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Liturgical language of Zoroastrianism originating in the Old Iranian period
Avestan (/əˈvɛstən/ ə-VESS-tən) is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism. It belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family and
Avestan
Alphabet used mainly to write Avestan, the language of the Zoroastrian scripture Avesta
Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The Avestan alphabet
Avestan_alphabet
Early history of the Iranian peoples
The Avestan period (c. 1500 – c. 400 BCE) is the period of Iranian history when the collection of canonical texts of Zoroastrianism called the Avesta
Avestan_period
Compilation of the geographical references in Avesta
Avestan geography is the investigation of place names in the Avesta and the attempt to connect them to real-world geographical sites. It is connected
Avestan_geography
Zoroastrian compendium of sacred literature
of Zoroastrianism. All its texts are composed in the Avestan language and written in the Avestan alphabet. It represents the largest literature of the
Avesta
Sounds used in an Iranian language
transcription delimiters. This article deals with the phonology of Avestan. Avestan is one of the Iranian languages and retained archaic voiced alveolar
Avestan_phonology
Subfield of linguistics
Avestan studies is the investigation of the Avesta, i.e., the collection of Zoroastrian texts, and the Avestan language, in which those texts are composed
Avestan_studies
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family
Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better
Iranian_languages
Sacred hymns of Zoroastrianism
Gathic Avestan and represent the oldest attestation of an Iranian language, as well as one of the oldest remnants of Indo-European literature. Avestan gatha
Gathas
Zoroastrian religious manuscripts
Avestan manuscripts are the only witnesses of the Avesta, the collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism. While the texts originated in an oral culture
Avestan_manuscripts
Religion of the Indo-Iranian peoples
Avestan asha), the sacred plant and drink *sawHma- (Sanskrit Soma, Avestan Haoma) and gods of social order such as *mitra- (Sanskrit Mitra, Avestan and
Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion
Central and complex Zoroastrian theological concept
Asha (/ˈʌʃə/) or arta (/ˈɑːrtə/; Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀 Aṣ̌a / Arta) is a Zoroastrian concept with a complex and highly nuanced range of meaning. It is commonly
Asha
Demon, ogre or giant from Persian mythology
A daeva (Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 daēuua) is a Zoroastrian supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics. In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the
Daeva
Indo-Iranian divinity
name of an Indo-Iranian divinity that came out of the Rigvedic Mitrá and Avestan Mithra. The names, and some characteristics, of these established deities
Mitra
Historical Zoroastrian consanguinious marriage
Xwedodah (Persian: خویدوده xidude; Avestan: xᵛaētuuadaθa) is a type of consanguine marriage historically practiced in Zoroastrianism before the Muslim
Xwedodah
Iranian religion founded by Zoroaster
exalt an uncreated, benevolent, and all-wise deity known as Ahura Mazda (Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀⸱ 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁, lit. 'Lord of Wisdom'), who is hailed as the supreme
Zoroastrianism
Unicode character block
to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this article correctly. Avestan is a Unicode block containing characters devised for recording the Zoroastrian
Avestan_(Unicode_block)
Zoroastrian exegetical glosses, paraphrases, commentaries and translations
Zoroastrian term for Middle Persian or Pahlavi versions and commentaries of Avestan texts. These translations were produced in the late Sasanian period. Zand
Zend
Highest deity of Zoroastrianism
Uralic languages, with the meaning 'lord, prince'. 'Mazda', or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå, reflects Proto-Iranian *mazdáH (a feminine
Ahura_Mazda
Iranian prophet and spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism
through concepts of cosmic dualism and personal morality. Zarathustra spoke Avestan, an old Iranian language which scholars lent its name to after the Avesta
Zoroaster
Zoroastrian Daeva of wrath
Aeshma (Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀 aēṣ̌ma; Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬆𐬨𐬀 aēšəma) is the Younger Avestan name of Zoroastrianism's demon of "wrath". As a hypostatic
Aeshma
Zoroastrian divinity of Victory
or Bahram (Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀, romanized: Vərəθraγna) is a Zoroastrian yazata. The neuter noun verethragna is related to Avestan verethra,
Verethragna
Class of Zoroastrian divinities
Ahura (Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀) is an Avestan language designation of a type of deity inherited by Zoroastrianism from the prehistoric Indo-Iranian religion
Ahura
Iranian king
[d͡ʒamˈʃeːd]; Middle and New Persian: جم Jam [d͡ʒæm]), also known as Yima (Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 [jiˈma]), is the fourth Shah of the mythological Pishdadian dynasty
Jamshid
Zoroastrian collection of texts within the Avesta
Vendidad, Videvdad or Juddewdad. All these forms are assumed to derive from Avestan 𐬬𐬍𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬋𐬛𐬁𐬙𐬀, (vī-daēvō-dāta). Whereas Juddewdad is the Middle
Vendidad
Self-designation used by the early Iranians
'Aryas' dominion, Aryas' realm'). Arya was also contrasted with Anārya (Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀, romanized: anairiia, Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭭𐭩𐭥, romanized: anēr
Arya_(Iran)
Subgroup of the Iranian languages
during the Middle Iranian era (4th century BC to 9th century AD). The Avestan language is often classified as early Eastern Iranian. As opposed to the
Eastern_Iranian_languages
Historical region in Central Asia
Turan (Avestan: 𐬚𐬏𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬥𐬆𐬨, romanized: θūiriiānəm; Middle Persian: Tūrān; Persian: توران, romanized: Turân, pronounced [tʰuːˈɾɒːn], lit. 'The
Turan
Zoroastrian sacred plant and drink
Haoma (/ˈhoʊmə/; Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬨𐬀) is a divine plant in Zoroastrianism and in later Persian culture and mythology. Haoma has its origins in Indo-Iranian
Haoma
Author of Atharvaveda in Hinduism
thought to be etymologically related to the Avestan ātar. It has been suggested by scholars that the Vedic and Avestan terms are not of Indo-European origin
Atharvan
Zoroastrian service and liturgical collection
Yasna (/ˈjʌsnə/; Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬯𐬥𐬀) is the Avestan name of both a text within the Avesta collection and of the Yasna liturgy, Zoroastrianism's principal
Yasna
Zoroastrian religious text
The Staota Yesnya (Avestan: 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬀 𐬫𐬈𐬯𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀, romanized: staōta ẏesńiia, Sacrificial Eulogy), also known as Stod Yasn, refers to the editorial
Staota_Yesnya
Personification of the "destructive spirit" in Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrian deity. His Avestan name is Angra Mainyu (/ˈæŋrə ˈmaɪnjuː/; Avestan: 𐬀𐬢𐬭𐬀⸱ 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎, romanized: Aŋra Mainiiu). Avestan angra mainyu "seems
Ahriman
National history of pre-Islamic Iran
the core of the national history had already formed during the Young Avestan period (c. 900 – c. 400 BCE). It continued to develop during the Achaemenid
Iranian_national_history
Zoroastrian religious text
The Vishtasp Sast, also known as Vishtasp Yasht, is the name of an Avestan text, which is extant through a number of manuscripts and was once used in
Vishtasp_Sast
Historical group of Indo-European peoples
Avestan asha), the sacred plant and drink *sawHma- (Sanskrit Soma, Avestan Haoma) and gods of social order such as *mitra- (Sanskrit Mitra, Avestan and
Indo-Iranians
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
The Ashem vohu (/ˈʌʃɛm ˈvɔːhuː/, Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬆𐬨⸱ 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬏 aṣ̌əm vohū) is the second most important manthra, and one of the most important prayers in
Ashem_vohu
Reconstructed ancestor language of Persian, Avestan, Kurdish, Pashto and others
Proto-Indo-European language. It was likely removed less than a millennium from the Avestan language, and less than two millennia from Proto-Indo-European. Skjærvø
Proto-Iranian_language
Zoroastrian concept
Vohu Manah (Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎⸱ 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 vohu manah) is the Avestan language term for a Zoroastrian concept, generally translated as "Good Purpose", "Good
Vohu_Manah
Zoroastrian concept of a personal spirit of an individual
Fravashi (Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌, romanized: frauuaṣ̌i, /frəˈvɑːʃi/) is the Avestan term for the Zoroastrian concept of a personal spirit of an individual
Fravashi
Texts related to the Iranian religion
religious tradition of Zoroastrianism. These texts span the languages of Avestan, named after the famous Zoroastrian work known as the Avesta, and Middle
Zoroastrian_literature
System of phonetic notation
Sign Language Arabic Standard Egyptian Hejazi Levantine Moroccan Tunisian Avestan Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Chinese Mandarin Cantonese
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
First Zorastrian Canonical Formula
Ahuna vairya (Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀⸱ 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀) is the first of Zoroastrianism's four Gathic Avestan manthras. The text, which appears in Yasna 27
Ahuna_vairya
Legendary Iranian dynasty
dynasty in the Iranian national history. Originating from the ancient Avestan term for "warrior poet", the Kiani are the union of wisdom and power, and
Kayanian_dynasty
Divine mystical power in Iranian thought
Khvarenah (Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵, romanized: xvarənah), also spelled khwarenah or xwarra(h), in New Persian Farr, is a mystical radiant force emanating
Khvarenah
Class of divine entities in Zoroastrianism
article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. In
Amesha_Spenta
Primordial bovine of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology
Gavaevodata (gav-aēvō.dātā) is the Avestan language name of the primordial bovine of Zoroastrian cosmogony and cosmology, one of Ahura Mazda's six primordial
Gavaevodata
Zoroastrian deity
Mångha (Avestan: 𐬨𐬂𐬢𐬵𐬀 måŋha) is the Avestan for "Moon, month", equivalent to Persian Māh (ماه; Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃 māha). It is the name of the
Mah
Personifications of fate in Greek mythology
compared to similar concepts in other cultures such as the Vedic Ṛta, the Avestan Asha (Arta), and the Egyptian Maat. The word Moirai, also spelled Moirae
Moirai
Mythological homeland of the early Iranians
Airyanem Vaejah (Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬨⸱ 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬘𐬀𐬵, romanized: Airiianəm Vaējah; Late Middle Persian: Ērān-wēj; New Persian: ایرانویج, romanized: Ērān-wēj;
Airyanem_Vaejah
Extinct Scythian language
article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. Pontic
Pontic_Scythian_language
Sacred utterance or prayer used in Zoroastrianism
A manthra, mantra (Avestan: 𐬨𐬄𐬚𐬭𐬀, mąθra) or mansr (mʾnsl) is a prayer, sacred formula or inspired utterance considered in Zoroastrianism to have
Manthra_(Zoroastrianism)
Mythological Iranian king
the Avesta he is the mythological first human being in the world. The Avestan form means "the living mortal", from gaya 'life' and marətan 'mortal, human
Keyumars
Prayer in Zoroastrianism
Iranian times, manthras were common. During the Middle Iranian period, non-Avestan prayers like the nirang and the monajat became common. In modern times
Zoroastrian_prayer
Zoroastrian concept of holy fire
Atar (Avestan: 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭, romanized: ātar) is the Zoroastrian concept of holy fire, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire"
Atar
Zoroastrian symbol
article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The
Faravahar
Zoroastrian concept
See also Asha Ashi (Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬌 aṣ̌i/arti) is the Avestan language word for the Zoroastrian concept of Asha, "that which is attained." As the hypostasis
Ashi
Figure in Zoroastrianism
(Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀 Vištāspa; Old Persian: 𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱 Vištāspa; Persian: گشتاسپ Guštāsp; Ancient Greek: Ὑστάσπης Hustáspēs) is the Avestan-language
Vishtaspa
Historical region in Asia
turn, is derived from the term Airyanem (lit. 'Land of the Aryans') in Avestan. During several periods of history, Ariana was governed by the Persians
Ariana
Middle Persian writing system
𐭯𐭠𐭰𐭭𐭣; Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌⸱ 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌) is one of the writing systems used for the Middle Persian language. It was based on the Avestan alphabet,
Pazend
Zoroastrian benevolent divinity
Tishtrya[pronunciation?] (Avestan: 𐬙𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀, romanized: Tištriia; Persian: تیر, romanized: Tir) is the Avestan name of a Zoroastrian benevolent
Tishtrya
Legendary king of Iran and a character in Shahnameh
article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. Kay
Kay_Khosrow
Important prayer in Zoroastrianism
The Yenghe hatam (Avestan: 𐬫𐬈𐬣𐬵𐬉⸱ 𐬵𐬁𐬙𐬅𐬨) is one of the four major manthras, and one of the most important prayers in Zoroastrianism. It is interpreted
Yenghe_hatam
Reconstructed proto-language
millennium from its descendants: Vedic Sanskrit (of the Rigveda) and Old Avestan (of the Gathas). It is the ancestor of Indo-Aryan languages, the Iranian
Proto-Indo-Iranian_language
Collection of Zoroastrian hymns
𐭩𐭱𐭲, yšt') are a collection of 21 hymns of worship composed in the Young Avestan language and dedicated to specific Zoroastrian divinities. Although they
Yashts
Iranian people mentioned in the Indo-Aryan sources
later part of the Vedic period. They spoke a language similar to Younger Avestan, whose words are considered to have been incorporated in the Aramao-Iranian
Kambojas
Saviour figure in Zoroastrian
Soshiant (Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬊𐬳𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬝 saoš́iiaṇt̰) is an Avestan-language term that literally means "one who brings benefit", and which is used in several
Saoshyant
Epic cycle of the Scythian religion
article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The
Scythian_genealogical_myth
Name list
(Persian: افشین, romanized: Afšin) is a common Persian given name derived from Avestan. Afshin was used by the Sogdians. Historically, it was the title of the
Afshin
Zoroastrian divinities
Yazata (Avestan: 𐬫𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬙𐬀) is the Avestan word for a Zoroastrian concept with a wide range of meanings but generally signifying (or used as an epithet
Yazata
Zoroastrian hymns
The Yasna Haptanghaiti, Avestan for "Worship in Seven Chapters," is a set of seven hymns composed in the Old Avestan language. Jointly with the Gathas
Yasna_Haptanghaiti
Zoroastrian religious text and ceremony
The Yasna i Rapithwin is the name of an Avestan text and of a ceremony in which this text is used. Both the text and the ceremony are a simplified version
Yasna_i_Rapithwin
Zoroastrian divinity
Drvaspa[pronunciation?] (druuāspā, drvāspā, drwāspā) is the Avestan language name of an "enigmatic" and "strangely discreet" Zoroastrian divinity, whose
Drvaspa
Avestan name of the Zoroastrian divinity of "Obedience" or "Observance"
Sraosha (Avestan: 𐬯𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬴𐬀, romanized: sraoṣ̌a or 𐬯𐬆𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬴𐬀, səraoṣ̌a; Persian: سروش), is the Avestan name of the Zoroastrian yazata of "Conscience"
Sraosha
Name list
Aryan Pronunciation Ar-yun Gender Male Origin Word/name Avestan, Old Persian, Sanskrit Meaning Noble Region of origin Ancient India, Ancient Iran
Aryan_(name)
Iranian mythological bird
attested in Pazend texts as sīna-mrū. The Middle Persian word comes from Avestan mərəγō Saēnō "the bird Saēna", originally a raptor, likely an eagle, falcon
Simurgh
Zoroastrian religious hymn
The Hom Stom, also known as Hom Stod or Hom Yasht, is an Avestan text dedicated to the praise of Haoma. It consists of verses 9-11.11 of the Yasna and
Hom_Stom
Beliefs of the Scythian cultures
article contains Avestan characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Avestan characters. The
Scythian_religion
Indian honorific
classical Indo-Iranian languages, including Sanskrit, Old Persian language and Avestan. In modern-day Hindustani and other Indo-Aryan languages, pati and patni
Pati_(title)
Zoroastrian concept representing insight and revelation
Daēnā (Avestan pronunciation: [dʌeːnaː]) is a Zoroastrian concept representing insight and revelation, hence "conscience" or "religion." Alternately,
Daena
Medieval region of northwestern Afghanistan
"Garshestan", derived from the Avestan word "Garsh" and the Persian suffix "stan". It was later Arabized to "Gharjistan". The Avestan word "Gar" meant "mountain"
Gharchistan
Cursive Middle Iranian script
as capital letters to differentiate them from Middle Persian words. The Avestan script was derived from Book Pahlavi as a phonetic alphabet with 52 characters
Book_Pahlavi
Avestan-language term for "the waters"
Apas (/ˈɑːpəs, æp-/, Avestan: āpas) is the Avestan language term for "the waters", which, in its innumerable aggregate states, is represented by the Apas
Aban
Self-designation used by ancient Indo-Iranian peoples
Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron, who rightly compared the Greek arioi with the Avestan airya and the country name Iran. In Germany, Johann Friedrich Kleuker's
Aryan
Zoroastrian Daeva of corpse matter
Nasu (Also; Druj Nasu, Nasa, Nas, Nasuš) is the Avestan name of the female Zoroastrian demon (daeva) of corpse matter. She resides in the north (Vendidad
Nasu_(Zoroastrianism)
AD. Similarly the oldest Avestan texts, the Gathas, are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the
List of languages by first written account
List_of_languages_by_first_written_account
(manah) The soul (ruvan, Avestan urvan) The protective spirit (fravarti; Avestan fravashi) The spiritual double (daina; Avestan daena) In Zoroastrianism
Ancient_Iranian_religion
Etymological analysis of the name "Iran"
as the Khwarazmian polymath Al-Biruni, also used terms like "Xuniras" (Avestan: Xvaniraθa-, transl. "self-made, not resting on anything else") to refer
Name_of_Iran
Zoroastrian religious hymn
this happened, but since all material in the yasht is composed in Young Avestan, it must have happened during Old Iranian times. The written transmission
Mihr_Yasht
language and the other old texts related to Zoroastrian exegesis have no Avestan word. The religious legal textbooks like Vendidad, Neyrangistan, Hirbodistan
Exegesis_in_Zoroastrianism
Ancient Etruscan and Roman goddess of the dead
think." Cognates include Ancient Greek μένος, ménos, 'mind, thought', and Avestan 𐬎𐬫𐬥𐬌𐬀𐬨, mainyu, 'spirit'. Mother of the Lares (Latin: Mater Larum)
Mania_(deity)
Old Iranian language
is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire)
Old_Persian
Ancient region of the Persian Empire
Ar(e)ía, آريا; Latin Aria, representing Old Persian 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 Haraiva, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬬𐬀 Harōiva) was an Achaemenid satrapy centered on the city
Aria_(region)
Sasanian period anthology of sacred literature of Zoroastrianism
Avesta was much larger and organized into 21 distinct volumes called nasks (Avestan: naska; Middle Persian: nask, 'bundle'). Of those, only one is preserved
Sasanian_Avesta
Zoroastrian doctrine of a final renovation of the universe
Frashokereti (Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬴𐬋⸱𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬌 frašō.kərəti) is the Avestan language term (corresponding to Middle Persian 𐭯𐭫𐭱(𐭠)𐭪𐭥𐭲 fraš(a)gird
Frashokereti
Name list
(Pahlavi: xwarrah) or Khvaraenah (Avestan: (Farah salman),xᵛarənah), in Avestan or Pahlavi meaning 'glory'. The Avestan or Pahlavi word-name used in Zoroastrian
Farah_(name)
Most important liturgy of Zoroastrianism
liturgical practice is the Nerangestan, an Avestan text with a lengthy Middle Persian commentary. The Avestan text is, therefore, a witness to the ritual
Yasna_(liturgy)
Priests in Zoroastrianism
then continued to do so in Avestan. An unrelated term, but previously assumed to be related, appears in the older Gathic Avestan language texts. This word
Magi
Negative entity in Zoroastrianism
Aka Manah[pronunciation?] is the Avestan language name for the Zoroastrian daeva "Evil Mind", "Evil Purpose", "Evil Thinking", or "Evil Intention". Aka
Aka_Manah
Commander of Parthian Empire under Orodes II
also remains as a common name in Armenia. Suren means "the heroic one, Avestan sūra (strong, exalted)." In Life of Crassus 21, written c. 125 years after
Surena
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