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Inference rule in logic, proof theory, and automated theorem proving
for sentences in propositional logic and first-order logic. For propositional logic, systematically applying the resolution rule acts as a decision procedure
Resolution_(logic)
Topics referred to by the same term
Day Dispute resolution, the settlement of a disagreement Resolution (algebra), an exact sequence in homological algebra Resolution (logic), a rule of
Resolution
Topics referred to by the same term
numbers Decomposition (computer science) A rule in resolution theorem proving, see Resolution (logic)#Factoring Code refactoring Factor (disambiguation)
Factoring
Learning logic programs from data
learning and logic programming. Muggleton and Wray Buntine introduced predicate invention and inverse resolution in 1988. Several inductive logic programming
Inductive_logic_programming
Overview of and topical guide to logic
Classical logic Computability logic Deontic logic Dependence logic Description logic Deviant logic Doxastic logic Epistemic logic First-order logic Formal
Outline_of_logic
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
Logic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical
Logic_programming
Backward chaining Forward chaining Rete algorithm DPLL algorithm Resolution (logic) WalkSAT Baum–Welch algorithm Belief propagation Expectation–maximization
List of artificial intelligence algorithms
List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms
Rule in logic programming
SLD resolution (Selective Linear Definite clause resolution) is the basic inference rule used in logic programming. It is a refinement of resolution that
SLD_resolution
Type of logical system
first-order logic (FOL), also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational logic, is a type of formal system. First-order logic uses quantified
First-order_logic
Subfield of mathematics
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory
Mathematical_logic
Formal language used to prove statements
Method of analytic tableaux Proof procedure Propositional proof system Resolution (logic) Anita Wasilewska. "General proof systems" (PDF). "Definition:Proof
Proof_calculus
Type of logical formula
mathematical logic and logic programming, a Horn clause is a logical formula of a particular rule-like form that gives it useful properties for use in logic programming
Horn_clause
Characteristic of some logical systems
systems include: SLD resolution on Horn clauses, superposition on equational clausal first-order logic, and Robinson's resolution on clause sets. The latter
Completeness_(logic)
Type of formal logic
Paraconsistent logic is a type of non-classical logic that allows for the coexistence of contradictory statements without leading to a logical explosion
Paraconsistent_logic
American fabless semiconductor company
Cirrus Logic Inc. is an American fabless semiconductor supplier that specializes in analog, mixed-signal, and audio DSP integrated circuits (ICs). Since
Cirrus_Logic
Algebraic Logic Functional (ALF) programming language combines functional and logic programming techniques. Its foundation is Horn clause logic with equality
Algebraic Logic Functional programming language
Algebraic_Logic_Functional_programming_language
Topics referred to by the same term
to: an analogy symbolism operator, in logic and mathematics a notation for equality of ratios a scope resolution operator, in computer programming languages
Double_colon
Formal system of logic
In mathematics and logic, a higher-order logic (HOL) is a form of logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes
Higher-order_logic
When binding to a software entity occurs during runtime
requiring relatively expensive dictionary search and possibly overload resolution logic. In most applications, the extra computation and time required is negligible
Late_binding
Technique in natural language processing
tabling, tabling might react to changes. The adaptation of tabling into a logic programming proof procedure, under the name of Earley deduction, dates from
Tabled_logic_programming
United Nations resolution adopted in 2025
the resolution for imposing "colonial control over the Palestinian people in Gaza" and called for rejection of the resolution and its "colonial logic."
United Nations Security Council Resolution 2803
United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2803
Check the validity of a logic formula
checking the validity of a first-order logic formula using a resolution-based decision procedure for propositional logic. Since the set of valid first-order
Davis–Putnam_algorithm
Russian mathematician
group Natural proofs One-way function Pseudorandom function family Resolution (logic) "International Mathematical Union: Rolf Nevanlinna Prize Winners"
Alexander_Razborov
Type of computer system
Production systems, which use if-then rules to derive actions from conditions. Logic programming systems, which use conclusion if conditions rules to derive
Rule-based_system
Programming paradigm based on modeling the logic of a computation
(1972) stands for "PROgramming in LOGic." It was developed for natural language question answering, using SL resolution both to deduce answers to queries
Declarative_programming
Programming language that uses first order logic
Prolog is a logic programming language that has its origins in artificial intelligence, automated theorem proving, and computational linguistics. Prolog
Prolog
Tool for proving a logical formula
_{1}\\\alpha _{2}\end{array}}}} Resolution (logic) Howson, Colin (1997). Logic with trees: an introduction to symbolic logic. London; New York: Routledge
Method_of_analytic_tableaux
Less-restrictive form of modal logic
non-normal modal logic is a variant of modal logic that deviates from the basic principles of normal modal logics. Normal modal logics adhere to the distributivity
Non-normal_modal_logic
Security vulnerability on CPUs that use speculative execution
and describes a previously undocumented leakage in the dependency resolution logic used for speculative loads on Intel processors. The authors reported
Spoiler (security vulnerability)
Spoiler_(security_vulnerability)
British computer scientist (born 1941)
logic in 1982 and becoming emeritus professor in 1999. He began his research in the field of automated theorem proving, developing both SL-resolution
Robert_Kowalski
values in unsolved or partially solved equations. Where logic programming relies on resolution, the algebra of value sets relies on narrowing rules. Narrowing
Narrowing of algebraic value sets
Narrowing_of_algebraic_value_sets
extended to logic programming, including the more general disjunctive logic programming. Model elimination is closely related to resolution while also
Model_elimination
In mathematical logic, geometric logic is an infinitary generalisation of coherent logic, a restriction of first-order logic due to Skolem that is proof-theoretically
Geometric_logic
Symbolic logic system
Minimal logic, or minimal calculus, is a symbolic logic system originally developed by Ingebrigt Johansson under the name "Minimalkalkül". It is a paraconsistent
Minimal_logic
for reasoning in equational logic. It was developed in the early 1990s and combines concepts from first-order resolution with ordering-based equality
Superposition_calculus
Style of formal logical argumentation
In mathematical logic, sequent calculus is a style of formal logical argumentation in which every line of a proof is a conditional tautology (called a
Sequent_calculus
American computer scientist
eliminated one source of combinatorial explosion in resolution provers; it also prepared the ground for the logic programming paradigm, in particular for the
John_Alan_Robinson
Methods in artificial intelligence research
or logic-based artificial intelligence) is a collection of methods based on high-level symbolic (human-readable) representations of problems, logic, and
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
In mathematical logic, an atomic formula or its negation
mostly appears in proof theory (of classical logic), e.g. in conjunctive normal form and the method of resolution. Literals can be divided into two types:
Literal_(mathematical_logic)
unsatisfiability of clauses in first-order predicate logic. Kundu, S (1986-12-01). "Tree resolution and generalized semantic tree". Proceedings of the ACM
Semantic_resolution_tree
Element of story structure
or diminishes, events are explained, etc. It is thus often called the resolution of a story. It usually immediately follows the climax. The term is borrowed
Denouement
American political scientist (born 1960)
of Conflict Resolution, 45 (2): 147–173, doi:10.1177/0022002701045002001, S2CID 145070150 Pape, Robert, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism
Robert_Pape
Rule of mathematical logic
in automated theorem proving systems using resolution. Known as idempotency of entailment in classical logic. Exchange, where two members on the same side
Structural_rule
This is a list of mathematical logic topics. For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic. See also the list of computability and
List of mathematical logic topics
List_of_mathematical_logic_topics
Subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic
automated deduction) is a subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs. Automated
Automated_theorem_proving
Hierarchical typed logic
Many-sorted logic can reflect formally our intention not to handle the universe as a homogeneous collection of objects, but to partition it in a way that
Many-sorted_logic
Hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario
DNA nanotechnology Nanoelectronics Molecular scale electronics Molecular logic gate Nanolithography Moore's law Semiconductor device fabrication Semiconductor
Gray_goo
International day proclaimed by UNESCO
World Logic Day is an international day proclaimed by UNESCO in association with the International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences (CIPSH) in
World_Logic_Day
Logical principle
In logic, the law of excluded middle or the principle of excluded middle states that for every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is
Law_of_excluded_middle
Field of artificial intelligence
development of logic programming and Prolog, using SLD resolution to treat Horn clauses as goal-reduction procedures. The early development of logic programming
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Paradoxical assertion
In philosophy and logic, the classical liar paradox or liar's paradox or antinomy of the liar is the statement of a liar that they are lying: for instance
Liar_paradox
Type of search algorithm
In logic and computer science, the Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland (DPLL) algorithm is a complete, backtracking-based search algorithm for deciding the
DPLL_algorithm
Higher-order logic (HOL) automated theorem prover
Paulson, L. C. (1986). "Natural deduction as higher-order resolution". The Journal of Logic Programming. 3 (3): 237–258. arXiv:cs/9301104. doi:10
Isabelle_(proof_assistant)
Lasso Logic was a company formed in 2003 that pioneered continuous data protection (CDP) and an onsite–offsite backup technology for the small and medium
Lasso_Logic
Theorem in Boolean algebra
clauses in 1965 as the basis of his "resolution principle". Frank Markham Brown [d], Boolean Reasoning: The Logic of Boolean Equations, 2nd edition 2003
Consensus_theorem
Topics referred to by the same term
equation In logic: Resolvent (logic), the clause produced by a resolution In the consensus theorem, the term produced by a consensus in Boolean logic This disambiguation
Resolvent
faces a paradox. He sees the only possible resolution of the paradox as lying in the embrace of quantum logic, which he believes is not inconsistent. The
Is_Logic_Empirical?
stance backfires when Max skips a major test at school and uses his father's logic to declare that he has decided not to go to college either. Realizing that
List_of_George_Lopez_episodes
Formalised description of reasoning
The logic of argumentation (LA) is a formalised description of the ways in which humans reason and argue about propositions. It is used, for example,
Logic_of_argumentation
Thinking process
compromise) by diagramming the logic behind the conflict and methodically examining the assumptions behind the logic. According to Scheinkopf (2002)
Evaporating_cloud
2007–2011 professional music production suite by Apple
Logic Studio is a discontinued professional music production suite by Apple Inc. The first version of Logic Studio was unveiled on September 12, 2007
Logic_Studio
Functional logic programming language
the logic programming language Prolog. It has the same syntax and the same basic concepts such as the selective linear definite clause resolution (SLD)
Mercury (programming language)
Mercury_(programming_language)
Pattern matching algorithm
implements the Rete algorithm) to make it support probabilistic logic, like fuzzy logic and Bayesian networks. Action selection mechanism Inference engine
Rete_algorithm
View that there are statements that are both true and false
dialetheism on the basis that, in traditional systems of logic (e.g., classical logic and intuitionistic logic), every statement becomes a theorem if a contradiction
Dialetheism
Normal form for modal logic formulas
form for modal logic formulae. Such a normal form is commonly used for automated theorem proving using tableau calculi and resolution calculi techniques
Modal_clausal_form
1967 resolution on withdrawal of Israel and recognition of boundaries
out a potential consequence of the logic employed by advocates of a "some" reading. Paragraph 2 (a) of the resolution, which guarantees "freedom of navigation
United Nations Security Council Resolution 242
United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242
Field in logic and theoretical computer science
In logic and theoretical computer science, and specifically proof theory and computational complexity theory, proof complexity is the field aiming to
Proof_complexity
collective classification, entity resolution, link prediction, and ontology alignment. PSL combines two tools: first-order logic, with its ability to succinctly
Probabilistic_soft_logic
Classical logic of two values, either true or false
value, either true or false. A logic satisfying this principle is called a two-valued logic or bivalent logic. In formal logic, the principle of bivalence
Principle_of_bivalence
Prolog atoms. It features tabled resolution and supports the HiLog language (permitting limited higher-order logic programming). Tabling enables XSB
XSB
Index of articles associated with the same name
self-reference", as in first-order logic and other logic uses, where it is contrasted with "allowing some self-reference" (higher-order logic) In detail, it may refer
First-order
1979 essay by Palestinian-American scholar Edward Said
“Zionism is Racist” resolution, passed by the United Nations in 1975, faced outcry in the West. Ultimately Said argues, these logics and attitudes facilitated
Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims
Zionism_from_the_Standpoint_of_Its_Victims
Taiwanese and American businessman (born 1963)
for positions at Texas Instruments, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and LSI Logic, ultimately choosing the California-based AMD due to already being familiar
Jensen_Huang
Algorithmic process of solving equations
In logic and computer science, specifically automated reasoning, unification is an algorithmic process of solving equations between symbolic expressions
Unification (computer science)
Unification_(computer_science)
Form of American high school debate
values debate because the format traditionally places a heavy emphasis on logic, ethical values, and philosophy. The Lincoln–Douglas debate format is named
Lincoln–Douglas_debate_format
Frege to resolve some paradoxes. The ontology is related to certain modal logics. Suppose we are in the year 1995. Suppose Mary believes that Pluto (at the
Frege–Church_ontology
Argument that leads to a logical absurdity
In logic, reductio ad absurdum (Latin for "reduction to absurdity"), also known as argumentum ad absurdum (Latin for "argument to absurdity"), apagogical
Reductio_ad_absurdum
Set of sentences in a formal language
In mathematical logic, a theory (also called a formal theory) is a set of sentences in a formal language. In most scenarios a deductive system is first
Theory_(mathematical_logic)
Basic framework of mathematics
crisis of mathematics. The resolution of this crisis involved the rise of a new mathematical discipline called mathematical logic that includes set theory
Foundations_of_mathematics
Electromechanical device
the encoder interface to improve noise immunity. The encoder's high-level logic signal voltage is determined by the voltage applied to the pull-up resistor
Incremental_encoder
Logic founded on unproven premises
In classical rhetoric and logic, begging the question or assuming the conclusion (Latin: petitio principii) is an informal fallacy that occurs when an
Begging_the_question
Formal semantics of logic programming languages
Logic programming is a programming paradigm that includes languages based on formal logic, including Datalog and Prolog. This article describes the syntax
Syntax and semantics of logic programming
Syntax_and_semantics_of_logic_programming
Interchange format for rule systems
includes three dialects, a Core dialect which is extended into a Basic Logic Dialect (BLD) and Production Rule Dialect (PRD). The RIF working group was
Rule_Interchange_Format
Computer programming paradigm
the backward reasoning technique, implemented by SLD resolution, used to solve problems in logic programming languages such as Prolog, treats programs
Procedural_programming
Personal computer released by Apple Computer, Inc
slightly updated model, the Color Classic II, featuring the Macintosh LC 550 logic board with a 33 MHz 68030 processor, with the full 32-bit data bus, was
Macintosh_Color_Classic
Upcoming platform video game
internal resolution to save GPU resources. In handheld mode, it is rendered at a 480p internal resolution with DLSS upscaling to a 1080p output resolution. When
Rayman_Legends_Retold
Programming language
the original version of Prolog. Carl Hewitt Middle History of Logic Programming: Resolution, Planner, Prolog and the Japanese Fifth Generation Project ArXiv
Planner (programming language)
Planner_(programming_language)
Analysis of facts to form a judgment
beliefs and actions. Critical thinking allows people to deduct with more logic, to process sophisticated information and look at various sides of an issue
Critical_thinking
Series of laptops by Apple Computer
custom-made rack. The iBook G3 was the first Mac to use Apple's new "Unified Logic Board Architecture", which condensed all of the machine's core features
IBook
of negation in logic programming was motivated by the fact that the behavior of SLDNF resolution—the generalization of SLD resolution used by Prolog in
Stable_model_semantics
Measures of observational error
population.[citation needed] In logic simulation, a common mistake in evaluation of accurate models is to compare a logic simulation model to a transistor
Accuracy_and_precision
Mathematical theory of data types
In mathematical logic, and theoretical computer science, type theory is the study of formal systems that classify expressions or mathematical objects
Type_theory
American mathematician (1937–2025)
Company, Amsterdam. Andrews, Peter B. (1971). "Resolution in type theory". Journal of Symbolic Logic 36, 414–432. Andrews, Peter B. (1981). "Theorem
Peter_B._Andrews
Method to analyze non-binary inputs
A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic – a mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables
Fuzzy_control_system
what had previously been considered a long paper in group theory. 1964 – Resolution of singularities. Hironaka's original proof was 216 pages long; it has
List of long mathematical proofs
List_of_long_mathematical_proofs
Computer program used to provide artificial intelligence
do not have a logical semantics. Their logic and computer language Logic Production System (LPS) combines logic programs, interpreted as an agent's beliefs
Production system (computer science)
Production_system_(computer_science)
Ion control scheme
Quantum logic spectroscopy (QLS) is an ion control scheme that maps quantum information between two co-trapped ion species. Quantum logic operations allow
Quantum_logic_spectroscopy
Graphics display resolution
specification. When used as shorthand for a resolution, as VGA and XGA often are, SVGA refers to a resolution of 800 × 600. In the late 1980s, after the
Super_VGA
American technology company
Qterics (formerly Broadcast Data Corporation and later UpdateLogic Incorporated ) is a company which has developed a system for datacasting firmware upgrades
Qterics
Logic programming using abductive reasoning
Abductive logic programming (ALP) is a high-level knowledge-representation framework that can be used to solve problems declaratively, based on abductive
Abductive_logic_programming
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