 2019. There is a strong dependence on Russian energy that the EU has been attempting to reduce. In May 2022
European_Union
Country in West Asia
tuition, no personal income tax, and free universal health care. With its dependence on foreign labour, Saudi Arabia has the world's third-largest immigrant
Saudi_Arabia
Fruit of the areca palm chewed as a stimulant
during pregnancy, Madang province, Papua New Guinea". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 105 (1–2): 126–31. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.021. PMID 19665325
Areca_nut
Brittonic language
characteristics of the literary, as against the spoken language are a higher dependence on inflected verb forms, different usage of some of the tenses, less frequent
Welsh_language
Continuously computed dead reckoning
to jam these systems has motivated the military to reduce navigation dependence on GPS technology. Because inertial navigation sensors do not depend on
Inertial_navigation_system
empirical correlation describing the pressure dependence of the melting temperature of a solid. The pressure dependence of the melting temperature is small for
Simon–Glatzel_equation
Feature of the Ada programming language
Timers, No_Dependence => Ada.Task_Attributes); Ada (programming language) High-integrity software SPARK (programming language) From "Ada Reference Manual
Ravenscar_profile
Type of political organization
society. Since the state controls the means of coercion, and given the dependence of many groups in civil society on the state for achieving any goals they
State_(polity)
International airport serving London, England
strategy to attract higher-spending business travellers (countering its dependence on European low-cost and charter markets), increasing year-round capacity
Gatwick_Airport
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
the context window. Attention-free transformers reduce this to a linear dependence while still retaining the advantages of a transformer by linking the key
Transformer_(deep_learning)
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Reverence; Esteem
Girl/Female
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Indian
Inference
Girl/Female
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Worship; Praise; Reverence
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Ascension.
Boy/Male
Indian
Reverence, Sanctity
Boy/Male
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Worship, Praise, Reverence
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Reverence, Sanctity
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Girl/Female
Tamil
Inference
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Grandeur of the Entire Family
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, German
Divinely Powerful
Girl/Female
Indian
Softy
Boy/Male
Russian
Earth-lover.
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Chain of Hopes
Girl/Female
Muslim
Star
Biblical
liberty; anger
Girl/Female
Arabic Muslim
Innocent.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Greeting
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Mind; Goddess Parvati
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
REFERENCE DEPENDENCE
v.
Personal reference or application.
n.
Appeal.
n.
The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
n.
Relation; regard; respect.
n.
Reference; respect; regard.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
n.
A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
n.
One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
v.
Relation; reference; regard.
n.
The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
n.
The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference.
n.
One who, or that which, is referred to.
v. t.
Respect; relation; reference.
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
n.
A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance.