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Type of energy
In solid-state physics, the work function (sometimes spelled workfunction) is the minimum thermodynamic work (i.e., energy) needed to remove an electron
Work_function
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
protected by computation. Bitcoins are "mined" using the Hashcash proof-of-work function by individual miners and verified by the decentralized nodes in the
Proof_of_work
Charge transfer due to contact or sliding
which is called the work function. A rationalization of the triboelectric series is that different members have different work functions, so electrons can
Triboelectric_effect
Chemical compound
effective low-work function modifiers for organic electronics by Zhou and Kippelen et al. It could universally reduce the work function of metals, metal
Polyethylenimine
Potential energy barrier in metal–semiconductor junctions
difference of the metal-vacuum work function and the semiconductor-vacuum electron affinity. For an isolated metal, the work function Φ M {\displaystyle \Phi
Schottky_barrier
Noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy
atomic force microscopy (AFM). By raster scanning in the x,y plane the work function of the sample can be locally mapped for correlation with sample features
Kelvin_probe_force_microscope
Energy release on formation of anions
affinity of a surface is closely related to its work function. The work function is the thermodynamic work that can be obtained by reversibly and isothermally
Electron_affinity
Thermally induced flow of charge carriers from a surface
of electrons and occurs when thermal energy overcomes the material's work function. After emission, an opposite charge of magnitude equal to that of the
Thermionic_emission
Phenomenon in condensed matter physics
by an escaping Fermi-level electron has height W equal to the local work-function. The electric field lowers the surface barrier by an amount ΔW, and
Schottky_effect
Type of electrical junction
weak correlation between the metal work function and the barrier height, however the influence of the work function is only a fraction of that predicted
Metal–semiconductor_junction
Type of organic solar cell
high work function metal or metal oxides as a cathode and the low work function metal as an anode. In the normal architecture the low work function cathode
Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cell
Polymer-fullerene_bulk_heterojunction_solar_cell
Physical phenomenon of electronic band structures
an n-type semiconductor before (top) and after contact (bottom). The work function is defined as the energy difference between the Fermi level of the material
Band_bending
Effect in electrochemistry
consideration, but rather is determined by work function differences between the metals' surfaces. Just like the work function, the Volta potential depends sensitively
Volta_potential
Process in which atoms are released from a hot surface, and are ionized
applications. The likelihood of ionization is a function of the filament temperature, the work function of the filament substrate and the ionization energy
Thermal_ionization
Emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
typically higher than 1 gigavolt per metre and strongly dependent upon the work function. While electron sources based on field emission have a number of applications
Field_electron_emission
Emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation hits a material
called the work function of the surface and is sometimes denoted Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } or φ {\displaystyle \varphi } . If the work function is written
Photoelectric_effect
Type of field-effect transistor
modified by the work function difference between the gate material and channel material. Because polysilicon is a semiconductor, its work function can be modulated
MOSFET
Mechanical property that measures stiffness of a solid material
and hence its change is found to be dependent on the change in the work function of the metal. Although classically, this change is predicted through
Young's_modulus
determine the work function of blocking contacts Since the high field domain starts at the electron density given by the work-function at the cathode
High-field_domain
Force to transfer electrons between metals
much later after a more complete understanding of phenomena such as work functions evolved based upon quantum mechanics. For many years after the discovery
Contact_tension
Power generation device
electric power output. Caesium vapor can be used to optimize the electrode work functions and provide an ion supply (by surface ionization or electron impact
Thermionic_converter
Analytical technique used in materials science
used to obtain an image on the detector based on the difference in work function of the various crystallographic planes on the surface. A field-emission
Field-emission_microscopy
Electrode where reduction takes place
inside the metal and require energy to leave it; this is called the work function of the metal. Cathodes are induced to emit electrons by several mechanisms:
Cathode
Chemical compound
acid. It is extremely hard, with a Mohs hardness of 9.5. It has a low work function and one of the highest electron emissivities known, and is stable in
Lanthanum_hexaboride
Chemical compound
comparatively low work function. Values around 2.9–3.0 eV have been reported for bulk or carbide-covered surfaces. Its low work function and thermal stability
Erbium_carbide
Type of electrode
the metal and require energy to leave it. This energy is called the work function of the metal. In a hot cathode, the cathode surface is induced to emit
Hot_cathode
ionization potentials. The hot plate is made of a metal that has a large work function and can withstand high temperatures, e.g. tungsten or rhenium. The alkali
Q-machine
Quantity in solid state thermodynamics
The source of this vacuum potential variation is the variation in work function between the different conducting materials exposed to vacuum. Just outside
Fermi_level
Model of trade unionism
approach, each union is organized according to the craft, or specific work function, of its members. For example, in the building trades, all carpenters
Craft_unionism
Measurement of kinetic energy spectra
from characterization of solids by UPS is the determination of the work function of the material. An example of this determination is given by Park et
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy
Imaging Instrument
order of the material's surface work function W, which for most metals has a value between 4 and 6 eV. The work function is the minimum energy needed to
Scanning_tunneling_microscope
phenomenon with solid electrolytes mainly emphasized tuning of the local work function of the surface of conductive catalysts by spilled-over species, which
Electrochemical promotion of catalysis
Electrochemical_promotion_of_catalysis
Function definition that is not bound to an identifier
anonymous function (function literal, lambda function, or block) is a function definition that is not bound to an identifier. Anonymous functions are often
Anonymous_function
Theory of language
verbal communication can be described. Each of the functions has an associated factor. For this work, Jakobson was influenced by Karl Bühler's organon
Jakobson's functions of language
Jakobson's_functions_of_language
Chemical compound that combines silicon and a more electropositive element
salicide process also see use as a low work function metal in ohmic and Schottky contacts. High work function metals are often not ideal for use in metal–semiconductor
Silicide
German–American theoretical physicist (1899–1985)
quantum mechanics to solid-state problems, such as thermionic emission, work function of metals, field electron emission, rectification in metal-semiconductor
Lothar_Nordheim
Diagram plotting electron energy levels
vacuum-material interface, the vacuum energy level is fixed by the sum of work function and Fermi level of the material. Electron affinity level: Occasionally
Band_diagram
Standards) to guide the assignment of staff by function, with the reasonable expectation that the work in each function, within each wave. Waves are often constructed
Wave_picking
Energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects
means that there is a function U(x), called a "potential", that can be evaluated at the two points xA and xB to obtain the work over any trajectory between
Potential_energy
Family of solutions to related differential equations
Bessel functions are a class of special functions that commonly appear in problems involving wave motion, heat conduction, and other physical phenomena
Bessel_function
Chemical compound
boride of cerium. It is a refractory ceramic material. It has a low work function, one of the highest electron emissivities known, and is stable in vacuum
Cerium_hexaboride
Experimental technique to determine the distribution of electrons in solids
where W {\displaystyle W} , the work function, is the energy difference between the two referent levels. The work function is material, surface orientation
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Angle-resolved_photoemission_spectroscopy
Twenty-first letter in the Greek alphabet
represented with the letter theta, which is also used for pitch angle). The work function of a surface, in solid-state physics. A shorthand representation for
Phi
Function describing equilibrium states of a system
thermodynamics of equilibrium, a state function, function of state, or point function for a thermodynamic system is a function relating several state variables
State_function
Electronic component
Cola used calcium as a semitransparent top electrode because the low work function of calcium (2.9 eV) relative to MWCNTs (~5 eV) creates the diode asymmetry
Optical_rectenna
Extension of the factorial function
The gamma function then is defined in the complex plane as the analytic continuation of this integral function: it is a meromorphic function which is holomorphic
Gamma_function
Multiplicative function in number theory
Möbius inversion formula. Following work of Gian-Carlo Rota in the 1960s, generalizations of the Möbius function were introduced into combinatorics, and
Möbius_function
Scottish physicist, inventor
of Applied Physics with a Chair in Materials Science for his work on surface work function and the scanning Kelvin probe and is visiting professor at the
Iain_Baikie
State prison for West Virginia
intake consisted of minimum custody adult male inmates whose primary work function was to renovate the facility In November 1988 thirty-two state adult
Pruntytown Correctional Center
Pruntytown_Correctional_Center
Surface which converts light into electrons via the photoelectric effect
difference between the energy of the incident photons and the photocathode's work function) provided to the electrons. To limit MTE, photocathodes are often operated
Photocathode
Type of electrical contact to semiconductors
practice, metals with high work functions form the best contacts to p-type semiconductors, while those with low work functions form the best contacts to
Ohmic_contact
Order-preserving mathematical function
In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. This concept
Monotonic_function
Real function with secant line between points above the graph itself
function is called convex if the line segment between any two distinct points on the graph of the function lies above or on the graph of the function
Convex_function
Functions such that f(–x) equals f(x) or –f(x)
In mathematics, an even function is a real function such that f ( − x ) = f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(-x)=f(x)} for every x {\displaystyle x} in its domain
Even_and_odd_functions
Topics referred to by the same term
function, in quantum physics Web framework, any software framework to develop websites Windows Workflow Foundation, a software component of .NET Work
WF
S-shaped curve
A logistic function or logistic curve is a common S-shaped curve (sigmoid curve) with the equation f ( x ) = L 1 + e − k ( x − x 0 ) {\displaystyle f(x)={\frac
Logistic_function
Mathematical function
functions in 1797, the lemniscate elliptic functions in particular, but his work was published much later. There are twelve Jacobi elliptic functions
Jacobi_elliptic_functions
Insurance providing income protection when a disability prevents a person from working
the risk that a disability creates a barrier for completion of core work functions. For example, the worker may be unable to maintain composure in the
Disability_insurance
Number of integers coprime to and less than n
( x ) {\displaystyle \log _{e}(x)} . In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer n {\displaystyle n}
Euler's_totient_function
Meromorphic function on the complex plane
derivative nature of the work, however, not all zeta-functions are L-functions. Most notably, the Prime zeta function is not an L-function, since they cannot
L-function
American biochemist
known as the "leading proponent" of using the Planck-Benzinger thermal work function to understand protein folding thermodynamics and stability. As such
Paul_W._Chun
Process of energy transfer to an object via force application through displacement
represents force as a function of the position and the second and third equations represent force as a function of time. Work is a scalar quantity, so
Work_(physics)
Functions of an angle
mathematics, the trigonometric functions (also called circular functions, angle functions or goniometric functions) are real functions which relate an angle of
Trigonometric_functions
Chemical compound
1016/s0040-4039(01)00888-7. Jinsong, Huang; Zheng Xu; Yang Yang (2007). 2CO3.pdf "Low-Work-Function Surface Formed by Solution-Processed and Thermally Deposited Nanoscale
Caesium_carbonate
Unreproducible object used in digital security
In computing and cryptography, a physical unclonable function or PUF is a physical object whose operation cannot be reproduced ("cloned") in a physical
Physical_unclonable_function
Mathematical concept
In mathematics, the inverse function of a function f (also called the inverse of f) is a function that undoes the operation of f. The inverse of f exists
Inverse_function
Army is an administrative group that comprises members with similar work functions. The following is a list of the 23 Corps of the Australian Army, ordered
List_of_Australian_Army_Corps
Statistical function that defines the quantiles of a probability distribution
the quantile function of a probability distribution is the inverse of its cumulative distribution function. That is, the quantile function of a distribution
Quantile_function
Operation on mathematical functions
two functions, f {\displaystyle f} and g {\displaystyle g} , and returns a new function f ∘ g {\displaystyle f\circ g} . When the composite function f ∘
Function_composition
Sociological theory of society
presents these parts of society as human body "organs" that work toward the proper functioning of the "body" as a whole. In the most basic terms, it simply
Structural_functionalism
Sexual health concept
aspects of sexual function are described on the basis of a modified version of Masters and Johnson's work. The aspects of sexual function determined as being
Sexual_function
Function in Boolean algebra
a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is one if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function of two inputs
Parity_function
Scale to rate how well one is meeting various problems in living
impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning (e.g., no friends, unable to keep a job, cannot work). 31 – 40 Some impairment in reality testing
Global Assessment of Functioning
Global_Assessment_of_Functioning
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of n {\displaystyle n}
Cryptographic_hash_function
Asymmetric sigmoid function
or Gompertz function is a type of mathematical model for a time series, named after Benjamin Gompertz (1779–1865). It is a sigmoid function which describes
Gompertz_function
Mapping arbitrary data to fixed-size values
A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values, though there are some hash functions that support
Hash_function
International Labour Organization conventions
maintenance. In the 1934 convention a provision is included allowing work in managerial functions, while in 1948 the possibility suspension of the convention was
Conventions Concerning Employment of Women During the Night
Conventions_Concerning_Employment_of_Women_During_the_Night
Mathematical function
the Chebyshev function is either a scalarising function (Tchebycheff function) or one of two related functions. The first Chebyshev function ϑ(x) or θ(x)
Chebyshev_function
Generalized function whose value is zero everywhere except at zero
Dirac delta function (or δ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\delta }}} distribution), also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function on the real
Dirac_delta_function
Method of solution to differential equations
In mathematics, a Green's function (or Green function) is the impulse response of an inhomogeneous linear differential operator defined on a domain with
Green's_function
Detector used in chromatography
phosphorus analytes exit the column, they cause a reduction in the work function of the metal bead, resulting in an increase in current. Since the alkali
Nitrogen–phosphorus_detector
Cryptographic hash function
BLAKE is a cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Cryptographic hash function
JH is a cryptographic hash function submitted to the NIST hash function competition by Hongjun Wu. Though chosen as one of the five finalists of the competition
JH_(hash_function)
Inverse functions of sin, cos, tan, etc.
trigonometric functions (occasionally also called antitrigonometric, cyclometric, or arcus functions) are the inverse functions of the trigonometric functions, under
Inverse trigonometric functions
Inverse_trigonometric_functions
American musician
David Charles Sumner (born 1 December 1973), who records as Function, is an American techno DJ and producer. Born in the Canarsie area of Brooklyn in New
Function_(musician)
Zealand Army is an administrative group that comprises members of similar work functions. The following is a list of the Corps of the New Zealand Army, ordered
List of New Zealand Army Corps
List_of_New_Zealand_Army_Corps
Intersection of work and personal life
In the intersection of work and personal life, the work–life balance is the equilibrium between the two. There are many aspects of one's personal life
Work–life_balance
Function that is discontinuous at rationals and continuous at irrationals
Thomae's function is a real-valued function of a real variable that can be defined as: f ( x ) = { 1 q if x = p q ( x is rational), with p ∈ Z and
Thomae's_function
South Korean writer (born 1962)
without any particular goal in real life. Social conventions, in Jon's work, function as fetters that curb women's sexuality which is seen as being dangerous
Jon_Kyongnin
Mathematical transform that expresses a function of time as a function of frequency
takes a function as input and outputs another function that describes the extent to which various frequencies are present in the original function. The output
Fourier_transform
Mathematical function such that every output has at least one input
surjective function (also known as surjection, or onto function /ˈɒn.tuː/) is a function f such that, for every element y of the function's codomain, there
Surjective_function
Theory of cryptography
In cryptography, a sponge function or sponge construction is any of a class of algorithms with finite internal state that take an input bit stream of any
Sponge_function
Ionization detector
the work of Irving Langmuir and K. H. Kingdon. This detector usually consists of a heated thin filament or ribbon of a metal with a high work function (typically
Langmuir–Taylor_detector
Mathematical function
In mathematics, a Gaussian function, often simply referred to as a Gaussian, is a function of the base form f ( x ) = exp ( − x 2 ) {\displaystyle f(x)=\exp(-x^{2})}
Gaussian_function
Thermodynamic quantity
a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or a path function. As an example, mechanical work and heat are process functions because they
Process_function
Johann Friedrich Bessel's original work, this nomenclature error has persisted in the mathematical literature. The function is given by J μ , ν ( z ) = ∑ k
Bessel–Maitland_function
Class of periodic mathematical functions
elliptic functions are special kinds of meromorphic functions, that satisfy two periodicity conditions. They are named elliptic functions because they
Elliptic_function
About mathematical functions
seen in the work of medieval philosophers and mathematicians such as Oresme. Mathematicians of the 18th century typically regarded a function as being defined
History of the function concept
History_of_the_function_concept
Mathematical functions
In mathematics, the lemniscate elliptic functions are elliptic functions related to the arc length of the lemniscate of Bernoulli. They were first studied
Lemniscate_elliptic_functions
Branch of mathematics
discussed in his Principia Mathematica (1687). In other work, he developed series expansions for functions, including fractional and irrational powers, and it
Calculus
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