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Medieval commentaries on the Talmud
The Tosafot, Tosafos or Tosfot (Hebrew: תוספות) are medieval commentaries on the Talmud. They take the form of critical and explanatory glosses, printed
Tosafot
and sources) on the Talmud, which are collectively called Tosafot ("additions"). The Tosafot are important to the practical application of Jewish law,
List_of_Tosafists
Central text of Rabbinic Judaism
opinions ultimately based on the Jerusalem Talmud found their way into the Tosafot and the Mishneh Torah by Maimonides. Ethical maxims in the Jerusalem Talmud
Talmud
Jewish educational institution for Torah study
and the related work Tosafot, a parallel analysis and running critique of the former. The integration of Talmud, Rashi and Tosafot, is considered as foundational
Yeshiva
11th century Tosafist
Rabbi Judah ben Yom Tov (Hebrew: יהודה בן יום טוב) was one of the Baalei Tosafot in France, a member of Rashi's family. His father was Rabbi Yom Tov of
Judah_ben_Yom_Tov
11th century French rabbi
called Rabbi Yom Tov ben Rabbi Yehuda, was one of the 11th-century Baalei Tosafot in France. His father was Judah ben Nathan (Rivan), who was Rashi's son-in-law
Yom_Tov_of_Falaise
Printed edition of the Talmud
and/or Mishnah centered with Rashi's commentary on the inner margin and Tosafot on the outer margin. It is also flanked by other various marginal notations
Vilna_Edition_Shas
Concept in Judaism
debate in Jewish philosophy. Shituf is first mentioned in the commentary of Tosafot on the Babylonian Talmud, in a passage concluding with a lenient ruling
Shituf
Era of the Pairs
pairings, and their rabbis suggest various reasons why this is the case. The Tosafot ruled that the rules regarding pairs need not be followed as the shedim
Zugot
Earliest known Tosafist
He is cited under the name of "Tosafot Riba," in the Temim De'im, in the printed tosafot (Sotah 17b), and in the Tosafot Yeshanin (Yoma 15a). They are
Isaac_ben_Asher_ha-Levi
Israeli scholar of Judaism
landmark works on rabbinic thought, The Sages, and for research on the Tosafot. He was a candidate to presidency in Israel in 1973 but wasn't elected
Ephraim_Urbach
German rabbi and poet (c.1215–1293)
a German Rabbi and poet, as well as a major contributing author of the tosafot on Rashi's commentary on the Talmud. He is also known as Meir ben Baruch
Meir_of_Rothenburg
Tosefot Hakhmei Anglia (Hebrew: תוספות חכמי אנגליה, English: Glosses of the sages of England) is a Talmud commentary composed by one of the Tosafists living
Tosefot_Hakhmei_Anglia
12th-century French Tosafist
may have been killed at the same time as his son Elhanan (1184). Isaac's tosafot completed the commentary of Rashi on the Talmud (Romm included in his edition
Isaac_ben_Samuel
Flemish-Italian printer (1483–1549)
the Soncino family printers, with the commentaries of Rashi and of the Tosafot in the margins. The editions set standards that have been followed in the
Daniel_Bomberg
Word at foot of page that anticipates first word of next page
Talmud text (center), and the commentaries of Rashi (center left) and the Tosafot (center right) as the word will begin each text on the next page, 2b.
Catchword
13th century French Tosafist
Tosafot of Évreux, much used by tosafists, was his work. He is quoted in the tosafot on Berakhot 46b, and his name is frequently written. His tosafot
Moses_of_Évreux
Italian Jewish writer and Talmudic scholar
almost the whole Talmud, in the form of tosafot, ḥiddushim (novellae), or pesakim (decisions). Of his tosafot the following have been printed: those to
Isaiah_di_Trani
12th century bible commentator, son-in-law of Rashi
of Judah's commentary on Nedarim. He also contributed some of the first tosafot (additions) to Rashi's Talmud commentary, pulling out certain points in
Judah_ben_Nathan
12th century French rabbi
Rashi's death and is therefore named for his grandfather. He was one of the Tosafot. Rabbi Solomon was the son of Rabbi Meir ben Samuel and Jochebed. He was
Solomon_ben_Meir
Bohemian Talmudist (1579–1654)
Rabbi Gershon Shaul Yom-Tov Lipmann ben Nathan ha-Levi Heller (c. 1579 – 19 August 1654), was a Bohemian rabbi and Talmudist, best known for writing a
Yom-Tov_Lipmann_Heller
Polish rabbi
Rashi and Tosafot together, and with a focus on Tosafot. It is said that if one grasps the Maharsha, then one has understood the Tosafot. This commentary
Maharsha
French tosafist of the 13th century
the tosafot of Samson of Sens, Samuel of Évreux, and many others, and added thereto marginal notes of his own, entitled "Gilyon Tosafot," or "Tosafot Gillayon"
Eliezer_of_Touques
Aspect of religion
moral principle." The Tosafot text that applies Noahide law to forbid abortion does not go unchallenged. Another commentary in Tosafot (Niddah 44b) appears
Judaism_and_abortion
Jewish scholar of the 13th century
his best known student was Meir of Rothenburg. He is the author of many Tosafot. Yechiel of Paris is best known as the main defender of Judaism in the
Yechiel_of_Paris
French rabbi and commentator (1040–1105)
standard printed Talmud, the Tosafot's commentaries can be found in the Talmud opposite Rashi's commentary. The Tosafot also added comments and criticism
Rashi
Divine Attributes with which, according to Judaism, God governs the world
Nissim (quoted in Tosafot Rosh Hashana, l.c.), Isaac Alfasi, and others Rabbeinu Nissim in Tosafot l.c. Compare the gloss on Tosafot, l.c. and Ibn Ezra
Thirteen_Attributes_of_Mercy
12th-century Tosafist
Rabbeinu Haim ben Hananel HaCohen (12th century) was one of the early Ba'alei Tosafot and a student and colleague of Rabbeinu Tam. He was active primarily in
Haim_ben_Hananel_HaCohen
Quorum of ten Jewish adults for certain religious obligations
and Tosafot to Talmud Bavli Pesachim 46a Savannah at the Hashkafah.com forums quoting https://www.dafdigest.org/pesachim/Pesachim%20046.pdf Tosafot Berachot
Minyan
Set of monotheistic religions
also part of the Torah, and the Talmud (Bavli, Sanhedrin 59a, see also Tosafot ad. loc.) states that Jews are obligated in all things that Gentiles are
Abrahamic_religions
Commune in Normandy, France
the tosafot of Samson of Sens, Samuel of Évreux, and many others, and added thereto marginal notes of his own, entitled "Gilyon Tosafot," or "Tosafot Gillayon"
Touques,_Calvados
Female figure in Near Eastern mythology
Arukh, as well as MSS Hamburg 165, Paris 1337, and Escorial 1115; cf. Tosafot to b. Gittin 11a s.v. Hormin. Hormin (Ahriman) and Hormiz (Ormuzd) are
Lilith
Jewish scholar and sage (c. 50 – c. 135 CE)
contributor to the Mishnah and to Midrash Halakha. He is referred to in Tosafot as Rosh la-Hakhamim ("Chief of the Sages"). He was executed by the Romans
Rabbi_Akiva
Israeli Haredi rabbi and kabbalist (c. 1898–2006)
and also mastered the Talmud by heart, including the adjoining Rashi and Tosafot commentaries.[citation needed] During the period of Arab-Israeli friction
Yitzhak_Kaduri
13th-century French tosafist
century, the younger brother and student of Moses of Évreux, author of the tosafot of Évreux. He is identified by Gross with Samuel ben Shneor (not ben Yom-Ṭov
Samuel_of_Évreux
12th century French rabbi
and Rabbeinu HaTishbi Hebrew: אליהו מפריז) was one of the early Ba'alei Tosafot in France. He lived in Paris and taught Torah there during the times of
Elijah_of_Paris
11th century French rabbi and tosafist
Sefer ha-Yashar, ed. Vienna, No. 252, p. 27a Tosafot Ketuvot 103b; Tosafot Kiddushin 15b, 59a; Tosafot Menachot 100a see Sefer ha-Yashar, ed. Vienna
Meir_ben_Samuel
German polymath and scholar (1777–1855)
method had been explicitly described centuries earlier in the 12th-century Tosafot commentary on the Babylonian Talmud (Tractate Menachot 106a), which provides
Carl_Friedrich_Gauss
in the middle of the page. The margins contain the standard Rashi and tosafot commentaries, as well as Steinsaltz's own translation of the Talmud text
The Talmud: The Steinsaltz Edition
The_Talmud:_The_Steinsaltz_Edition
Accepted tradition or group of traditions in Judaism
December 2025. "II Kings 9:20". sefaria.org. Retrieved 3 December 2025. e.g., Tosafot to Menahot 20b s.v. nifsal See Piskei Riaz, Pesachim 4:1:7 Pesachim 50
Minhag
1th century French rabbi
Tosafot. His brother-in-law was Rabbeinu Tam (his sister Miriam was married to Rabbeinu Tam), who held him in high esteem. He is mentioned in Tosafot
Samson_ben_Joseph_of_Falaise
French Jewish rabbi (c. 1150 – c. 1230)
Rash" ( הר"ש; an acronym of his name) or "the Prince of Sens", and within Tosafot as "Rashba". He was probably born in Falaise, Calvados, where his grandfather
Samson_ben_Abraham_of_Sens
Talmudic tractate about the Jewish Sabbath
published in Vilna in the 1880s. Tosafot Yom Tov on Mishnah Shabbat and Ikar Tosafot Yom Tov, an abridged version of Tosafot Yom Tov, by Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann
Shabbat_(Talmud)
Prefecture and commune in Normandy, France
its scholars are quoted in the medieval notes to the Talmud called the Tosafot. The following rabbis are known to have lived at Évreux: Samuel ben Shneor
Évreux
Austrian rabbi (c. mid-13th century)
exist in manuscript. From various sources, we know that he also wrote Tosafot to the treatise Ketuvot. The most prominent scholars of Germany often applied
Avigdor_Cohen_of_Vienna
Jewish prayer
much discussion of Jerusalem, Halachic sources (ex. Shulchan Aruch 188, Tosafot) take its location there as a given. However, no Talmudic source fixes
Yaaleh_V'Yavo
Foods conforming to Jewish dietary law
Retrieved 8 July 2019. Quoted in Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Maachalot Asurot 3:14 Tosafot, Avodah Zarah 35a s.v. Chada "How Do We Make Kosher Cheese?". RabbiKaganoff
Kosher_foods
Blue dye prized by ancient Mediterranean civilizations
trunculus' shell somewhat resembles a fish in shape. Similarly Maimonides, Tosafot, and Rashi say the Ḥillazon is a "fish" (דג), while H. trunculus is a snail
Tekhelet
12th century Rabbi from Hasidei Ashkenaz
on his travels and served him, but could not speak. He is quoted in the tosafot, and Rashbam in his commentary on Pesachim. He the author of a commentary
Samuel_of_Speyer
attributed to Jonah of Gerona), Issur V'Heter 39 Shabbat (Tosafot) 121a, commentary of Tosafot Abraham Danzig, Wisdom of Man 40:13 Yechiel Michel Epstein
Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law
13th century German rabbi and tosafist
following works: Commentary on the treatise Horayot (quoted in Tosafot Horayot 4b, s.v. Keri) Tosafot and novellæ on the Talmud; Seder Olam, a work divided into
Simha_of_Speyer
Dispersion of Jews around the globe
41,46. Dufoix p.47. Stéphane Dufoix, p.49 See for example, Kiddushin (tosafot) 41a, ref. "Assur l'adam..." Eugene B. Borowitz, Exploring Jewish Ethics:
Jewish_diaspora
rabbinic authorities who lived in France, including Rashi and many Baalei Tosafot. Since 1945, the Yeshiva has been located in the spa town of Aix-les-Bains
Yeshiva_of_Aix-les-Bains
German rabbi
teacher Rabbi Samuel of Bamberg. Israel's tosafot are quoted by Mordecai ben Hillel who mentions Israel's tosafot on the Talmudic tractates of Shabbat and
Israel_of_Bamberg
French tosafist, exegete and poet
demonstrated by Gross, who showed that the same explanations given in the Tosafot in the name of "Joseph ben Isaac", are quoted in the Semak and in Meir
Joseph_ben_Isaac_Bekhor_Shor
Legal presumption in Jewish law
on that day need not examine it again. Usucaption Compare Yevamot 65a, Tosafot s.v. "VeShor" and "Niset"; Asheri, 6:14, where it is argued that Rabbi's
Chazakah
Jewish rabbinical law
according to the Talmud (in light of the commentaries of Rashi and the Tosafot) and the other codes existent at the time. Sefer Mitzvot Katan ("SeMaK")
Halakha
Books not accepted as sacred manuscripts in Judaism
(תּוֹסָפוֹת לְמַגִּילַת אֶסְתֵּר, tôsāfôt lə-maggīlāt ʾestēr) Additions to Daniel (תּוֹסָפוֹת לְסֵפֶר דָּנִיֵּאל, tôsāfôt lə-sēp̄er dānîyēl) Apocalypse of
Jewish apocrypha and pseudepigrapha
Jewish_apocrypha_and_pseudepigrapha
hand, broke a vessel – in the second case a glass – to calm things down. Tosafot and the Vilna Gaon were among the earliest to connect the Talmudic stories
Jewish_wedding
Prohibition of onanism in the Jewish religion
בורשטיין". www.daat.ac.il. Tosefta Niddah 2:4 Yebamot 34b Tosafot Yebamot 34b, Tosafot Sanhedrin 58b Tosafot haRosh, Yebamot 34b Tur, Even Ha'ezer 25 Agudah, p
Judaism_and_masturbation
Hebr. MSS.) and published by Steinschneider. He is also the author of tosafot and the lost Sefer ha-Agron (The Lexicon Book), a dictionary of the animals
Judah_ben_Kalonymus_ben_Meir
Surname list
involved in the renewal of the Sanhedrin; author of a commentary on the Tosafot The name is the Aramaic equivalent of kohen. Cohen (surname) Kohen, a direct
Kahane
Treatise on Jewish ritual authored by Rabbeinu Tam
deal by later Talmudists and introduced the form of literature called Tosafot 'Additional Notes'. Sefer ha-yashar (Vienna, 1811). Sefer ha-yashar le-rabenu
Sefer_haYashar_(Rabbeinu_Tam)
Roman soldier of the Cohors I Sagittariorum (c. 22 BC– AD 40)
Retrieved 2025-01-05. "Who is being referred to in Tosafot". Mi Yodeya. Retrieved 2025-01-05. "Tosafot on Shabbat 104b:5:1". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved
Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera
German rabbi
Images des Lettres de l'Alphabet. In addition to these works, Eleazar wrote tosafot to many Talmudic treatises, referred to by Bezalel Ashkenazi in his Shiṭṭah
Eleazar_of_Worms
12th-century rabbi of Bohemia
Petachiah of Regensburg. He was among the earliest of the tosafists ("ba'ale tosafot yeshanim"), a contemporary of Rabbi Eleazar of Metz, and a pupil of Rabbenu
Isaac_ben_Jacob_ha-Lavan
that they were from the tribe of Benjamin. To resolve this discrepancy, Tosafot suggested that R' Eleazar's father was a priest and his mother a Benjaminite
Eleazar_bar_Zadok
Jewish prayer
ISBN 0-916219-20-8. Tosefta Brachot 1:11 Brachot 33a Hekhalot Rabbati 10:5 Chullin 91b Tosafot Sanhedrin 37b (s.v. mikanaf) in the name of the geonim Soferim 20:5; Kobetz
Kedushah_(prayer)
Special bread in Jewish cuisine and religion
המוציא". פניני הלכה (in Hebrew). Retrieved 10 October 2025. Leviticus 2:13 Tosafot, Berachot 40a Berachot 44a Silberberg, Naftali. "Why is the Challah dipped
Challah
Czech rabbi and Kabbalist (d. 1609)
yeshivas of his time. He even suggested to avoid learning the commentaries of Tosafot until one has reached an advanced level of understanding. He suggested
Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel
Collective term for all Jewish religious literature
with the commentary of Rashi on the outer margins and the commentary of Tosafot on the inner ones, was later imitated by Christian printer Daniel Bomberg
Sifrei_Kodesh
Prominent medieval Jewish family
the grandson of Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol. Kalonymus is quoted in the Tosafot (Hullin 47b), and a responsum of his is included in the collection of responsa
Kalonymos_family
Talmud compiled in Southern Levant
ha-Panim and Tosefot Rid respectively—that is meant to be a similar style to Tosafot. Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky published a renowned commentary on the Jerusalem
Jerusalem_Talmud
Jewish unleavened bread used in Passover
not need to be treated with the same care as flour mixed with water. The Tosafot (commentaries) explain that such liquids only produce a leavening reaction
Matzah
Jewish holiday
genocidal decree and were therefore equal beneficiaries of the miracle (Tosafot). The Talmud prescribed three benedictions before the reading and one benediction
Purim
Component of the Talmud
throughout the Talmud text. The large blocks of text on either side are the Tosafot and Rashi commentaries. Other notes and cross references are in the margins
Gemara
Twelfth-century French rabbi
baptized Jew Nicholas Donin. Samuel was the author of the following works: Tosafot to several Talmudical treatises, among which those to the 'Abodah Zarah
Samuel_ben_Solomon_of_Falaise
Russian Orthodox rabbi (1816–1893)
traces back to Rabbi Elchanan of Berlin, known as "R' Elchanan Ba'al HaTosafot" due to his profound Torah knowledge, comparable to that of the Tosafists
Naftali_Zvi_Yehuda_Berlin
Byzantine Jewish poet
double qerovoth (קרובא, special piyyuṭim) for Jewish holidays; although Tosafot and Asher ben Jehiel assert that he did not write any for the extra festival
Eleazar_beRabbi_Qallir
Moral laws in Judaism
part of the Torah, and the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 59a, see also Tosafot ad. loc.) states that Jews are obligated in all things that Gentiles are
Seven_Laws_of_Noah
Knotted threads on the corners of a tallit gadol or qatan in Judaism
of eight (Maimonides), two of eight (Abraham ben David), four of eight (Tosafot). While the white threads are to be made of the material of the garment
Tzitzit
Belarusian rabbi (died 1841)
Kovno Governorate, and afterward in Pinsk, where he died in 1841. He wrote Tosafot Aharon, in which he attempted to solve the questions of the Tosafists in
Aaron_of_Pinsk
Nachmanides; Bezalel Ashkenazi's Shittah Mequbbetzet on Zebachim and various tosafot of Rabbi Perez, Eliezer of Touques, and others on several Talmudical treatises
Jacob_ben_Abraham_Faitusi
Jewish literature attributed to rabbis
Classical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi. After Rashi, the Tosafot was written, which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciples
Rabbinic_literature
1st century CE rabbi and nasi
Avot 1:16 or 17 in some editions). This identification comes from the Tosafot Yom Tov's commentary on this Mishnah, which emphasizes that this refers
Simeon_ben_Gamliel
Person who took the vows of Numbers 6:1–21
ceasing to be nazirite requires a sin offering. Opinions recorded in the Tosafot compromise between these views and explain that a nazirite is both good
Nazirite
Hidden name of God in Judaism and occultism
"Rashi on Kiddushin 71a:12:4". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-08-07. "Tosafot on Chagigah 11b:6:1 | Sefaria Library". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2026-02-18
Shem_HaMephorash
Commandment to Jewish priests
Nazir 57a Talmud Yerushalmi to Nazir 7:1, Kethuboth 103b. Tosafot on Ketuboth 103b. Tosafot on Ketuboth 103b. Commentary of Rabbi Nissim of Gerona on
Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead
Prohibition_of_Kohen_defilement_by_the_dead
Second Grand Rabbi Peshischa and a key personality in the Polish Hasidic movement
nature of Hasidism, and instead encouraged disciples to learn Gemara, Tosafot, and the works of the Rambam and the Maharal of Prague. He believed that
Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa
First major written collection of the Oral Torah
add a supplement (tosefet) to Bertinoro's commentary in the style of the Tosafot. The glosses are sometimes quite detailed and analytic. In many compact
Mishnah
Rabbis and poskim of the 11th–15th centuries
(Solomon ben Yitzchak), 11th-century French Talmudist and exegete Tosafists, (Tosafot), 11th-, 12th- and 13th-century Talmudic scholars in France and Germany
Rishonim
Tractate of the Mishnah and the Talmud
those of the Tosafot in other books. In the Vilna edition, besides the commentary of Rabbeinu Hananel, there is a commentary called Tosafot HaRosh, attributed
Horayot
both in the context of disputations23 and apparently sincerely by the Tosafot ha-Rosh) shows that he did not believe the derogatory passages in the about
Jewish polemics and apologetics in the Middle Ages
Jewish_polemics_and_apologetics_in_the_Middle_Ages
Name list
British martyr and saint Aaron of Pinsk (died 1841), rabbi and author of Tosafot Aharon Aaron (abbot) (died 1052), abbot of St. Martin, Cologne, Germany
Aaron_(given_name)
Yeshiva school in Nuremberg, Fürth, Holy Roman Empire
existed in Nuremberg as early as the period of the Baalei Tosafot (authors of the Tosafot commentaries on the Talmud). The yeshiva developed and became
Fürth_Yeshiva
sources agree; for example: Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 181:1. However, Tosafot ruled that mayim acharonim is not required in current circumstances since
Handwashing_in_Judaism
See also רש״י פירוש תוספות, פר״ת (pirush Tosafot) - (Talmud) 1) The Tosafot explain. 2) Lit. The Tosafot's explanation/commentary צדיקים, צדיקי׳ (tzadikim)
List_of_Hebrew_abbreviations
Babylonian rabbi (c.165-c.254)
Moznaim. p. 98. OCLC 923562173. Compare Halakot Gedolot, Giṭṭin, end; Tosafot Kiddushin 73a s.v. Mai Ikka Brachot 18b Midrash Shmuel, 10 [ed. Martin
Samuel_of_Nehardea
Maimonides sees the Talmud as proving a de'oraita prohibition, while Tosafot considers the law to be only derabbanan, and sees the Talmud's scriptural
List_of_Talmudic_principles
poet, and Rabbi Baruch ben Isaac, author of the "Sefer ha-Terumah" and of tosafot to the treatise Zebaḥim. The best known of all was Rabbi Judah ben Samuel
History of the Jews in Regensburg
History_of_the_Jews_in_Regensburg
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