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Organic molecule weighing under 1000 daltons
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight (≤ 1000 daltons) organic compound that may regulate
Small_molecule
Electrically neutral group of two or more atoms
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may
Molecule
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass, relative to small molecule compounds, produces unique
Polymer
Type of programmed cell death
peroxidase 4 (GPX4),[excessive citations] and the identification of small molecules that induce ferroptosis were key to the eventual characterization of
Ferroptosis
Class of drugs
treatments can be prescribed. Small molecule CGRPR antagonists have also been approved in the U.S. as antimigraine agents. Small molecule CGRP antagonists are
Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist
Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide_receptor_antagonist
Chemical reaction where molecules are combined and a small molecule is lost
chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water. If water is lost
Condensation_reaction
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
crystalline structure. There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates
OLED
Small molecule (PROTAC)
A proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a molecule that can remove specific unwanted proteins. Rather than acting as a conventional enzyme inhibitor
Proteolysis_targeting_chimera
Chemical catalyst
reactions. Frustrated Lewis pairs have been shown to activate many small molecules, either by inducing heterolysis or by coordination. The discovery that
Frustrated_Lewis_pair
Supramolecular structures held together other than by covalent bonds
complex". The host component is often the larger molecule, and it encloses the smaller guest molecule. In biological systems, the terms host and guest
Host–guest_chemistry
Structure in molecular biology
observation that specific DNA helicases could be identified where small molecules specific for these DNA structures accumulated in cells. The length
G-quadruplex
Type of therapy
Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Vintafolide is a small molecule drug conjugate consisting of a small molecule targeting the folate receptor. It is currently
Targeted_therapy
Process of separating molecules
Graham. He used this technique to separate sucrose (small molecule) and gum Arabic solutes (large molecule) in aqueous solution. He called the diffusible solutes
Dialysis_(chemistry)
Chinese-American electrochemist
department at Harvard University for doctoral research, where he researched small molecule asymmetric catalysis with Eric Jacobsen and was awarded a PhD in 2013
Song_Lin_(chemist)
Experimental drug for treating cancer
AOH1996 is an experimental anticancer medication which acts as a small molecule inhibitor of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and is in Phase
AOH1996
Online database of metabolic pathways
Small Molecule Pathway Database (SMPDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database containing more than 600 small molecule (i
Small Molecule Pathway Database
Small_Molecule_Pathway_Database
Online database containing information on drugs and drug targets
(version 6.0) contains 11,891 drug entries including 4030 FDA-approved small molecule drugs, 1601 FDA-approved biotech (protein/peptide) drugs, 134 nutraceuticals
DrugBank
Enzymes that block actions of protein kinases
Settleman, Jeff (2009). "Factors underlying sensitivity of cancers to small-molecule kinase inhibitors". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 8 (9): 709–23. doi:10
Protein_kinase_inhibitor
Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule structures and interactions. The databank integrates a number of existing
Biomolecular Object Network Databank
Biomolecular_Object_Network_Databank
Anti-obesity medication
Orforglipron — brand name Foundayo — is an oral, non-peptide, small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist developed as a weight loss drug by Eli Lilly and Company
Orforglipron
Technology for screening small molecule compounds
synthesis and screening on an unprecedented scale of collections of small molecule compounds. DECL is used in medicinal chemistry to bridge the fields
DNA-encoded_chemical_library
American biochemist and inventor (born 1957)
target. His group also conducted the first successful effort to discover small molecule drugs that work by binding to RNA. This has led to the creation of a
Anthony_Czarnik
Drug discovery technique
With the ability of rapid screening of diverse compounds (such as small molecules or siRNAs) to identify active compounds, HTS has led to an explosion
High-throughput_screening
American chemist
products, and currently investigates the role of biologically active small molecules in mediating symbiotic interactions and disease. Clardy grew up in
Jon_Clardy
Protein
can initiate transcriptional response to hypoxia. Another example of small molecule control of protein degradation is phytohormone auxin in plants. Auxin
Ubiquitin_ligase
Class of protein inhibiting drugs
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a drug design strategy that uses small molecules such as PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs), molecular glues,
Targeted_protein_degradation
Family of chemical compounds
exploited in developing novel catalysts for asymmetric transformations and small molecule activation. A major benefit of CAACs compared to other carbene or phosphine
Cyclic_alkyl_amino_carbenes
Pharmaceutical compound
an inhibitor of the RAS GTPase family. It is an orally administered small molecule pan-RAS inhibitor. It was developed by Revolution Medicines. It inhibits
Daraxonrasib
Biomolecule
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded non-coding RNA molecules, typically
Small_interfering_RNA
Chemical compound
identify novel disease-associated targets and rapidly design optimized small-molecule inhibitors. TNIK was identified as a central regulator of fibrosis and
Rentosertib
Chemical compound
RepSox is a small molecule inhibitor of TGFβR1, also known as ALK5. As a mimetic of the effects of the SOX2 protein, it has gained attention in the fields
RepSox
Class of compounds
c-Met inhibitors are a class of small molecules that inhibit the enzymatic activity of the c-Met tyrosine kinase, the receptor of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter
C-Met_inhibitor
American chemical biologist
Chemistry at UCSF in early 2021. Arkin is the Executive Director of the Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC) at UCSF, a center that collaborates with academics
Michelle_R._Arkin
Receptor modulators
Neurotrophin mimetics are small molecules or peptide like molecules that can modulate the action of the neurotrophin receptor. One of the main causes
Neurotrophin_mimetics
Subdiscipline of chemistry, focusing on carbon compounds
organic compounds is small molecules, also referred to as "small organic compounds". In this context, a small molecule is a small organic compound that
Organic_chemistry
Separation of electric charge in a molecule
to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end. Polar molecules must
Chemical_polarity
Class of drugs used to treat malignant tumors
can be divided into small molecule chemical drugs and biotechnology drugs. The former primarily consist of various small molecule kinase inhibitors, alongside
Antineoplastic
Prediction method in molecular modeling
drug design, due to its ability to predict the binding-conformation of small molecule ligands to the appropriate target binding site. Characterisation of
Docking_(molecular)
American space manufacturing company
spacecraft that process pharmaceuticals in microgravity. The company targets small molecule crystallization, which is difficult to produce in Earth's gravity, and
Varda_Space_Industries
Class of chemical compounds
A molecular glue is a type of small molecule that modulates protein–protein interactions in cells by enhancing the affinity between proteins. These compounds
Molecular_glue
Small molecule affecting biological activity
of a regulation loop controlling a regulated quantity. Small molecule effectors A small molecule that selectively binds to a protein to regulate its biological
Effector_(biology)
Class of drugs
RNA-targeting small molecules represent a class of small molecules, organic compounds with traditional drug properties (e.g., Lipinski's rule of five)
RNA-targeting small molecule drugs
RNA-targeting_small_molecule_drugs
Very large molecule
A macromolecule is a "molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived,
Macromolecule
Genus of amphibians
obtained, all modalities of Xenopus research are now being used for small-molecule based screens. Chemical genetics of vascular growth in Xenopus tadpoles:
Xenopus
Isotope of fluorine emitting a positron
reporter system uses a human protein, PSMA and non-immunogenic, and a small molecule that is positron-emitting (18F) and fluorescent for dual modality PET
Fluorine-18
United States program for negotiating Medicare drug prices
window for small molecules discourages investment in oral drug development. A 2025 KFF analysis estimated that lengthening the small-molecule window to
Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program
Medicare_Drug_Price_Negotiation_Program
Type of structure in atomic physics
by small shifts in otherwise degenerate electronic energy levels and the resulting splittings in those electronic energy levels of atoms, molecules, and
Hyperfine_structure
South Korean pharmaceutical company
protein therapeutics using its "Lapscovery" technology, and developing small molecule tyrosine-kinase inhibitors for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Its strategy
Hanmi_Pharm
Carbon-containing chemical compound
typically considered organic. For historical and disciplinary reasons, small molecules containing carbon are generally not accepted: cyanide ion (CN−), hydrogen
Organic_compound
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
gene is frequently present in variable copy number in lung cancer. Small molecules capable of binding to the bromodomain of BRD9 have been developed.
BRD9
British video game developer
collaboration with Media Molecule. The studio developed 2013's Tearaway and its extended remake, Tearaway Unfolded. In 2016, they opened a small studio in Brighton
Media_Molecule
Chemical reaction in which a ring is formed/broken by adding/removing a single atom
transition state, a small molecule donates two electrons to the ring. The reaction process can occur in two different geometries: the small molecule can approach
Cheletropic_reaction
Compound that is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug
enable diffusion of medications across the blood brain barrier, as most small molecule drugs lack the necessary chemical attributes to pass to the brain independently
Prodrug
Pharmaceutical compound
Balinatunfib (SAR441566) is an experimental drug which acts as a potent small molecule inhibitor of TNF. Rather than blocking TNF receptors, balinatunfib inactivates
Balinatunfib
Charts of molecules
in the behavior of molecules, at least small molecules. For instance, if one replaces any one of the atoms in a triatomic molecule with a rare gas atom
Periodic systems of small molecules
Periodic_systems_of_small_molecules
Protein-coding gene in humans
cardiac and endothelial differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. A small molecule inhibitor (GSK-J1) has been developed to inhibit the jumonji domain
KDM6B
Biological process in animal connective tissue
companies. Small molecules that are able to inhibit TGF-β induced EMT are under development. Silmitasertib (CX-4945) is a small molecule inhibitor of
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Epithelial–mesenchymal_transition
Genetic condition, the most common form of dwarfism
dysplasia with severe combined immunodeficiency. Treatments include small molecule therapy with a C-natriuretic peptide analog (vosoritide), approved to
Achondroplasia
System of communication
receptor protein specific to the signal molecule) detects a signal, usually in the form of a small, water-soluble molecule, via binding to a receptor protein
Cell_signaling
Molecule composed of copies of a small unit
(/əˈlɪɡəmər/ ) is a molecule that consists of a few repeating units which could be derived, actually or conceptually, from smaller molecules, monomers. The
Oligomer
American chemist
the science of therapeutics. Key advances include the discovery that small molecules can function as “molecular glues” that promote protein–protein interactions
Stuart_Schreiber
Indian-born American spiritual teacher, scholar and inventor
multiple international patent applications relating to anti-cancer small molecules. His work has included comparative religion and Tamil Siddha traditions
Baskaran_Pillai
American biochemist and academic
structural disorder compromised the binding of small-molecule ligands. Her research looks to develop small-molecule probes that modify proteins, which can, in
Angela_Koehler
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
crystallography—"small-molecule" (which includes continuous inorganic solids) and "macromolecular" crystallography—are often used. Small-molecule crystallography
X-ray_crystallography
Type of medication which modulates the GnRH receptor
and cetrorelix – peptides that are structurally related to GnRH – or small-molecules like elagolix and relugolix, which are structurally distinct from and
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulator
Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_modulator
Chemical compound
Danuglipron is a small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist, formerly under development by Pfizer that, in an oral formulation, was under investigation as a
Danuglipron
Small-molecule oxytocin receptor agonist
LIT-001 is a small-molecule oxytocin receptor agonist and vasopressin receptor mixed agonist and antagonist that was first described in the literature
LIT-001
Database designed to store chemical information
unsuitable for computational use and especially for search and storage. Small molecules (also called ligands in drug design applications), are usually represented
Chemical_database
American pharmaceutical company
technology platform for the creation of small molecule drug conjugates (a.k.a. SMDCs), which consist of a small molecule linked to a potent drug, and is developing
Endocyte
Chemical compound
Tideglusib (NP-12, NP031112) is a potent and irreversible small molecule glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitor. Tideglusib has been evaluated in
Tideglusib
Molecule produced by a living organism
as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as vitamins and hormones. A general name for this class of material
Biomolecule
Regulatory mechanism
the mRNA leader transcript) bind molecules such as amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, vitamins, metal ions and other small ligands which cause a conformational
Attenuator_(genetics)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
§ Small molecule inhibitors of PFKFB3). Several small-molecule inhibitors of PFKFB3 are currently in development. For a long time a small molecule
PFKFB3
Pure chemical substances produced by and for the chemical industry
weight of about 700 g/mol. LMW fine chemicals, also designated as small molecules, are produced by traditional chemical synthesis, by microorganisms
Fine_chemical
two primary classes of therapeutics are small molecules and protein therapeutics. The design of small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions
Stapled_peptide
processing. A smaller molecule may still become allergenic by binding to a larger molecule to form an epitope of sufficient size; such a small molecule is called
List_of_allergens
Chemical compound
Aleniglipron (development code GSBR-1290) is a small-molecule GLP-1 agonist developed by Structure Therapeutics. It is delivered orally and is in a Phase
Aleniglipron
Organic molecule containing a neutral carbon with two unbound valence electrons
There are two common methods for carbene generation: α-elimination and small-molecule extrusion. In α elimination, two substituents eliminate from the same
Carbene
Class of carbon compounds
structure with a formally carbon(0) center allows for applications in small-molecule activation, organometallic catalysis, and the stabilization of unusual
Carbodicarbenes
Invention of new medications based on knowledge of a biological target
knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein
Drug_design
UK pharmaceutical company
Technology Limited" in 1999 in Cambridge, UK, to pioneer a novel approach to small molecule drug discovery known as ‘fragment-based drug discovery’ (FBDD), a term
Astex_Pharmaceuticals
Molecule which triggers an immune response when attached to a carrier
Haptens (derived from the Greek haptein, meaning “to fasten”) are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier
Hapten
Pluripotent stem cell generated directly from a somatic cell
be functionally replaced by related transcription factors, miRNAs, small molecules, or even non-related genes such as lineage specifiers. It is also clear
Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell
Compound library-based chemical synthesis method
software. Combinatorial chemistry can be used for the synthesis of small molecules and for peptides. Strategies that allow identification of useful components
Combinatorial_chemistry
American organic chemist
new drugs and materials and helped enable the integration of AI and small molecule science. Burke is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine
Martin_D._Burke
Class of extreme chemical compounds
Clathrates are also possible with helium under pressure in ice, and other small molecules such as nitrogen. Other ways to make helium reactive are: to convert
Helium_compounds
Chemical compound
Nutlins are a family of small molecule, cis-imidazoline analogs, which inhibit the interaction between MDM2 and tumor suppressor p53, stabilizing p53 and
Nutlin
Protein found in humans
antibody compared to small molecule CSF1R inhibitors. Edema was more common with monoclonal antibody treatment compared to small molecules, suggesting that
Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor
Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor
Chemical compound
Opnurasib (JDQ-443) is a small-molecule covalent KRASG12C inhibitor developed for non-small-cell lung cancer. Weiss, Andreas; Lorthiois, Edwige; Barys
Opnurasib
Pharmaceutical compound
(January 2025). "Discovery of Rezatapopt (PC14586), a First-in-Class, Small-Molecule Reactivator of p53 Y220C Mutant in Development". ACS Medicinal Chemistry
Rezatapopt
Chemical compound
Borospherene (B40) is an electron-deficient cluster molecule containing 40 boron atoms. It bears similarities to other homoatomic cluster structures such
Borospherene
introduction of the technique, DNA shuffling has been applied to protein and small molecule pharmaceuticals, bioremediation, vaccines, gene therapy, and evolved
DNA_shuffling
Experimental drug
Francisco (UCSF) through a semi-automated screening of a large library of small molecules seeking inhibitors of PERK signalling; it was found to block the integrated
ISRIB
Small molecule drug conjugates or SMDCs are built with three modules: a targeting ligand, a linker and a drug payload[citation needed]. The targeting ligands
Small_molecule_drug_conjugate
Drug made from biological source
jurisdictions, biologics are regulated via different pathways from other small molecule drugs and medical devices. Some of the oldest forms of biologics are
Biopharmaceutical
Part of a messenger RNA molecule
a riboswitch is a regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule, resulting in a change in production of the proteins encoded
Riboswitch
Biotechnology company in Massachusetts, US
discovering RNA-targeting small molecule drugs. Other companies had previously discovered drugs based on RNA-targeting small molecules, however, they were found
Arrakis_Therapeutics
Scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites
the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Specifically
Metabolomics
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
PBGS 6mer* reveals a surface cavity that is not present in the 8mer. Small molecule binding to this phylogenetically variable cavity has been proposed to
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
Delta-aminolevulinic_acid_dehydratase
Complete set of small molecules in a biological sample
The metabolome is the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample. The biological sample can be a cell, a cellular organelle
Metabolome
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