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Physical Process
Surface diffusion is a general process involving the motion of adatoms, molecules, and atomic clusters (adparticles) at solid material surfaces. The process
Surface_diffusion
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
Transport of dissolved species from the highest to the lowest concentration region
Rotational diffusion, random reorientation of molecules Spin diffusion, diffusion of spin magnetic moments in solids Surface diffusion, diffusion of adparticles
Diffusion
together. The diffusion process is described by the following three processes: surface diffusion grain boundary diffusion bulk diffusion This method enables
Thermocompression_bonding
Embrittlement caused by diffusion of metal in a base metal
monolayer heterogeneous surface embrittler atoms Second monolayer heterogenous surface diffusion of embrittler Surface diffusion of the embrittler over
Metal-induced_embrittlement
Mechanism of light transport
different points on surface of the depth map. Alternatively, a different approach to approximation can be used, known as texture-space diffusion.[citation needed]
Subsurface_scattering
Net transport of atoms through a solid
boundary diffusion coefficients. In general, surface diffusion occurs much faster than grain boundary diffusion, and grain boundary diffusion occurs much
Atomic_diffusion
Wires exhibiting zero resistance
such as niobium–titanium. Vanadium–gallium (V3Ga) can be prepared by surface diffusion where the high temperature component as a solid is bathed in the other
Superconducting_wire
Surface area per unit volume
and diffusion or heat conduction rate is explained from flux and surface perspective, focusing on the surface of a body as the place where diffusion, or
Surface-area-to-volume_ratio
Solid-state welding technique
It operates on the principle of solid-state diffusion, wherein the atoms of two solid, metallic surfaces intersperse themselves over time. This is typically
Diffusion_bonding
Model for determining radiant energy reflected off diffuse surfaces
after Johann Heinrich Lambert, who introduced the concept of perfect diffusion in his 1760 book Photometria. Unfinished wood exhibits roughly Lambertian
Lambertian_reflectance
Thin layer of material
nucleation. Surface diffusion describes the lateral motion of adsorbed atoms moving between energy minima on the substrate surface. Diffusion most readily
Thin_film
increase their surface-area-to-volume ratio. This allows surface properties to play a significant role in the function of the vessel. Diffusion occurs through
Surface chemistry of microvasculature
Surface_chemistry_of_microvasculature
Type of mathematical model
transformed into each other, and diffusion which causes the substances to spread out over a surface in space. Reaction–diffusion systems are naturally applied
Reaction–diffusion_system
Dynamical study of growth of a surface
surface and bulk diffusion to create a perfectly flat surface. Conclusion: enhancing surface and bulk diffusion will help create a smoother surface.
Surface_growth
formed bonds. The TLK model can be applied to surface science topics such as crystal growth, surface diffusion, roughening, and vaporization. The TLK model
Terrace_ledge_kink_model
Method of utilizing water in magnetic resonance imaging
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI or DW-MRI) is the use of specific MRI sequences as well as software that generates images from the
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Diffusion-weighted_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases
the topics investigated in surface physics include friction, surface states, surface diffusion, surface reconstruction, surface phonons and plasmons, epitaxy
Surface_science
Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid
probability theory Single particle tracking Single particle trajectories Surface diffusion – Physical Process Tyndall effect – Scattering of light by tiny particles
Brownian_motion
Topics referred to by the same term
region of higher concentration Rotational diffusion Self-diffusion Surface diffusion Thermodiffusion Demic diffusion of a population to a new area (uninhabited
Diffusion_(disambiguation)
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
and diffusion: Some substances (small molecules, ions) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), can move across the plasma membrane by diffusion, which
Cell_membrane
Synthetic membrane
molecules. Surface diffusion can account for the high selectivity of certain molecules such as hydrogen by zeolite membranes. Surface diffusion typically plays
Zeolite_membrane
Combination of the diffusion and convection (advection) equations
The convection–diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation that combines the diffusion and convection (advection) equations. It describes
Convection–diffusion_equation
with HeSE diffusion measurements include: nuclear quantum effects in the surface diffusion of atomic hydrogen; benchmarking the adsorbate/surface free energy
Helium-3_surface_spin_echo
Welding process in which joining occurs without melting or heating the interface
dimensions, oriented-attachment mechanisms and mechanically assisted fast surface diffusion. Nanoscale welds were also demonstrated between gold and silver, and
Cold_welding
Gas exchange across the skin of an organism
delivery of respiratory medium (water or air) to the respiratory surface Diffusion: the passage of gases through the skin Convection: the carrying of
Cutaneous_respiration
Gum-based chewable sweets
Sucrose crystallization and subsequent grainy texture. A sticky candy surface. Diffusion of flavors out of the candy. Possibility of microbial growth. Moisture
Gummy_candy
Experimental technique in cell biology
very useful in biological studies of cell membrane diffusion and protein binding. In addition, surface deposition of a fluorescing phospholipid bilayer
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
Fluorescence_recovery_after_photobleaching
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
adsorption is a priority). During the sintering process, atomic diffusion drives powder surface elimination in different stages, starting at the formation
Sintering
Movement of ions in an electrical field
boundaries. Diffusion processes caused by electromigration can be divided into grain boundary diffusion, bulk diffusion, and surface diffusion. In general
Electromigration
Partial differential equation describing the evolution of temperature in a region
^{2}u} In physics and engineering contexts, especially in the context of diffusion through a medium, it is more common to fix a Cartesian coordinate system
Heat_equation
published to show that diffusion, chemical reactions, surface interactions, excluded volume interactions, and on-surface diffusion simulate with high quantitative
Smoldyn
Thermal motion of liquid or gas particles at temperatures above absolute zero
large surface area to facilitate this gas exchange process. Fundamentally, two types of diffusion are distinguished: Tracer diffusion and Self-diffusion, which
Molecular_diffusion
Chemical properties of materials
necessary for a metal or metal oxide surfaces to show significant atomic diffusion along the surface, sintering, and surface recrystallization. Desorption of
Tammann temperature and Hüttig temperature
Tammann_temperature_and_Hüttig_temperature
Phenomenon of surface adhesion
the molecule and the surface. The diffusion and key elements of the adsorption rate can be calculated using Fick's laws of diffusion and the Einstein relation
Adsorption
Surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements are a widely used method to determine the minority carrier diffusion length of semiconductors. Since the transport
Surface_photovoltage
governed by surface kinetics: adsorption of gaseous precursors, decomposition of ad-species, desorption of decomposition products, surface diffusion towards
Hydride_vapour-phase_epitaxy
Spreading of sound energy
limited bandwidth. The new goal was to find a new surface geometry that would combine the excellent diffusion characteristics of MLS designs with wider bandwidth
Diffusion_(acoustics)
Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
Surface tension is the energy per unit area due to having a surface in a liquid. It has the dimension of force per unit length, or energy per unit area
Surface_tension
Material that scatters light in optics
silica with processed rough surfaces. LED diffusers can be characterized online using scatterometry-based metrology. Diffusion filters may be used to diffuse
Diffuser_(optics)
time to follow variations of steepest descent of the energy. Like surface diffusion it is a fourth-order flow, since the variation of the energy contains
Willmore_energy
Imaging Instrument
rates. Videos made of such images can show surface diffusion or track adsorption and reactions on the surface. In video-rate microscopes, frame rates of
Scanning_tunneling_microscope
Process creating a thin layer of (usually) silicon dioxide
process cannot produce sharp features, because lateral (parallel to the surface) diffusion of oxidant molecules under the nitride mask causes the oxide to protrude
Thermal_oxidation
Statistical simulation method
in simulations of the following physical systems: Surface diffusion Surface growth Vacancy diffusion in alloys (this was the original use) Coarsening of
Kinetic_Monte_Carlo
Old method of enriching uranium
Gaseous diffusion is a technology that was used to produce enriched uranium by forcing gaseous uranium hexafluoride (UF6) through microporous membranes
Gaseous_diffusion
Biological process
Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed
Facilitated_diffusion
Reactions involving the adsorption of at least a reactant onto a surface
mechanism the physisorbed molecule is in thermal equilibrium with the surface. Diffusion-controlled reaction Hot atom Wintterlin, J.; Völkening, S.; Janssens
Reactions_on_surfaces
Catalytic activity is related to the size of particle
so rapid that diffusion forces can only carry the product away from the surface of the catalyst particle. Therefore, only the surface of the catalyst
Thiele_modulus
Finger-like projection of the small intestine
the semipermeable villi through diffusion, which is effective only at short distances. In other words, increased surface area (in contact with the fluid
Intestinal_villus
British mathematician
approximation of geometric evolution equations, Cahn-Hilliard systems, and surface diffusion models. "People". Imperial College London. Retrieved 11 October 2020
John W. Barrett (mathematician)
John_W._Barrett_(mathematician)
Substance added to material to alter its properties
gases, spin on liquid, and ion implanting. See ion implantation, surface diffusion, and solid sources footnote. The color of some gemstones is caused
Dopant
conservation-restoration of dye diffusion transfer prints is the process undertaken by conservator-restorers of caring for and maintaining dye diffusion transfer prints
Conservation-restoration of dye diffusion transfer prints
Conservation-restoration_of_dye_diffusion_transfer_prints
Non-crystalline solid
information on non-crystalline material structure. For higher values, the surface diffusion of deposited atomic species would allow for the formation of crystallites
Amorphous_solid
catalyst surface, followed by migration from the catalyst to the substrate, culminating in their diffusion throughout the substrate surfaces and/or in
Hydrogen_spillover
American materials scientist
Berkeley for graduate studies. Her master's research considered the surface diffusion of high temperature vapors in porous materials. She joined Massachusetts
Elizabeth_Opila
Tissue type
are tightly packed together, forming a smooth surface. This arrangement minimizes the distance for diffusion, making it ideal for areas where rapid exchange
Simple_squamous_epithelium
Type of transistor developed by Philco in 1953
transistor (SBDT). Philco had used surface diffusion of a gaseous form of phosphorus atom particles, to penetrate the surface of the intrinsic semiconductor
Surface-barrier_transistor
Type of microbiology test
The disk diffusion test (also known as the agar diffusion test, Kirby–Bauer test, disc-diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test, disc-diffusion antibiotic
Disk_diffusion_test
undergo surface or bulk erosion by looking at the ratio between the two rates. The rate of diffusion of water is modeled by the equation t diffusion = < x
Surface_and_bulk_erosion
Process of galvanization of ferrous metal surfaces
Sherardising or Zinc thermal diffusion is a process of galvanization of ferrous metal surfaces, also called vapour galvanising and dry galvanizing. The
Sherardising
Reduction in ductility of a metal exposed to hydrogen
in liquid nitrogen, to prevent hydrogen diffusion losses during handling. Hydrogen can also influence surface degradation processes in metallic materials
Hydrogen_embrittlement
Mass diffusivity of a chemical species without a chemical potential gradient
Surface Chemistry". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 31 (4): 577–638. doi:10.1351/pac197231040577. ISSN 1365-3075. Mills, R. (March 1973). "Self-diffusion
Self-diffusion
Machine learning model
human-drawn art. Text-to-image models are generally latent diffusion models, which perform the diffusion process in a compressed latent space rather than directly
Text-to-image_model
Electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface
Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting
Gas_diffusion_electrode
Union of biological and artificial materials
efficient. This means having precise control over adhesion at the surface, diffusion of nutrients, and signal conduction. Actuation mechanisms within the
Biohybrid_system
Presence of water on the Moon
and proton surface diffusion directly occurring at the naked surface of oxyhydroxide minerals exposed to space vacuum (see surface diffusion and self-ionization
Lunar_water
Class of chemical compounds
AKD wax (at approx. 90 °C), the spreading of the liquid AKD wax by surface diffusion on the cellulose fibers and the formation of closed hydrophobic layers
Alkyl_ketene_dimer
Diffusion coefficient of a diffusant along a grain boundary
The grain boundary diffusion coefficient is the diffusion coefficient of a diffusant along a grain boundary in a polycrystalline solid. It is a physical
Grain boundary diffusion coefficient
Grain_boundary_diffusion_coefficient
Form of corrosion where components of an alloy are preferentially leached
to understand the diffusional pathways on an atomistic level. Firstly, the less-noble atoms must be dissolved away from the surface of the alloy. This
Selective_leaching
combustion, Clarke–Riley diffusion flame is a diffusion flame that develops inside a naturally convected boundary layer on a hot fuel surface with quiescent oxidizer
Clarke–Riley_diffusion_flame
Concept in fluid dynamics
of transport of diffusion. The Marangoni effect is flow of a liquid due to gradients in the surface tension of the liquid. Diffusion is of whatever is
Marangoni_number
High vacuum pump
Diffusion pumps are high-vacuum pumps that use high-speed vapor jets to direct gas molecules to the exhaust. Invented by Wolfgang Gaede in 1915, they
Diffusion_pump
Substances that can repair themselves
and condensation onto the surface. This opposes earlier work that describes sintering of ice spheres by surface diffusion. Self-healing epoxies can be
Self-healing_material
Process by which small crystals dissolve in solution for the benefit of larger crystals
ripening, examining both systems where diffusion was slow and also where attachment and detachment at the particle surface was slow. Although his calculations
Ostwald_ripening
Flame caused by separate oxidizer and fuel
combustion, a diffusion flame is a flame in which the oxidizer and fuel are separated before burning. Contrary to its name, a diffusion flame involves
Diffusion_flame
Underwater diving breathing gas supplied from the surface
Surface-supplied diving is a mode of underwater diving using equipment supplied with breathing gas through a diver's umbilical from the surface, either
Surface-supplied_diving
Type of microscope invented by Erwin Wilhelm Müller
behavior of surfaces and the behavior of adatoms on surfaces. The problems studied include adsorption-desorption phenomena, surface diffusion of adatoms
Field_ion_microscope
Process by which gases diffuse through a biological membrane
move passively by diffusion across a surface. For example, this surface might be the air/water interface of a water body, the surface of a gas bubble in
Gas_exchange
experiment under high temperatures further enhances surface diffusion. This leads to a restructuring of the surface which is completed before the formation of
Epitaxial graphene growth on silicon carbide
Epitaxial_graphene_growth_on_silicon_carbide
Particle behavior in systems of length less than the mean free path
Knudsen diffusion, named after Martin Knudsen, is a means of diffusion that occurs when the scale length of a system is comparable to or smaller than the
Knudsen_diffusion
Computer graphics technique
Marmoset, a surface-focused physically based rendering pipeline may also focus on the following areas of research: Reflection Diffusion Translucency
Physically_based_rendering
Greek-American chemical engineer
Schmidt, and R. Aris, The Effect of Phase Transitions, Surface Diffusion, and Defects on Surface Reactions: Fluctuations and Oscillations, J. Chem. Phys
Dionisios_Vlachos
Vehicle that operates on the surface of the water without a crew
Groom, Rachel A.; Campbell, Hamish A. (2022). "Uncrewed Surface Vessel Technological Diffusion Depends on Cross-Sectoral Investment in Open-Ocean Archetypes:
Unmanned_surface_vehicle
Process used in manufacturing
harden the workpiece. Diffusion only happens through a small thickness of a piece of steel (about 2.5 μm to 1.5 mm), so only the surface is hardened while
Diffusion_hardening
Form of carbon with an extremely high surface area
between 0.15 and 0.25 mm. Thus they present a large surface to volume ratio with a small diffusion distance. Activated carbon (R 1) is defined as the activated
Activated_carbon
A diffusion barrier is a thin layer (usually micrometres thick) of metal usually placed between two other metals. It is done to act as a barrier to protect
Diffusion_barrier
Luminescent substance
involved; absorption of oxygen atoms into oxygen vacancies on the crystal surface, diffusion of Eu(II) along the conductive layer, and electron transfer from Eu(II)
Phosphor
Particle detector for visualizing ionizing radiation
as Arthur Compton received half the prize for the Compton Effect). The diffusion cloud chamber was developed in 1936 by Alexander Langsdorf. This chamber
Cloud_chamber
American scientist and educator
polymer surface diffusion in the key limit of dilute concentration and he identified the important class of physical problems where diffusion is anomalous
Steve_Granick
Hydroponic method of plant production
air is pushed through, creates bubbles. As the bubbles float to the surface, diffusion occurs, and the surrounding water is oxygenated. Respective of the
Deep_water_culture
Chemical mechanism of spontaneous passivation
identical to the bulk at the instant the surface is created. In order to reach chemical equilibrium, the process of diffusion will take place which will increase
Metal_oxide_adhesion
(1970). "Surface diffusion and reaction at widely separated sites" /. Catal. 22, 282–284 (1971). "Variational bounds for problems in diffusion and reaction"
Rutherford_Aris_bibliography
American materials scientist, engineer and academic
E. (1995). "Shape evolution by surface diffusion and surface attachment limited kinetics on completely faceted surfaces". Acta Metallurgica et Materialia
W._Craig_Carter
Major stage of a crystallization process
typically follows an initial stage of either homogeneous or heterogeneous (surface catalyzed) nucleation, unless a "seed" crystal, purposely added to start
Crystal_growth
Nitride of aluminum
growth temperatures above approximately 700 °C to ensure sufficient surface diffusion of aluminum adatoms. At lower temperatures, aluminum adatom mobility
Aluminium_nitride
Types of lighting in photography and filmmaking
of its surface, its distance from the object, and the thickness of its diffusion material. A large, distant light source with thick diffusion material
Hard_and_soft_light
Type of transistor
possible n–p–n structures by simultaneous diffusion of donors and acceptors of appropriately different surface concentrations. The first n layer (the emitter)
Diffused_junction_transistor
concentration of this species at the surface decreases causing diffusion, which is added to the migration transport towards the surface in order to maintain the balance
Concentration_polarization
Analytical technique used in materials science
In addition, the FEM has also been used to study adsorption and surface diffusion processes, making use of the work-function change associated with
Field-emission_microscopy
Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals
are made up of epithelial cells. Functions of epithelial cells include diffusion, filtration, secretion, selective absorption, germination, and transcellular
Epithelium
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