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Form of chemical synthesis
The Staudinger synthesis, also called the Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition, is a chemical synthesis in which an imine 1 reacts with a ketene 2 through
Staudinger_synthesis
Surname list
German luger who competed from 1978 to 1989 Staudinger synthesis, method to prepare β-lactams Staudinger reaction, chemical reaction in which the combination
Staudinger
Organic compound of the form >C=C=O
(−O−R−O−CO−R'−CO). The Staudinger synthesis is used to synthesize β-lactam antibiotics. Ethyl acetoacetate, an organic synthesis feedstock, is prepared
Ketene
Chemical reaction
product in addition to the desired amine. An example of a Staudinger reduction is the organic synthesis of the pinwheel compound 1,3,5-tris(aminomethyl)-2,4
Staudinger_reaction
Chemical compound
reaction, hydrosilylations, tritylation, the Steglich rearrangement, Staudinger synthesis of β-lactams and many more. DMAP analogues are used in kinetic resolution
4-Dimethylaminopyridine
German chemist, winner of the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1881–1965)
Hermann Staudinger (German: [ˈhɛʁman ˈʃtaʊ̯dɪŋɐ] ; 23 March 1881 – 8 September 1965) was a German organic chemist who demonstrated the existence of macromolecules
Hermann_Staudinger
and probes for chemical biology. The earliest synthesis of an iminophosphorane was reported by Staudinger and Meyer in 1919 from the reaction of an azide
Iminophosphorane
Organic reaction in which a pi bond and sigma bond are interconverted
The most commonly studied reactions in this field are the 4π Staudinger β-lactam synthesis and the 4π Nazarov reaction; asymmetric catalysis of both reactions
Electrocyclic_reaction
Family of chemical compounds
beta-lactam synthesis". Angewandte Chemie. 47 (6): 1016–20. Bibcode:2008ACIE...47.1016T. doi:10.1002/anie.200702965. PMID 18022986. Staudinger H (1907).
Β-Lactam
Organic compound or functional group containing a C=N bond
thermally, with ketenes in [2+2] cycloadditions to form β-lactams in the Staudinger synthesis. Several variants have been described. Imine react with dienes in
Imine
Chemical compound
typical acyclic amide. The synthesis of 2-azetidinone is primarily achieved through ring-closure reactions. The Staudinger synthesis, a [2+2] cycloaddition
2-Azetidinone
Staedel–Rugheimer pyrazine synthesis Stahl oxidation Staudinger reaction Staudinger synthesis Steglich esterification Stephen aldehyde synthesis Stetter reaction
List_of_organic_reactions
Anions of phosphine imides
oxidation of phosphine ligands with trimethylsilyl azide, also known as the Staudinger reaction: PR3 + Me3SiN3 → Me3SiN=PR3 + N2 Starting from these silyl compounds
Phosphinoimidate
Chemical reaction to form polymer chains
reactions involving substitution at a carbonyl group require more complex synthesis due to the way in which reactants polymerize. As alkenes can polymerize
Polymerization
Chemical coupling reaction
Hermann Staudinger. The reaction itself was discovered thirty years later. An example of the aza-Wittig-reaction being utilized in organic synthesis is the
Aza-Wittig_reaction
Polymer
of polyisobutylene. The first synthesis of polyisobutylene was reported in 1931 by the German chemists Hermann Staudinger and Leonidas Zechmeister, who
Polyisobuteneamine
Chemical agent and drug construction
The total synthesis of quinine details the research and synthetic methods required to produce the alkaloid quinine artificially, the steps of which were
Quinine_total_synthesis
Chemical reaction
olefination[4] and Barton olefin synthesis.[5] This reaction was pioneered by Hermann Staudinger,[6] and also goes by the name Staudinger type diazo-thioketone coupling
Barton–Kellogg_reaction
Chemical compound
C2Cl4O2CO + 4 HCl C2Cl4O2CO → C2O2Cl2 + COCl2 As originally determined by Staudinger, oxalyl chloride reacts with water giving off gaseous products only: hydrogen
Oxalyl_chloride
Croatian-Swiss chemist (1887–1976)
set up excellent cooperation with Hermann Staudinger (a Nobel laureate in 1953). Studying within Staudinger's department, he obtained his doctoral degree
Leopold_Ružička
Chemical compound
reaction between ethanedioyl (oxalyl) dihalides and Ag2C2O4: a route to Staudinger's elusive ethanedioic (oxalic) acid anhydride". J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans
Oxalic_anhydride
of the terminal amino acids. The method is based on the Staudinger reaction. The Staudinger ligation continues to be developed but has not yet found
Chemical_ligation
Chemical compound
Staudinger reagents, resulting from the Staudinger reaction. The phosphanimines were first prepared in the laboratory of Nobelist Hermann Staudinger.
Triphenylphosphine phenylimide
Triphenylphosphine_phenylimide
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units
covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger, who spent the next decade finding experimental evidence for this hypothesis
Polymer
Subfield of materials science concerned with polymers
in polymer synthesis, the molecular nature of polymers was not understood until the work of Hermann Staudinger in 1922. Prior to Staudinger's work, polymers
Polymer_science
Chemical compound
diazomethane, 3-sulfolene forms a 1,3-dipolar cycloadduct: In 1935, H. Staudinger and co-workers found that the reaction of butadiene and SO2 at room temperature
Sulfolene
Class of chemical compounds
hydrogen atoms in α-position and tertiary amines were identified by Hermann Staudinger and Norman Thomas Mortimer Wilsmore as highly reactive ketenes (ethenones)
Alkyl_ketene_dimer
Chemical compound
Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. New York, NY: John Wiley. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rt379. ISBN 0-471-93623-5. Staudinger, H.; Meyer, Jules (1919).
Triphenylphosphine_sulfide
Organic compounds containing the azide (N3) functional group
triphenylphosphine) in the Staudinger reaction. This reaction allows azides to serve as protected -NH2 synthons, as illustrated by the synthesis of 1,1,1-tris(aminomethyl)ethane:
Organic_azide
Chemical reaction
powerful tool, widely applied to introduce chemical complexity in the synthesis of natural products and new materials. The reaction was first described
Diels–Alder_reaction
Chemical compound
It is a versatile compound that is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a ligand for transition metal complexes, including ones that serve
Triphenylphosphine
Any artificial elastomer
Lebedev, the American Wallace Carothers and the German scientist Hermann Staudinger led in 1931 to one of the first successful synthetic rubbers, known as
Synthetic_rubber
German chemist (1897–1987)
1897 – 26 August 1987) was a German chemist who reported a method for synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes and ketones using compounds called phosphonium
Georg_Wittig
Chemistry subdiscipline
sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules.
Polymer_chemistry
Chemical compound
the general formula R1R2C=C=O (R1=R2=phenyl group). The first synthesis by H. Staudinger was based on 2-chlorodiphenylacetyl chloride (prepared from benzilic
Diphenylketene
Overview of and topical guide to organic chemistry
Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation Rosenmund reduction Staudinger reduction Stephen aldehyde synthesis Tishchenko reaction Wolff-Kishner reduction Zinin reduction
Outline_of_organic_chemistry
Chemical reaction
rearrangement or Staudinger–Claisen reaction, installs a phosphite in the place of an alcohol and takes advantage of the Staudinger reduction to convert
Claisen_rearrangement
studied chemistry at the University of Freiberg. His supervisor was Hermann Staudinger a well-known polymer chemist. After his phd he worked in the research
Hermann_Josef_Schnell
RNH2 → Ph3PNR + 2 RNH3+Br− The method can be used when the conventional Staudinger reaction is not applicable, i.e. when the organic azide is not available
Kirsanov_reaction
Chemical compound
to an Azide with pure Walden inversion kinetics w/o racemization. The Staudinger reduction of the azide in situ gives (R)-3-Amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole
Ramatroban
Polymer produced via a condensation reaction
Scientists Flory Heeger MacDiarmid Shirakawa Natta Edwards de Gennes Ziegler Staudinger Goodyear Baekeland Hayward Braconnot Applications Industrial production
Condensation_polymer
Chemical compound
pyrethroids, for example the allethrins, are esters of all four stereoisomers. Staudinger and Ružička named chrysanthemic acid in 1924. Chrysanthemic acid is derived
Chrysanthemic_acid
Chemical compound
Ph3PO is a byproduct of many useful reactions in organic synthesis including the Wittig, Staudinger, and Mitsunobu reactions. It is also formed when PPh3Cl2
Triphenylphosphine_oxide
Chemical reaction
Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis, also known as the Blum–Ittah-Shahak aziridine synthesis or simply the Blum aziridine synthesis is a name reaction of
Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis
Blum–Ittah_aziridine_synthesis
Class of chemical reactions
native behavior. The Staudinger ligation is a reaction developed by the Bertozzi group in 2000 that is based on the classic Staudinger reaction of azides
Bioorthogonal_chemistry
Organic compound with at least one covalent carbon–phosphorus bond
Organophosphorus chemistry is the scientific study of the synthesis and properties of organophosphorus compounds, which are organic compounds containing
Organophosphorus_chemistry
Equation in polymer science
theory UCST LCST Flory–Huggins solution theory Coil–globule transition Synthesis Chain polymerization Radical polymerization RDRP] ATRP RAFT Nitroxide-mediated
Mark–Houwink_equation
Chemical compound
methanesulfonic acid with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid or by reduction (here: the Staudinger reaction) of methanesulfonyl azide with triphenylphosphine in methanol
Methanesulfonamide
Chemical compound
Bibcode:2017JChPh.146h1101D. doi:10.1063/1.4976969. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 28249449. H. Staudinger, E. Anthes, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1913, 46, 1426. Lewars, Errol (2008)
Ethylene_dione
Polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units
units, thereby growing the polymer chain. Radical polymerization is a key synthesis route for obtaining a wide variety of different polymers and materials
Radical_polymerization
Group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens
amines by Staudinger reduction or lithium aluminium hydride. Amines may also be prepared from alkyl halides in amine alkylation, Gabriel synthesis and Delepine
Haloalkane
Class of chemical compounds
Physics Letters. 110 (5): 447–451. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(84)87068-2. Staudinger, H.; Meyer, Jules (1919). "Über neue organische Phosphorverbindungen III
Ketenimines
Chemical process
chemistry. Some important reactions are modification of ketone and aldehydes, Staudinger ligation with organic azides, copper-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition of
Bioconjugation
Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture
Scientists Flory Heeger MacDiarmid Shirakawa Natta Edwards de Gennes Ziegler Staudinger Goodyear Baekeland Hayward Braconnot Applications Industrial production
Upper critical solution temperature
Upper_critical_solution_temperature
Organic compound with the formula H2C=C=O
production of ketene for acetic anhydride synthesis. Ethenone was discovered at the same time by Hermann Staudinger (by reaction of bromoacetyl bromide with
Ethenone
Chemical compound
Thiobenzophenone". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 14425-14434. doi:10.1021/ja0377551 H. Staudinger, H. Freudenberger "Thiobenzophenone" Organic Syntheses, 1931, Vol. 11
Thiobenzophenone
Lattice model of polymer solutions
theory UCST LCST Flory–Huggins solution theory Coil–globule transition Synthesis Chain polymerization Radical polymerization RDRP] ATRP RAFT Nitroxide-mediated
Flory–Huggins_solution_theory
Polymerization mechanism
Controlled living chain-growth conjugated polymerization will also enable the synthesis of well-defined advanced structures, including block copolymers. Their
Chain-growth_polymerization
Chemical compound
diphenyl triazole. Phenyl azide reacts with triphenylphosphine to give the Staudinger reagent triphenylphosphine phenylimide (C6H5NP(C6H5)3). Thermolysis induces
Phenyl_azide
olefin process Silylation Simmons–Smith reaction Sonogashira coupling Staudinger reaction Stille reaction Sulfidation Suzuki reaction Transmetalation Ullmann
List_of_inorganic_reactions
Type of chemical reaction
without live-cell toxicity. It was developed as a faster alternative to the Staudinger ligation with the first generation of Cu-free click chemistry, producing
Copper-free_click_chemistry
"Otto Diels – Facts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 30 March 2026. "Hermann Staudinger – Facts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 30 March 2026. "Karl Ziegler – Facts"
List of German Nobel laureates
List_of_German_Nobel_laureates
microscopy, and are typically engineered into a polymeric material during synthesis. Crosslinking, typically seen in thermoset polymers, can also increase
Polymer_characterization
Polymer of glucose and structural component of cell wall of plants and green algae
cellulose began in the 1890s and cellophane was invented in 1912. Hermann Staudinger determined the polymer structure of cellulose in 1920. The compound was
Cellulose
Very large molecule
10, 2010. The article is based on the book, Inventing Polymer Science: Staudinger, Carothers, and the Emergence of Macromolecular Chemistry by Yasu Furukawa
Macromolecule
American chemist (born 1960)
Jiyoung; Kiessling, Laura (2004). "Stereoselective N-Glycosylation by Staudinger Ligation". Organic Letters. 6 (24): 4479–4482. doi:10.1021/ol048271s.
Laura_L._Kiessling
Collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state to a collapsed globule state
theory UCST LCST Flory–Huggins solution theory Coil–globule transition Synthesis Chain polymerization Radical polymerization RDRP] ATRP RAFT Nitroxide-mediated
Coil–globule_transition
Chemical compound
aluminium hydride or a tertiary phosphine, such as triphenylphosphine in the Staudinger reaction, with Raney nickel or with hydrogen sulfide in pyridine. Oseltamivir
Sodium_azide
Linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein
Some organisms can also make short peptides by non-ribosomal peptide synthesis, which often use amino acids other than the encoded 22, and may be cyclised
Protein_primary_structure
Belgian analytical chemist Branko Stanovnik (born 1938), chemist Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965), polymer chemist, 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Harry Steenbock
List_of_chemists
Alteration in the polymer properties under the influence of environmental factors
theory UCST LCST Flory–Huggins solution theory Coil–globule transition Synthesis Chain polymerization Radical polymerization RDRP] ATRP RAFT Nitroxide-mediated
Polymer_degradation
Derivatives of nucleosides
phosphines and tertiary phosphites, phosphoramidites readily undergo Staudinger reaction. (RO)2P-N(R1)2 + R2-N3 + H2O ---- (RO)2P(=O)-N(R1)2 + R2-NH2
Nucleoside_phosphoramidite
their low transfer constants allow them to be used for block copolymer synthesis but give limited control over the molecular weight distribution. Telluride-mediated
Living free-radical polymerization
Living_free-radical_polymerization
Type of chain polymerization
their low transfer constants allow them to be used for block copolymer synthesis but give limited control over the molecular weight distribution. Telluride-mediated
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
Reversible-deactivation_radical_polymerization
Chemical reaction that produces polymers
active RAFT reagents, while LAM requires less active reagents. During RAFT synthesis, some ratios between reaction components are important and usually can
Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization
Reversible_addition−fragmentation_chain-transfer_polymerization
Soft water-rich polymer gel
Murugappan, eds. (2022-03-07). Macromolecular Engineering: From Precise Synthesis to Macroscopic Materials and Applications (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527815562
Hydrogel
then reduced to the 2-amino compound in a separate reaction, typically a Staudinger reaction. The Bargellini reaction involves the same type of dichloroepoxy
Corey–Link_reaction
Chemical compound
and cobalt(II) salts. This reaction is effectively the reverse of the Staudinger reaction. Similarly, it is able to transfer the diazo group (=N2) under
Imidazole-1-sulfonyl_azide
Type of polymerization reaction mechanism
employed at early stages of human society are of condensation type. The synthesis of first truly synthetic polymeric material, bakelite, was announced by
Step-growth_polymerization
Class of chemical compounds
The reducing properties of organophosphiines is also illustrated in the Staudinger reduction for the conversion of organic azides to amines and in the Mitsunobu
Organophosphine
Polish-Swiss chemist (1897–1996)
years later (1907) at the age of 10. Reichstein studied under Hermann Staudinger during the latter's brief stint at the Technical University of Karlsruhe
Tadeusz_Reichstein
Fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose
in fiber form were developed by the Celanese Company in 1924. Hermann Staudinger determined the polymer structure of cellulose in 1920. The compound was
Cellulose_fiber
Chemical compound
silyl function, a cyclic sulfate was installed to obtain product 33. The Staudinger reaction gave the free amine 34 from azide 33. The coupling reaction between
Pancratistatin
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
functional groups. The use of multi-functional initiators facilitates the synthesis of lower-arm star polymers and telechelic polymers. External visible light
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
Organic compounds with a saturated carbon-carbon-sulfur ring
including Staudinger and Pfenninger (1916), as well as Delepine (1920) studied episulfides. In 1934 Dachlauer and Jackel devised a general synthesis of episulfides
Episulfide
Genus of brush-footed butterflies
Subgenus Euphaedrana Hecq, 1976 The themis species group Euphaedra aberrans Staudinger, 1891 Euphaedra adonina (Hewitson, 1865) Euphaedra apparata Hecq, 1982
Euphaedra
Chemical compounds and groups containing nitrogen with a lone pair (:N)
alcohols the reaction of amines and ammonia with alkyl halides is used for synthesis in the laboratory: RX + 2 R ′ NH 2 ⟶ RR ′ NH + [ RR ′ NH 2 ] X {\displaystyle
Amine
Temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible
A. (2004-09-10). "Nanoscopic Cationic Methacrylate Star Homopolymers: Synthesis by Group Transfer Polymerization, Characterization and Evaluation as Transfection
Lower critical solution temperature
Lower_critical_solution_temperature
German chemist (1929–2023)
under Hermann Staudinger and, in 1958, wrote his doctoral dissertation under Staudinger and Elfriede Husemann [de]. He was Staudinger's last student.
Helmut_Ringsdorf
Richard Kuhn (professor) 1939 Leopold Ružička (professor) 1953 Hermann Staudinger (lecturer) 1975 Vladimir Prelog (professor) 1991 Richard Ernst (graduate
List_of_ETH_Zurich_people
German chemist (1868–1934)
gas and hydrogen gas. This invention is important for the large-scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosives. It is estimated that a third of annual
Fritz_Haber
chlorophyll" 1916 Not awarded 1917 1918 Fritz Haber (1868–1934) German "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" 1919 Not awarded 1920 Walther Nernst (1864–1941)
List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry
groups along all edges. This recent definition of 2DP is based on Hermann Staudinger's polymer concept from the 1920s. According to this, covalent long chain
Two-dimensional_polymer
Organic monomer
especially in sunlight. Studies on acrylic esters slowly developed until Staudinger's theory of macromolecules and his research into the nature of polyacrylates
Methyl_methacrylate
Early synthetic polymer developed as a textile fiber
research, building on and testing the theories of German chemist Hermann Staudinger. He was very successful, as research he undertook greatly improved the
Nylon
German chemist
chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. He is known for the synthesis and exploration of the properties of graphene-like nanostructures and
Klaus_Müllen
Chemical compound
first synthesis of a stable, isolable phosphetene was reported in 1985 via ring expansion of a phosphirene-metal carbonyl complex. Other synthesis routes
Phosphetene
Swedish chemist (1779–1848)
Ulrich (2014). Hierarchical Macromolecular Structures: 60 Years after the Staudinger Nobel Prize I. Springer. p. 66. ISBN 978-3-319-01137-0. Tammi, Martti
Jöns_Jacob_Berzelius
Organic molecule containing a neutral carbon with two unbound valence electrons
cyclopropanation studies of ethyl diazoacetate with toluene. In 1912 Hermann Staudinger also converted alkenes to cyclopropanes with diazomethane and CH2 as an
Carbene
Class of organic compounds
formula R3P=NSiMe3 are particularly useful. They are prepared by the Staudinger reaction of tertiary phosphines with trimethylsilyl azide: R3P + N3SiMe3
Phosphinimide_ligands
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STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
STAUDINGER SYNTHESIS
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