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Logic programming using abductive reasoning
of abductive reasoning. Abductive logic programs have three components, ⟨ P , A , I C ⟩ , {\displaystyle \langle P,A,IC\rangle ,} where: P is a logic program
Abductive_logic_programming
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
Logic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical
Logic_programming
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
19th century. Abductive reasoning, unlike deductive reasoning, yields a plausible conclusion but does not definitively verify it. Abductive conclusions
Abductive_reasoning
Area of automatic programming
inductive programming, such as functional logic programming, constraint programming, probabilistic programming, abductive logic programming, modal logic, action
Inductive_programming
British computer scientist (born 1941)
logic programs and goals are represented by integrity constraints. Kowalski was one of the developers of abductive logic programming, in which logic programs
Robert_Kowalski
Learning logic programs from data
Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a subfield of symbolic artificial intelligence which uses logic programming as a uniform representation for examples
Inductive_logic_programming
Study of correct reasoning
statistical considerations. This way, they can be distinguished from abductive inference. Abductive inference may or may not take statistical observations into
Logic
Formal logic whose entailment relation is not monotonic
contradict old beliefs). Abductive reasoning is the process of deriving a sufficient explanation of the known facts. An abductive logic should not be monotonic
Non-monotonic_logic
Programming paradigm
Probabilistic logic programming is a programming paradigm that combines logic programming with probabilities. Most approaches to probabilistic logic programming are
Probabilistic logic programming
Probabilistic_logic_programming
Italian computer scientist
doctorate from Imperial College London in 1995. Her dissertation, on abductive logic programming, was supervised by Robert Kowalski. After working as an intern
Francesca_Toni
Concept in computer science
In computer science, separation logic is an extension of Hoare logic, a way of reasoning about programs. It was developed by John C. Reynolds, Peter O'Hearn
Separation_logic
Steps in reasoning
University Press. ISBN 9780674290716. Abductive inference: O'Rourke, P.; Josephson, J., eds. (1997). Automated abduction: Inference to the best explanation
Inference
Overview of and topical guide to logic
Classical logic Computability logic Deontic logic Dependence logic Description logic Deviant logic Doxastic logic Epistemic logic First-order logic Formal
Outline_of_logic
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
abductive logic programming (ALP) A high-level knowledge-representation framework that can be used to solve problems declaratively based on abductive
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Type of non-monotonic logic
Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions. Default logic can express facts like
Default_logic
Subfield of computer science and logic
reasoning programs are being applied to solve a growing number of problems in formal logic, mathematics and computer science, logic programming, software
Automated_reasoning
Type of software system
reasoning systems widely support deductive inference, some systems employ abductive, inductive, defeasible and other types of reasoning. Heuristics may also
Reasoning_system
Academic discipline
semantics. Logic programming is a programming, database and knowledge representation paradigm that is based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences
Logic_in_computer_science
Language for reasoning and representing events
The Journal of Logic Programming. 12 (1): 121–146. doi:10.1016/0743-1066(92)90041-Z. ISSN 0743-1066. Eshghi, Kave (1988). "Abductive planning with event
Event_calculus
SMT solver
fields. In addition to standard SMT and SyGuS solving, cvc5 supports abductive reasoning, which is the problem of constructing a formula B that can be
Cooperating_Validity_Checker
Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid
(deducibly-but-revisably) q Abductive (from data and theory): p and q are correlated, and q is sufficient for p; hence, if p then (abductively) q as cause Though
Defeasible_reasoning
Method of deriving conclusions
mathematical logic Non-deductive arguments, by contrast, support the conclusion without ensuring that it is true, such as inductive and abductive reasoning
Rule_of_inference
Use of logic to perform or reason about computation
science". Computational logic has also come to be associated with logic programming, because much of the early work in logic programming in the early 1970s
Computational_logic
Statement supporting a conclusion
conclusion more reasonable or increase its probability, such as inductive, abductive, and analogical arguments. Defective arguments, called fallacies, often
Premise
Subfield of mathematics
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory
Mathematical_logic
Overview of and topical guide to computer programming
logic Purely functional Logic Abductive logic Answer set Concurrent logic Functional logic Inductive logic Probabilistic logic Event-driven Time-driven
Outline of computer programming
Outline_of_computer_programming
Class of formal logics
Classical logic (or standard logic) or Frege–Russell logic is the intensively studied and most widely used class of deductive logic. Classical logic has had
Classical_logic
American artificial intelligence researcher
on symbolic artificial intelligence, in particular logic programming, temporal logic, and abductive inference. After obtaining a PhD he taught at the U
Paulo_Shakarian
Analysis of facts to form a judgment
beliefs and actions. Critical thinking allows people to deduct with more logic, to process sophisticated information and look at various sides of an issue
Critical_thinking
Concurrent constraint logic programming language
Originally intended for constraint programming, CHR finds applications in grammar induction, type systems, abductive reasoning, multi-agent systems, natural
Constraint_Handling_Rules
Method of logical reasoning
Falsifiability Grammar induction Inductive logic programming Inductive probability Inductive programming Inductive reasoning aptitude Inductivism Inquiry
Inductive_reasoning
Rules used for constructing, or transforming the symbols and words of a language
governing the composition of well-formed expressions in a programming language. As in mathematical logic, it is independent of semantics and interpretation.
Syntax_(logic)
of abductive reasoning History of the function concept History of mathematics History of Philosophy Plato's beard Timeline of mathematical logic Boehner
History_of_logic
Crucial skill in all different fields of work and life
Retrieved 28 May 2020. Thagard, Paul; Shelley, Cameron (1997), "Abductive Reasoning: Logic, Visual Thinking, and Coherence", in Dalla Chiara, Maria Luisa;
Analytical_skill
Process of changing beliefs to take into account a new piece of information
H. Rott (1995). Belief revision. In Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming, Volume 4, pages 35–132. Oxford University Press
Belief_revision
Concept in logic
original expression. Where ψ and φ represent formulas of propositional logic, ψ is a substitution instance of φ if and only if ψ may be obtained from
Substitution_(logic)
mathematical logic, Gödel logics, sometimes referred to as Dummett logics or Gödel–Dummett logics, is a family of finite- or infinite-valued logics in which
Gödel_logic
Type of argument
in classical logic ignore. More than one argumentation scheme may apply to the same argument; in this example, the more complex abductive argumentation
Argumentation_scheme
Issue in artificial intelligence and categorical algebra
Lifschitz, V. (1993). "Representing action and change by logic programs". Journal of Logic Programming. 17 (2–4): 301–322. doi:10.1016/0743-1066(93)90035-f
Frame_problem
Classification based on observable evidence
The duck test is a frequently cited colloquial example of abductive reasoning. Its usual expression is: If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and
Duck_test
21st episode of the 6th season of The X-Files
formulates an abductive conclusion: she and Mulder are trapped underground, experiencing a hallucination, and slowly being digested. Abductive logic has three
Field_Trip_(The_X-Files)
Study of general and fundamental questions
July 2023. Kakas, Antonis C.; Sadri, Fariba (2003). Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Robert A. Kowalski, Part II. Springer
Philosophy
Study of the properties of logical systems
Metalogic is the metatheory of logic. Whereas logic studies how logical systems can be used to construct valid and sound arguments, metalogic studies the
Metalogic
Look up Appendix:Glossary of logic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This is a glossary of logic. Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning
Glossary_of_logic
Applications of logic under uncertainty
Probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) involves the use of probability and logic to deal with uncertain situations. Probabilistic
Probabilistic_logic
Symbolic logic system
Minimal logic, or minimal calculus, is a symbolic logic system originally developed by Ingebrigt Johansson under the name "Minimalkalkül". It is a paraconsistent
Minimal_logic
technique Logic and automated reasoning Programming using logic Logic programming – Programming paradigm based on formal logic See "Logic as search"
Outline of artificial intelligence
Outline_of_artificial_intelligence
Static code analysis tool
ideas from model checking for computation tree logic. Infer is mostly written in the OCaml programming language. Dino Distefano [it] received the Royal
Infer_Static_Analyzer
Study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and natural languages
In logic, the semantics or formal semantics is the study of the meaning and interpretation of formal languages, formal systems, and (idealizations of)
Semantics_(logic)
Italian philosopher
conceptual innovation and change in science also in the perspective of abductive reasoning. His research is to create a working synthesis between epistemological
Lorenzo_Magnani
Statistics concept
probability instead of logic. Bayesian programming is a formal and concrete implementation of this "robot". Bayesian programming may also be seen as an
Bayesian_programming
Artificial intelligence project
learning[citation needed] and symbolic machine learning[citation needed], and abductive reasoning. The Cyc inference engine separates the epistemological problem
Cyc
Binary operation that is true if and only if both operands are false
In Boolean logic, logical NOR, non-disjunction, or joint denial is a truth-functional operator which produces a result that is the negation of logical
Logical_NOR
Framework for studying interactive computational tasks through logic
Computability logic (CoL) is a research program and mathematical framework for redeveloping logic as a systematic formal theory of computability, as opposed
Computability_logic
Formal study of linguistic meaning
fields. In logic and computer science, formal semantics refers to the analysis of meaning in artificially constructed logical and programming languages
Formal semantics (natural language)
Formal_semantics_(natural_language)
Alleged alien abduction, 1975
The Travis Walton incident was an alleged alien abduction of American forestry worker Travis Walton on November 5, 1975, in the Apache–Sitgreaves National
Travis_Walton_incident
Dialogical logic (German: dialogische Logik, also known as the logic of dialogues) is a pragmatic approach to the semantics of logic developed in the
Dialogical_logic
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
logical reasoning, such as deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and abductive reasoning. Aristotle drew a distinction between logical discursive reasoning
Reason
Statement that attaches a meaning to a term
definition Indeterminacy Intensional definition Lexical definition Logic programming Operational definition Ostensive definition Ramsey–Lewis method Semantics
Definition
Austrian computer scientist
in the areas of computational logic, database theory, and artificial intelligence, and one textbook on logic programming and databases. In the area of
Georg_Gottlob
Determining the probability of future events based on past events
j}))}}}}\end{aligned}}} Abductive inference starts with a set of facts F which is a statement (Boolean expression). Abductive reasoning is of the form
Inductive_probability
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
counter-argument within discourse. Philosophy portal Abductive reasoning Argument map Bayes' theorem Belief bias Boolean logic Cosmological argument Evidence-based policy
Argument
Intelligence of machines
the logic programming language Prolog, is Turing complete. Moreover, its efficiency is competitive with computation in other symbolic programming languages
Artificial_intelligence
was well grounded and produced work in many research fields, including logic, mathematics, statistics, philosophy, spectroscopy, gravimetry, geodesy
Classification of the sciences (Peirce)
Classification_of_the_sciences_(Peirce)
This is a list of mathematical logic topics. For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic. See also the list of computability and
List of mathematical logic topics
List_of_mathematical_logic_topics
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
In logic, the logical form of a statement is a precisely specified semantic version of that statement in a formal system. Informally, the logical form
Logical_form
Study of mathematics itself
mathematical logic and in the philosophy of mathematics. The two results are widely, but not universally, interpreted as showing that Hilbert's program to find
Metamathematics
Pseudoscientific approach to psychotherapy
Neuro-linguistic programming at Wiktionary Media related to Neuro-linguistic programming at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Neuro-linguistic programming at
Neuro-linguistic_programming
About mathematical functions
is sufficient to be an X], etc. In his 1848 The Nature of Logic Boole asserts that "logic . . . is in a more especial sense the science of reasoning
History of the function concept
History_of_the_function_concept
Process to evaluate alternative hypotheses
cognitive psychology and visualization, probability and statistics, etc. Abductive reasoning is an earlier concept with similarities to ACH. Heuer outlines
Analysis of competing hypotheses
Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses
One or more words used to refer to something
chemical nomenclature In classics, Roman naming conventions In computer programming, identifier naming conventions In computer networking, computer naming
Name
List of statements that appear to contradict themselves
a surprise. The surprise examination and Bottle Imp paradox use similar logic. These paradoxes, insolubilia (insolubles), have in common a contradiction
List_of_paradoxes
Reasoning for mathematical statements
frequently used as an assumption for further mathematical work. Proofs employ logic expressed in mathematical symbols, along with natural language that usually
Mathematical_proof
Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
citation needed] AI alignment Artificial intelligence detection software Abductive reasoning Duck test I know it when I see it Commonsense reasoning Purposeful
Case-based_reasoning
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
In logic and computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated SATISFIABILITY
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Real or apparent mutual contradiction between two ideas that exposes their misconceptions
between two conclusions, both of which seem justified. It is a term used in logic and epistemology, particularly in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Antinomy
Antinomy
Overview of and topical guide to thought
Lateral thinking – Manner of solving problems Logic – Study of correct reasoning / Logical reasoning Abductive reasoning – Inference seeking the simplest
Outline_of_thought
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Inductive logic programming – Learning logic programs from data Intuitive statistics Inverse problem – Process
Problem_of_induction
Academic field of logic and rhetoric
of arguments and its fundamental role in nonmonotonic reasoning, logic programming and n-person games". Artificial Intelligence. 77 (2): 321–357. doi:10
Argumentation_theory
Branch of mathematics that studies sets
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any
Set_theory
elimination. These logics have fewer inference rules than classical logic. On the other hand, classical logic was a first-order logic, which means roughly
Philosophy_of_mathematics
Relationship between objects
In logic, a reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another
Reference
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
nonlinear programming, queuing systems, and simulation. A large, perennial obstacle is to find and fix errors in computer programs: debugging. Formal logic concerns
Problem_solving
Signs that stand in for and take the place of something else
determine the validity and force of each kind. He sees three main modes: abductive inference (guessing, inference to a hypothetical explanation); deduction;
Representation_(arts)
Philosophical problem-solving principle
different predictions. Similarly, in science, Occam's razor is used as an abductive heuristic in the development of theoretical models rather than as a rigorous
Occam's_razor
Reputed paranormal area in Utah, United States
Junior Hicks (2023), The Utah UFO Display: A Scientist Brings Reason and Logic to Over 400 UFO Sightings in Utah's Uintah Basin, Cedar Fort Publishing
Skinwalker_Ranch
Academic disciplines that study society and culture
divided into three sciences: physics, ethics, and logic.") Today, the main fields of philosophy are logic, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. Still,
Humanities
Season of television series
Harjo, Noetta (November 8, 2018). "SUPERNATURAL Recap: (S14E05) Nightmare Logic". Geek Girl Authority. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved
Supernatural_season_14
2010 studio album by Hayseed Dixie
which can be mixed and re-mixed by the user in such computer programs as Garage Band, Logic, Pro Tools, and the like. There is also an additional bonus
Killer_Grass
2001 thriller movie directed by Dominic Sena
"Swordfish is big on explosions, but critics dislike how it skimps on plot and logic. Also, the sight of a person typing at a computer just isn't that interesting
Swordfish_(film)
2025 video game
death and reliving moments leading up to it, adding a layer of time-loop logic to certain sequences. The overall pacing is faster than traditional adventure
The_Drifter_(video_game)
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) special interest group
Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group (SIG) on programming languages. This SIG explores programming language concepts and tools, focusing on design,
SIGPLAN
2026 conspiracy theory
medical issues at the time of his death and that there was "no train of logic to follow that would implicate him" in the conspiracy theory, going on to
Missing scientists conspiracy theory
Missing_scientists_conspiracy_theory
Traditional, still commonplace view of scientific method to develop scientific theories
explanation". Psillos, Stathis (1996). "On Van Fraassen's Critique of Abductive Reasoning". The Philosophical Quarterly. 46 (182): 31–47. doi:10.2307/2956303
Inductivism
American murder victim (1896–1925), cause of KKK decline
Methodist Church. Oberholtzer studied English, mathematics, zoology and logic at Butler College in Irvington, but she dropped out at the end of her junior
Murder_of_Madge_Oberholtzer
2021 American crime drama television miniseries by Brad Ingelsby
whole thing just feels arbitrary and confusing and lacks the emotional logic this show is normally so good at." In Decider, Sean T. Collins agreed but
Mare_of_Easttown
Science writer and retired programmer
Escaping the Rabbit Hole: How to Debunk Conspiracy Theories Using Facts, Logic, and Respect (2018). West has appeared in various media including The New
Mick_West
Ethnic cleansing in the United States
Native populations and further the logic of elimination. Wolfe also describes the non-physical nature of the logic of elimination and the way it is carried
Native American genocide in the United States
Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States
Striving to find reason and logic in everything, he is a listener, not a talker. He relies on having the most sophisticated logic center of all Autobots to
List of The Transformers characters
List_of_The_Transformers_characters
negative and uncertain, as data to assist the selection of answers. Abductive glosses may take free form as text providing justification or reasons
EGanges
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
Girl/Female
African, American, Arabic, Assamese, Australian, British, Danish, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Iranian, Jamaican, Latin, Muslim, Parsi, Persian, Polish, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Swahili, Tamil
Good; Night; Feminine of Lyle; Seductive; Dark Beauty; Lily; Purity; Pleasure; Sport; Pastime; Delicate; Playful; Divine Drama
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Australian, British, Danish, English, Greek, Hebrew, Latin
Night; Night Beauty; Feminine of Lyle; From the Island; Variant of Delilah; Form of Lilac; Bluish; Languishing; Lovelorn; Seductive
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
A Yogic Posture
Girl/Female
Tamil
Vinyasa | விநà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸
A yogic posture
Vinyasa | விநà¯à®¯à®¾à®¸
Girl/Female
African, Arabic, Australian, French, German, Hebrew, Indian, Kenyan, Spanish, Swahili, Tamil
Gentle; Delicate; Gentleness is her Soul; Lovelorn; Seductive
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Logic; Reason
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Tamil
Trick; Power; Strategy; Solution by Logic; By Reasoning
Girl/Female
British, English
15th Century
Girl/Female
Afghan, African, American, Arabic, Danish, Egyptian, Finnish, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Jamaican, Modern, Muslim, Swahili, Swedish, Tamil
Dark Beauty; Wine; Intoxication; Night Beauty; Born at Night; Seductive
Boy/Male
Hindu
Full of feathers, Full of logic, Name of sage, Vatsyayan
Female
Chinese
flattering and seductive.
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Australian, Christian, English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Indian, Persian, Sanskrit
Dark Haired Beauty; Night; Divine Play; From the Island; Night Beauty; Lovelorn; Seductive
Girl/Female
French, German, Latin, Spanish
Smooth; Seductive; Flattering; Blond
Girl/Female
Tamil
Trick, Power, Strategy, Solution by logic, By reasoning
Boy/Male
Tamil
Full of feathers, Full of logic, Name of sage, Vatsyayan
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Hebrew
Night; Lovelorn; Seductive
Girl/Female
African, American, Arabic, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Indian, Iranian, Irish, Italian, Muslim, Parsi, Sindhi, Swedish, Tamil
Dark as Night; Black; Night; Night Beauty; Nocturnal; Dark-haired Beauty; Lovelorn; Seductive; Name of a Saint; Dark Haired
Girl/Female
Hindu
Trick, Power, Strategy, Solution by logic, By reasoning
Girl/Female
French
In mythology the abduction of Zeus's mortal daughter Helen sparked the Trojan War.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Trick, Power, Strategy, Solution by logic, By reasoning
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
Male
English
Variant form of English unisex Merrill, MERYL means "sea-bright."
Boy/Male
Hebrew Italian
God is my strength.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord of serpents
Boy/Male
British, English, Latin
Black; Dark; Of the Adriatic
Male
Greek
(Οἰδίπους) Greek name composed of the elements oid "knew" and pous "feet," probably with the intended OIDIPOUS means "he who knew the Sphinx's riddle of the feet." In mythology, this is the name of a king of Thebes who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother after solving the riddle of the Sphinx.Â
Girl/Female
Muslim
Flower
Boy/Male
Tamil
Deer
Girl/Female
Armenian
Holy.
Boy/Male
British, English
Good-looking Companion
Girl/Female
Muslim
Beloved, Goddess of Love
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
ABDUCTIVE LOGIC-PROGRAMMING
n.
The art or process of reasoning; logic.
a.
Facilitating induction; susceptible of being acted upon by induction; as certain substances have a great inductive capacity.
n.
See Logic.
n.
Logic illustrated by physics.
n.
A reductive agent.
n.
The act of abducing or abducting; a drawing apart; a carrying away.
n.
A person skilled in logic.
a.
Tending to lead astray; apt to mislead by flattering appearances; tempting; alluring; as, a seductive offer.
adv.
In a seductive manner.
n.
The science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal thought, or of the laws according to which the processes of pure thinking should be conducted; the science of the formation and application of general notions; the science of generalization, judgment, classification, reasoning, and systematic arrangement; correct reasoning.
n.
A treatise on logic; as, Mill's Logic.
a.
Beyond the scope or province of logic.
a.
Leading to inferences; proceeding by, derived from, or using, induction; as, inductive reasoning.
a.
Lying outside of the domain of logic.
n.
The wrongful, and usually the forcible, carrying off of a human being; as, the abduction of a child, the abduction of an heiress.
n.
The art of reasoning; logic.
a.
Operating by induction; as, an inductive electrical machine.
a.
Inductive.
a.
Of or pertaining to logic; used in logic; as, logical subtilties.
a.
Seductive.