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Nitrogen fixing soil bacteria
Rhizobia are diazotrophic bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside the root nodules of legumes (Fabaceae). To express genes for nitrogen
Rhizobia
Family of legume flowering plants
by rhizobia.[new archival link needed] The rhizobia and their hosts must be able to recognize each other for nodule formation to commence. Rhizobia are
Fabaceae
Plant part
symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria known as rhizobia in legumes and strains of actinobacteria of the genus Frankia in other
Root_nodule
Bacteria and archaea producing ammonia
typically microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea, with examples being rhizobia and Frankia and Azospirillum. All diazotrophs contain iron-molybdenum or
Diazotroph
Genus of bacteria
fix nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates from the plant. Like other rhizobia, many members of this genus have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen
Bradyrhizobium
Signaling molecule
factors or NF), are signaling molecules produced by soil bacteria known as rhizobia in response to flavonoid exudation from plants under nitrogen limited conditions
Nod_factor
Plants in the family Fabaceae
seam) on two sides. Most legumes have symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Rhizobia, in structures called root nodules. Some of the fixed nitrogen becomes
Legume
Small tree grown for its edible pods and landscaping
NaCl/L). Not all legume species can develop a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia to make use of atmospheric nitrogen. It remains unclear whether carob trees
Carob
Region of soil or substrate comprising the root microbiome
rhizospheric biotic components for improving rhizobia–legumes interaction. In addition, it has been shown that rhizobia are part of the rhizosphere of a wide
Rhizosphere
Species of legume
Styphnolobium differ from Sophora in lacking the ability to form symbioses with rhizobia (nitrogen fixing bacteria) on their roots. It also differs from the related
Styphnolobium_japonicum
Genus of plants
(pagoda tree genus), which differs in lacking nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobia) on the roots, and Dermatophyllum (the mescalbeans). Styphnolobium has
Sophora
Ecological interaction between taxa
either within or between its cells. Examples include diverse microbiomes: rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycetes
Symbiosis
Species of grass cultivated as a food crop
support for beans; the beans provided nitrogen derived from nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria which live on the roots of beans and other legumes; and squashes
Maize
Genus of bacteria
by its synonym Sinorhizobium) is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia), three of which (Ensifer meliloti, Ensifer medicae and Ensifer fredii)
Ensifer_(bacterium)
of such symbioses are made between legumes and diazotrophic Rhizobia bacteria. The rhizobia-legume symbioses are the most studied due to the importance
Symbiosome
Conversion of dinitrogen into ammonia
called nitrogenases, produced by microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and rhizobia. These enzyme complexes are encoded by the Nif genes (or Nif homologs)
Nitrogen_fixation
Genus of flowering plants in the bean family
Medicago is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume family (Fabaceae). It contains at least 87 species. The genus
Medicago
Class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites
host plant help Rhizobia in the infection stage of their symbiotic relationship with legumes such as peas, beans, clover, and soy. Rhizobia living in soil
Flavonoid
Study of plant life
beneficial relationships with plants. For example, mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia provide plants with nutrients in exchange for food; ants are recruited
Botany
symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria. The pathway is activated by both Nod-factor perception (for nodule forming rhizobia), as well as by Myc-factor
Common symbiosis signaling pathway
Common_symbiosis_signaling_pathway
Type of edible-pod pea
other shellfish. As with most legumes, snow peas host beneficial bacteria, rhizobia, in their root nodules, which fix nitrogen in the soil—this is called a
Snow_pea
Family of bacteria
in the family are used for plant nutrition and collectively make up the rhizobia. Other bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium rhizogenes
Rhizobiaceae
Family of bacteria
bacteria. The most common genus is Mesorhizobium which contains some of the rhizobia species. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic
Phyllobacteriaceae
Genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
photosynthesis. This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the rhizobia, of which the genus Rhizobium is a typical example. Rhizobium is also capable
Rhizobium
Order of bacteria
(synonym Rhizobiales) are an order of Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria. The rhizobia, which fix nitrogen and are symbiotic with plant roots, appear in several
Hyphomicrobiales
Type of ecological mutualism
bacteria. This mutualism can be both obligate and opportunistic. Rhizobia – Rhizobia are bacteria that conduct nitrogen fixation for legume plants. Specifically
Trophic_mutualism
Organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism
mutualistic relationship. Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia), which live in the root nodules of legumes, single-cell algae inside reef-building
Endosymbiont
Agricultural practice of changing crops
which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. During a process called nodulation, the rhizobia bacteria use nutrients and water provided by the
Crop_rotation
Legislative capital of South Africa
(February 2015). "Symbiotic diversity, specificity and distribution of rhizobia in native legumes of the Core Cape Subregion (South Africa)". FEMS Microbiology
Cape_Town
Mutually beneficial interaction between species
primarily phosphate but also nitrogenous compounds. Other examples include rhizobia bacteria that fix nitrogen for leguminous plants (family Fabaceae) in return
Mutualism_(biology)
Organism that harbours another organism
between leguminous plants and certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia that form nodules on the roots of the plant. The host supplies the bacteria
Host_(biology)
German biologist
root symbioses with both arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria. These mutants enforced the idea that plant root endosymbioses
Martin_Parniske
Type of bacteria
living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, rhizobia living in root nodules of legumes provide nitrogen fixing activity for
Symbiotic_bacteria
Species of bacterium
one of many Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria commonly referred to as rhizobia.[citation needed] Within that broad classification, which has three groups
Bradyrhizobium_japonicum
Growing plants without soil using nutrients in water
and Na2MoO4 A component of the enzyme nitrate reductase and required by rhizobia for nitrogen fixation. Chlorine Essential micronutrient Cl− 0.65 9 KCl
Hydroponics
Groups of organisms acting for mutual benefit
mutualism is the interaction between rhizobia soil bacteria and legumes (Fabaceae). In this interaction, rhizobia bacteria induce root nodule formation
Cooperation_(evolution)
Species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae
This legume develops root nodules with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria rhizobia in the surface part of its rooting system. Its leaves and stems are mostly
Guar
Means of transmitting infection
which eventually trap the Rhizobia. The established symbiosis can be further contained in a symbiosome in which the Rhizobia symbionts reside and carry
Horizontal_transmission
Genus of aquatic plants
alley cropping to increase the soil's nitrogen content. The species of rhizobia responsible for nitrogen fixation in Sesbania rostrata is Azorhizobium
Sesbania
East Asian crop
expected yield but is generally similar to soybean. Due to nodulation with rhizobia, nitrogen fixation of up to 100 kilograms per hectare (89 lb/acre) is possible
Adzuki_bean
Species of legume
known species of Trifolium that has no apparent rhizobial association. Rhizobia typically nodulate the roots of Trifolium, increasing nitrogen availability
Trifolium_stoloniferum
Golden wattle of southeastern Australia
pycnantha fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere. It hosts bacteria known as rhizobia that form root nodules, where they make nitrogen available in organic form
Acacia_pycnantha
Organic matter, mostly derived from animal feces, which can be used as fertilizer
plants such as clover are often used for this, as they fix nitrogen using Rhizobia bacteria in specialized nodes in the root structure. Other types of plant
Manure
Circular plasmid used in creation of transgenic plants
through a non-hormonal method, unlike the Ti plasmid. Some members of Rhizobia carry their nitrogen-fixing genes (nif) and nodulation genes (nod) on the
Ti_plasmid
Genus of vines with lavender or white flowers
(particularly nitrogen). Wisteria has nitrogen fixing capability (provided by Rhizobia bacteria in root nodules), and thus mature plants may benefit from added
Wisteria
Species of bacterium
; Robinson, J. B.; Downie, J. A. (2007). "Quorum-sensing regulation in rhizobia and its role in symbiotic interactions with legumes". Philosophical Transactions
Rhizobium_leguminosarum
Species of plant with edible seeds
about 1900. Peas, like many legumes, contain symbiotic bacteria called Rhizobia within root nodules of their root systems. These bacteria have the special
Pea
Species of bacterium
interacts with the free oxygen in the root nodule where the rhizobia reside. Rhizobia are contained within symbiosomes in the root nodules of leguminous
Ensifer_meliloti
Species of plant
is forming symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobia), like other legumes. The Rhizobia fix nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere, turning it
Phaseolus_acutifolius
Species of bacterium
Rodríguez-Llorente, Ignacio David; Mars, Mohamed (2021-05-01). "Diversity of rhizobia isolated from Tunisian arid soils capable of forming nitrogen-fixing symbiosis
Ensifer_numidicus
Biological theorem
multiple mating, foraging behavior in bumble bees, nutrient storage in rhizobia, and bacterial persistence in the presence of antibiotics. There are three
Bet_hedging_(biology)
Method of bacterial gene transfer
pore and the VirB4-like ATPase. Bacteria related to the nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case of inter-kingdom conjugation. For example, the
Bacterial_conjugation
Biological process of breaking down food
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system. In the nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia, conjugative elements naturally engage in inter-kingdom conjugation. Such
Digestion
between roots and rhizobia. Plants secrete sugars, enzymes, and oxygen from roots which provide necessary substrates for rhizobia and associated rhizosphere
Bioremediation_of_oil_spills
Carbohydrate-binding protein
function of them is still uncertain. Once thought to be necessary for rhizobia binding, this proposed function was ruled out through lectin-knockout transgene
Lectin
Oxygen-carrying phytoglobin found in rhizome of leguminous plants
response to the roots being colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, termed rhizobia, as part of the symbiotic interaction between plant and bacterium: roots
Leghemoglobin
Species of legume
extinction of the relevant rhizobia as well. Efforts now are on identifying a suitable closely related replacement rhizobia species from neighbouring Oceanian
Sophora_toromiro
Common bean plant
common beans acquire the nitrogen they require through an association with rhizobia, which are nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Good commercial yield in favorable
Phaseolus_vulgaris
Basal organ of a vascular plant
and form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. Owing to the high energy required to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere
Root
Sugar acid
(2016). "Structure of Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS) Produced by Rhizobia and their Functions in Legume–Bacteria Symbiosis: — A Review". Achievements
Mannuronic_acid
Study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for normal plant life
microorganisms. Two important types of these relationship are with bacteria such as rhizobia, that carry out biological nitrogen fixation, in which atmospheric nitrogen
Plant_nutrition
Species of deciduous tree
ruminants. Like other legume species, S. senegal fixes nitrogen within Rhizobia or nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in root nodules. This nitrogen fixation
Senegalia_senegal
Species of legume
legume, its roots form a symbiotic association with soil bacteria known as rhizobia, which transform atmospheric N2 into a plant-usable form (a process called
Clitoria_ternatea
Fungus-plant symbiotic association
maintaining colonization by endosymbiotic fungi and other endosymbionts such as Rhizobia in legumes. The CSSP has origins predating the colonization of land by
Mycorrhiza
Species of plant with edible seeds
crops, lentils can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil with specific rhizobia.[citation needed] Lentils grow well under low fertilizer input conditions
Lentil
Plant species in pea family
engages in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia, including Sinorhizobium meliloti. This symbiosis results in the formation
Alfalfa
First organisms to be modified in the laboratory
bacteria have been used in agriculture. Crops have been inoculated with Rhizobia (and more recently Azospirillum) to increase their production or to allow
Genetically_modified_bacteria
Legume grown for its edible bean
four days. Before flowering, roots can grow 2 cm (3⁄4 in) per day. If rhizobia are present, root nodulation begins by the time the third node appears
Soybean
Plant species in the pea family
recently isolated from the roots of this species, and named after it. Other rhizobia in this species include Shinella kummerowiae and species of the genera
Sphaerophysa_salsula
Species of tree
with noxious weeds, thus increasing growth. Further, the inoculation with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi in depleted soils is recommended to promote growth
Inga_edulis
American social scientist (born 1940)
Agroecosystems, eds. R. Lal & B. Stewart (2013). 16. Wu, Q.Q. et al., ”Rhizobia promote the growth of rice shoots by targeting cell signaling, division
Norman_Uphoff
1948 United States Supreme Court case
with different groups of those plants. Moreover, different species of Rhizobia bacteria produce an inhibitory effect on each other when mixed. These bacteria
Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
Funk_Bros._Seed_Co._v._Kalo_Inoculant_Co.
Plant root
cases, lateral roots have been found to form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia (bacteria) and mycorrhizae (fungi) found in the soil, to further increase
Lateral_root
Biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms
acids, and chlorophyll. In plants that have a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia, some nitrogen is assimilated in the form of ammonium ions directly from
Nitrogen_cycle
Chemical compound
as nitrogen-fixing legumes, benefit from symbiotic relationships with rhizobia bacteria that create ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen. In humans, inhaling
Ammonia
Organism altered by genetic engineering
bacteria have been used in agriculture. Crops have been inoculated with Rhizobia (and more recently Azospirillum) to increase their production or to allow
Genetically_modified_organism
Family of bacteria
Xanthobacteraceae are a family of bacteria that includes Azorhizobium, a genus of rhizobia. Xanthobacteraceae bacteria are diverse and Gram-negative, rod-shaped,
Xanthobacteraceae
Species of plant
to the Americas. This species has emerged as a model organism to study rhizobia symbiosis, since it can interact with photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium species
Aeschynomene_evenia
Concept in ecology
how plants accomplish root communication with the addition of beneficial rhizobia and fungal networks and the potential for different genotypes of the kin
Ecological_niche
Farming approach
peanuts or alfalfa that form symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia industrial production of nitrogen by the Haber process uses hydrogen, which
Sustainable_agriculture
Species of legume
the genus Sesbania. It forms a symbiotic relationship with Gram-negative rhizobia which leads to the formation of nitrogen fixing nodules on both stem and
Sesbania_rostrata
Species of plant
glabra). As a legume plant, mung bean is in symbiotic association with Rhizobia, which enables it to fix atmospheric nitrogen (58–109 kg per ha mung bean)
Mung_bean
Class of genomic islands
example, Salmonella has at least five. An analogous genomic structure in rhizobia is termed a symbiosis island. Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are gene clusters
Pathogenicity_island
Film of microorganisms on a surface
either contribute to crop disease or, as in the case of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia on root nodules, exist symbiotically with the plant. Examples of crop diseases
Biofilm
Genus of plant
1023/A:1011286111384. Trinick, M. J. (1980). "Relationships Amongst the Fast-growing Rhizobia of Lablab purpureus, Leucaena leucocephala, Mimosa spp., Acacia farnesiana
Lablab
Selective breeding of plants and animals to serve humans
"Human selection and the relaxation of legume defences against ineffective rhizobia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1629):
Domestication
Species of bacterium
its nodule isolates Azorhizobium johannae with other legume hosts and rhizobia. I." (PDF). Symbiosis. 36: 57–68. Moreira FM, Carvalho Y, Gonçalves M,
Azorhizobium_doebereinerae
Family of bacteria
They include plant-associated bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium, a genus of rhizobia associated with some legumes. It also contains animal-associated bacteria
Nitrobacteraceae
Species of legume
amounts of nitrogen, cicer milkvetch employs a mutualistic relationship with rhizobia bacteria. Cicer milkvetch exhibits rhizomes (sometimes referred to as creeping
Astragalus_cicer
Plant species in the family
are available for agricultural use, and as for some other legume crops, rhizobia can be added to the seed. Pests that attack this crop include the powdery
Vicia_sativa
Species of bacterium
and biochemical mechanisms involved in rhizobia tolerance to salinity and water deficit: Free living rhizobia response to abiotic constraints". Journal
Mesorhizobium_mediterraneum
Species of perennial legume
as peanuts (Arachis hypogea). Being a legume capable of symbiosis with Rhizobia, the bacteria associated with the pigeon pea enrich soils through symbiotic
Pigeon_pea
Scottish botanist (1772–1827)
Watson Project Blog: Captain Dugald Carmichael FLS". 30 October 2009. NZ Rhizobia. "Taxonomy of New Zealand Native Legumes". Retrieved 28 March 2011. v t
Dugald_Carmichael
Brazilian agronomist (1924–2000)
plantations in Brazil are now completely supplied for nitrogen (N) by rhizobia and not using any N-fertilizers. This movement has had big benefits, because
Johanna_Döbereiner
Topics referred to by the same term
software Nod factor (nodulation factor), signaling molecules produced by rhizobia during the initiation of nodules on the root of legumes NOD-like receptor
NOD
Chinese biologist (1926–2021)
of rhizobia, and found that mixed planting between gramineous plants and legumes can eliminate the obstacle of "nitrogen repression" of rhizobia, and
Chen_Wenxin
Type of plant tissue involved in cell proliferation
Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobia.[citation needed] Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called "window
Meristem
Species of legume
used as a dye in tanning and cloth-making. As a legume, the tree harbors rhizobia that return nitrogen to the soil, making it more fertile. Such plants are
Pterocarpus_erinaceus
Root epidermis
rhizodermis participates in the recognition and the uptake of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia bacteria – the first stage of nodulation leading to formation of root nodules
Rhizodermis
Genus of legumes
Weir, Bevan (2006). Systematics, Specificity, and Ecology of New Zealand Rhizobia (Ph.D. thesis). University of Auckland. hdl:2292/394. Massey University
Carmichaelia
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