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Tests of general relativity serve to establish observational evidence for the theory of general relativity. The first three tests, proposed by Albert
Tests_of_general_relativity
Experiments probing the accuracy of special relativity's predictions
in the domain of general relativity and the corresponding tests of general relativity must be considered. The predominant theory of light in the 19th
Tests_of_special_relativity
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
The theory of relativity comprises two physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and
Theory_of_relativity
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published
General_relativity
Theory of gravity by Albert Einstein
General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. The theory of general relativity says that the observed
Introduction to general relativity
Introduction_to_general_relativity
Physical effect in general relativity
Solar System is one of the classical tests of general relativity. Gravitational redshift can be interpreted as a consequence of the equivalence principle
Gravitational_redshift
Proposed theories of gravity
theories of everything. None of these alternatives to general relativity have gained wide acceptance. General relativity has withstood many tests over a
Alternatives to general relativity
Alternatives_to_general_relativity
Test of relativistic time dilation
The Hafele–Keating experiment was a test of the theory of relativity. In 1971, Joseph C. Hafele, a physicist, and Richard E. Keating, an astronomer, took
Hafele–Keating_experiment
Double pulsar in the constellation Puppis
inclination close to 90°. In addition to the importance of this system to tests of general relativity, Piran and Shaviv have shown that the young pulsar in
PSR_J0737−3039
2015 detection made by LIGO interferometers
the timing of pulsars in binary star systems. The waveform, detected by both LIGO observatories, matched the predictions of general relativity for a gravitational
First observation of gravitational waves
First_observation_of_gravitational_waves
Gravitational-wave event
Collaboration (September 9, 2025). "Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114". arXiv:2509.08099 [gr-qc]. "Hawking and Kerr black
GW250114
Attraction of masses and energy
described by the general theory of relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein in 1915, which describes gravity in terms of the curvature of spacetime, caused
Gravity
Test of gravitational redshift
era of precision tests of general relativity. In the decade preceding Einstein's publication of the definitive version of his theory of general relativity
Pound–Rebka_experiment
achieved makes this kind of experiment one of the most accurate confirmations of relativity (see also Tests of special relativity). Giuseppe Cocconi and
Hughes–Drever_experiment
1984 graduate textbook by Robert M. Wald
general theory of relativity. Published by the University of Chicago Press in 1984, the book of almost 500 pages covers many aspects of the theory of
General_Relativity_(book)
Star orbiting close to Sagittarius A*
1051/0004-6361/201833718. "Tests of General Relativity". Max Planck Society. Retrieved 2021-01-17. "First Successful Test of Einstein's General Relativity Near Supermassive
S2_(star)
Star in a close orbit around Sagittarius A*
and orientation of Sagittarius A*'s spin and offer additional tests of the Kerr metric and general relativity. The extreme eccentricity of S301's orbit suggests
S301
International radio telescope project
Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity has precisely predicted the outcome of every experiment made to test it. Most of these tests, including the
Square_Kilometre_Array
Pulsar in the constellation Aquila
Physics portal Tests of general relativity Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a constellation
Hulse–Taylor_pulsar
Theory of gravity
astronomers have tested his ideas, although some have tested competitors of general relativity; see Category:Tests of general relativity. Ibison, M. (2006)
Yilmaz_theory_of_gravitation
Mission to Saturn (1997–2017)
mission's science team announced the results of tests of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, performed by using radio waves transmitted from
Cassini–Huygens
Time delay caused by space-time distortion near massive objects
or gravitational time delay effect, is one of the four classic Solar System tests of general relativity. Radar signals passing near a massive object
Shapiro_time_delay
Origins of Einstein's gravitation theory
General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915
History_of_general_relativity
Measuring the distance between the Earth and the Moon with laser light
Merkowitz, Stephen M. (2 November 2010). "Tests of Gravity Using Lunar Laser Ranging". Living Reviews in Relativity. 13 (1) 7. Bibcode:2010LRR....13....7M
Lunar Laser Ranging experiments
Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiments
Robotic spacecraft sent to Mars
theory of general relativity whereby time passes more slowly in regions of lower gravitational potential. Scientists used the lander to test this hypothesis
Viking_1
Physicist and astronomer
who works on gravitational waves and general relativity. He is the Bert Elsbach Professor of Physics and Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at Pennsylvania
B._S._Sathyaprakash
Effect of general relativity
predicted by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, that is due to non-static stationary distributions of mass–energy. A stationary field is
Frame-dragging
Framework of distances and directions
Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental tests of general relativity have confirmed
Space
Italian satellite launched in 2012
the LARES satellite may be used for other tests of general relativity as well as measurements in the fields of geodynamics and satellite geodesy. A second
LARES_(satellite)
Method used to study black holes
scientists can find the final masses of black holes, their spins, and how they behave the way general relativity predicts. Ringdown radiation has significant
Black hole ringdown spectroscopy
Black_hole_ringdown_spectroscopy
Analogies between Maxwell's and Einstein's field equations
field equations for general relativity. Gravitomagnetism is the kinetic effects of gravity, in analogy to the magnetic effects of moving electric charge
Gravitoelectromagnetism
theory of general relativity, various mathematical structures and techniques are utilized. The main tools used in this geometrical theory of gravitation
Mathematics of general relativity
Mathematics_of_general_relativity
Orbital gravitational observatory
satellite-based experiment whose objective was to test two previously-unverified predictions of general relativity: the geodetic effect and frame-dragging. This
Gravity_Probe_B
General-relativistic effect
originally predicted this in his theory of relativity, and it has since been confirmed by tests of general relativity. This effect has been demonstrated by
Gravitational_time_dilation
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
the theory of general relativity. The strong form requires Einstein's form to work for stellar objects. Highly precise experimental tests of the principle
Equivalence_principle
Italian relativist and cosmologist
high-energy astrophysics, including tests of general relativity, computational astrophysics, X-ray astronomy, and the properties of black holes. Interstellar Exploration:
Cosimo_Bambi
The mathematics of general relativity is complicated. In Newton's theories of motion, an object's length and the rate at which time passes remain constant
Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity
Introduction_to_the_mathematics_of_general_relativity
Collapsed core of a massive star
pulsars, PSR J0737−3039. The discovery of this system allows a total of 5 different tests of general relativity, some of these with unprecedented precision
Neutron_star
Star in the constellation Taurus
Albert Einstein's prediction of the bending of light around the Sun from his general theory of relativity which he published in 1915. With φ, υ and χ
Kappa_Tauri
German-American physicist (born 1929)
research professor at the University of Nevada, Reno. He is known for his research in areas spanning general relativity, Planck scale physics, nuclear fusion
Friedwardt_Winterberg
1919 observations which confirmed Einstein's theory of general relativity
observational test of general relativity, organised by the British astronomers Frank Watson Dyson and Arthur Stanley Eddington in 1919. Observations of the total
Eddington_experiment
Space-based experiment to test the theory of general relativity
gravitational time dilation. The experiment was a test of a major consequence of Einstein's general relativity, the equivalence principle. The equivalence principle
Gravity_Probe_A
Set of integral curves of a vector field
In general relativity, a congruence (more properly, a congruence of curves) is the set of integral curves of a (nowhere vanishing) vector field in a four-dimensional
Congruence (general relativity)
Congruence_(general_relativity)
Precision tests of QED Tests of special relativity Tests of relativistic energy and momentum Modern searches for Lorentz violation Measurements of neutrino
List of experiments in physics
List_of_experiments_in_physics
Generalization of straight line to a curved space time
In general relativity, a geodesic generalizes the notion of a "straight line" to curved spacetime. Importantly, the world line of a particle free from
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesics_in_general_relativity
Mathematical theory of the geometry of space and time
spacetime is the mathematical model in which, with Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity naturally arises, as opposed to being described as a fundamental
Curved_spacetime
Proposed ground-based gravitational wave observatory
signal-to-noise (SNR) of events will allow for tests of fundamental physics in the strong-gravity regime, including tests of general relativity and constraints
Cosmic Explorer (gravitational wave observatory)
Cosmic_Explorer_(gravitational_wave_observatory)
Debate about credit for general relativity
Einstein's discovery of the gravitational field equations of general relativity and David Hilbert's almost simultaneous derivation of the theory using an
General relativity priority dispute
General_relativity_priority_dispute
Physical constant equal to the speed of light
gravitational waves in the general theory of relativity is equal to the speed of light in vacuum, c. Within the theory of special relativity, the constant c is
Speed_of_gravity
Hypothetical planet between the Sun and Mercury
peculiarities was later rendered unnecessary when Einstein's 1915 theory of general relativity showed that Mercury's departure from an orbit predicted by Newtonian
Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)
Set of theories
relativity theory." Absolute space and time Frame-dragging Tests of general relativity Tests of special relativity Croft, Terrell (1917). Library of Practical
Aether_theories
Gravitational wave observatory site
Detection of Gravitational Waves (in "Applications of Classical Physics chapter 27: Gravitational Waves and Experimental Tests of General Relativity", Caltech
LIGO
predictions of Einstein with respect to the energy content of the Earth and the Moon and how they react to gravity, and evaluating whether general relativity correctly
Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation
Apache_Point_Observatory_Lunar_Laser-ranging_Operation
British physicist
working on experimental testing of general relativity. Everitt was educated at Imperial College London and the University of Pennsylvania in low-temperature
Francis_Everitt
Canadian-born gravitational physicist
contributions to general relativity. Will was born in Hamilton, Ontario. In 1968, he earned a B.Sc. from McMaster University. At California Institute of Technology
Clifford_Martin_Will
Distance between a projectile path and center of a potential field affecting it
parameter Schwarzschild geodesics § Bending of light by gravity Tests of general relativity Landau L. D. and Lifshitz E. M. (1976) Mechanics, 3rd. ed., Pergamon
Impact_parameter
The following is a timeline of gravitational physics and general relativity. 3rd century B.C. – Aristarchus of Samos proposes the heliocentric model. 1543
Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity
Timeline_of_gravitational_physics_and_relativity
Binary star in the constellation of Hercules
periastron of the orbit of the stars serves as a test of the predictions of Einstein's general theory of relativity. The known factors of the orbital
DI_Herculis
Criticism of the theory of relativity of Albert Einstein was mainly expressed in the early years after its publication in the early twentieth century,
Criticism of the theory of relativity
Criticism_of_the_theory_of_relativity
Speculative physics theory
is with tests of the strong equivalence principle, one of the most powerful tests of general relativity, also known as Einstein's theory of gravity.
Fifth_force
Two pulsars orbiting each other
pulsar as well.) Binary pulsars are one of the few objects which allow physicists to test general relativity because of the strong gravitational fields in
Binary_pulsar
equivalence principle of general relativity. The experiment is thought to be sensitive enough to test Einstein's theory of gravity and other theories. The
STEP_(satellite)
Galaxy in the constellation Centaurus
the time the most precise extragalactic test of general relativity. The given distance in the overview of NED of 133 ± 8.718 megaparsecs (433.8 ± 28.43 million
ESO_325-4
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
complete quantum field theory of gravitons due to the unsolved mathematical problem of renormalization in general relativity. This problem is avoided in
Graviton
Vector field representing a mass's effect on surrounding space
terms of a field model, rather than a point attraction. It results from the spatial gradient of the gravitational potential field. In general relativity, rather
Gravitational_field
Branch of physics
field: some of its most important results have come from pure reasoning, long before any instrument could test them. General relativity, quantum mechanics
Theoretical_physics
Mathematical framework to verify special relativity
Test theories of special relativity give a mathematical framework for analyzing results of experiments to verify special relativity. An experiment to
Test theories of special relativity
Test_theories_of_special_relativity
American astrophysicist
Observatory to map the orbits of stars bound to the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, enabling tests of general relativity in an extreme gravitational
Mark_R._Morris
(physics) Lense–Thirring effect (effects of gravitation) (tests of general relativity) Leveling effect (chemistry) Levels-of-processing effect (educational psychology)
List_of_effects
American launch vehicle manufacturer
3 million lb, enabling more powerful stage tests and accelerated test cycles. In January 2019, Relativity Space announced that it won a competitive bidding
Relativity_Space
Radio Telescope
test how general relativity behaves in environments with extreme gravity. The Greenland Telescope will become part of the global network of telescopes
Greenland_Telescope
Tensor that describes the 4D geometry of spacetime
In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study. The metric captures
Metric tensor (general relativity)
Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)
Physical theory of the cosmos
of the age of the universe is of order 10−5. The key physical law behind these models, general relativity has passed stringent tests on the scale of the
Big_Bang
Total eclipse, which helped prove Einstein's theory of relativity
Einstein's prediction of the bending of light by the gravity of the Sun, one of the components of his general theory of relativity, can be tested during a solar
Solar_eclipse_of_May_29,_1919
Proposed gravitational wave detector
institutions in the European Union. It will be able to test Einstein's general theory of relativity in strong field conditions, realize precision gravitational
Einstein_Telescope
Physics principle
development of physics, implicitly in Newtonian mechanics and explicitly in Albert Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. For example
Principle_of_relativity
Physics principle that simultaneity depends on choice of reference frame
In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that distant simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time –
Relativity_of_simultaneity
Measurement of light ray bending from a gravitational lens
in the center of the galaxy. For a point mass the deflection can be calculated and is one of the classical tests of general relativity. For small angles
Einstein_radius
Cancelled NASA space probe to travel 1000 AU from the Sun
study of the heliopause, measurements of conditions in the interstellar medium, and (via communications with Earth) tests of general relativity. One of the
TAU_(spacecraft)
Outward bulge around a planet's equator due to its rotation
a relevant disturbing role when satellites are used to make tests of general relativity because the much smaller relativistic effects are qualitatively
Equatorial_bulge
Aspect of relativity in physics
Einstein as a consequence of his general theory of relativity, appearing as "ripples in spacetime curvature". Hundreds of these gravitational waves have
Gravitational_wave
Concept in general relativity and quantum field theory
model that combines general relativity, quantum field theory, and thermodynamics, though Hawking's area law has already been tested by analyzing gravitational
Black_hole_thermodynamics
European Lunar laser ranging instrument
instrument consists of a corner cube retroreflector (CCR) named MoonLIGHT (Moon Laser Instrumentation for General relativity High accuracy Tests), and an actuator
MoonLIGHT_Pointing_Actuator
Method of spatial measurement using laser
position of the Moon to be measured with millimeter precision and tests of general relativity to be done. MOLA, the Mars Orbiting Laser Altimeter, used a lidar
Lidar
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
invariance). In 1916, relativity would be extended to include the effects of gravity in the theory of general relativity. Relativity is a theory that accurately
Special_relativity
Facet of general relativity
In general relativity, the notion of mass is more subtle than in classical mechanics or special relativity. The theory itself does not single out a preferred
Mass_in_general_relativity
Statement about a future event
easily be tested as it did not produce any effects observable on a terrestrial scale. However, as one of the first tests of general relativity, the theory
Prediction
American astronomer and physicist (1916–1997)
program of precision tests of general relativity using the framework of the equivalence principle. In 1957, he first proposed an alternative theory of gravitation
Robert_H._Dicke
Linear perturbations to solutions of nonlinear Einstein field equations
theory of general relativity, linearized gravity is the application of perturbation theory to the metric tensor that describes the geometry of spacetime
Linearized_gravity
The history of special relativity consists of many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri
History_of_special_relativity
orbits of satellites, whose mass is relatively small compared to that of the Earth. In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a
Test_particle
French cosmologist (born 1969)
cosmology of the early universe. He has developed numerous tests of general relativity at astrophysical and cosmological scales. The study of fundamental
Jean-Philippe_Uzan
The theory of special relativity was initially developed in 1905 by Albert Einstein. However, other interpretations of special relativity have been developed
Formulations of special relativity
Formulations_of_special_relativity
Tests of special relativity
theoretical evaluation of collision experiments in particle accelerators. See also Tests of special relativity for a general overview. In classical mechanics
Tests of relativistic energy and momentum
Tests_of_relativistic_energy_and_momentum
Observation in physical cosmology
the universe expanding at a calculable rate was first derived from general relativity equations in 1922 by Alexander Friedmann. The Friedmann equations
Hubble's_law
Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points
chased beams of light. For special relativity, he employed moving trains and flashes of lightning to explain his theory. For general relativity, he considered
Einstein's thought experiments
Einstein's_thought_experiments
Approximation method for general relativity in physics
formalism or PPN formalism, is a version of the post-Newtonian approximation to theory of general relativity which includes adjustable parameters. It
Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism
Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism
Field-equations in general relativity
In the general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution
Einstein_field_equations
Sub-area of scientific computing for solving General Relativity equations
relativity, also known as computational relativity, is a specialization of computational physics as well as one of the branches of general relativity
Numerical_relativity
Device used in gravitational wave observatories
waves predicted by the general theory of relativity. Because gravitational waves were predicted to be very weak, the size of the bars and were designed
Weber_bar
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TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
TESTS OF-GENERAL-RELATIVITY
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