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Layer of silicate rock
Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. It has a mass of 4.01×1024 kg (8.84×1024 lb) and makes up 86% of the mass
Earth's_mantle
and slow down seismic waves. The two mantle phases at the transition zone between Earth's upper and lower mantle, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, could potentially
Water_distribution_on_Earth
Structures of the Earth's mantle
superplumes, are characteristic structures within the lowermost mantle, above the Earth's outer core. These provinces are characterized by slow shear wave
Large low-shear-velocity provinces
Large_low-shear-velocity_provinces
Region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface
The lower mantle, historically also called the mesosphere, occupies about 56% of the total volume of Earth, and is the region from 660 to 2,890 km (410
Lower_mantle
Upwelling of abnormally hot rock within Earth's mantle
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism. Because the plume head partially
Mantle_plume
Accounting of heat created within the Earth
radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the primordial heat left over from the formation of Earth. Earth's internal heat travels along geothermal
Earth's_internal_heat_budget
Very thick layer of rock inside Earth
The upper mantle of Earth is a very thick layer of rock inside the planet, which begins just beneath the crust (at about 10 km (6.2 mi) under the oceans
Upper_mantle
Gradual movement of the planet's mantle
Mantle convection is the very slow creep of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carry heat from the interior to the planet's surface
Mantle_convection
Layer inside a planetary-mass object
body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density. All terrestrial planets (including Earth), half
Mantle_(geology)
Fluid layer between Earth's solid inner core and its mantle
concentrations in Earth's outer core. For example, accretionary models based on core-mantle element partitioning tend to support proto-Earths constructed from
Earth's_outer_core
silicate crust, a ferromagnesian mantle, and an iron-nickel core whose flowing upper portion generates the Earth's magnetic field. Scientific understanding
Internal_structure_of_Earth
Outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite
natural satellite. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the lithospheric mantle, the topmost portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically
Lithosphere
Part of Earth's mantle
lithospheric mantle is the portion of the lithosphere within the mantle, as opposed to the crust. It is solid, and is the uppermost part of the mantle. The lithospheric
Lithospheric_mantle
Discontinuity where the bottom of the planet's mantle meets the outer layer of the core
The core–mantle boundary (CMB) of Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron–nickel outer core, at a depth of 2,891 km (1,796 mi)
Core–mantle_boundary
Part of the Earth's mantle
The transition zone is the part of Earth's mantle that is located between the lower and the upper mantle, most strictly between the seismic-discontinuity
Transition_zone_(Earth)
Coarse-grained ultramafic igneous rock
is derived from Earth's mantle, either as solid blocks and fragments, or as crystals accumulated from magmas that formed in the mantle. The compositions
Peridotite
Innermost part of Earth, a solid ball of iron-nickel alloy
there are for Earth's mantle. The characteristics of the core have been deduced mostly from measurements of seismic waves and Earth's magnetic field
Earth's_inner_core
Topics referred to by the same term
planet The Earth's mantle Mantle (surname) Mantle, a feature of bird anatomy Mantle (climbing), the external covering of a climbing rope. Mantle, a black
Mantle
High-pressure phase of magnesium silicate
(magnesium silicate) formed at high temperatures and pressures of the Earth's mantle between 525 and 660 km (326 and 410 mi) depth. It may also contain iron
Ringwoodite
Geological process at tectonic plate boundaries
oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at the convergent boundaries between tectonic plates. Where one tectonic
Subduction
Vibrational energy transfer in Earth or other planetary body
tends to increase with depth through Earth's crust and mantle, but drops sharply going from the mantle to Earth's outer core. Earthquakes create distinct
Seismic_wave
Earth's outer shell of rock
lithosphere, a solidified division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic
Earth's_crust
Period in Earth's history
volatile compounds to the Earth's mantle, crust and ancient atmosphere in an intense "late veneer" bombardment. As the Earth's planetary surface eventually
Early_Earth
Movement of Earth's lithosphere
and shape Earth's crust are called tectonics. Earth's lithosphere, the rigid outer shell of the planet including the crust and upper mantle, is fractured
Plate_tectonics
Hypothesis of the formation of the Moon
crustal and mantle fragments that went far enough beyond the Roche limit and thus were not pulled back by Earth's gravity to re-fuse with Earth, with less
Giant-impact_hypothesis
field may have been screened out by the Earth's mantle. An alternative source is currents in the core-mantle boundary driven by chemical reactions or
Earth's_magnetic_field
Australian geophysicist/chemist (1930–1993)
understanding of the structure of the Earth, in particular the mineralogical constitution of the Earth's mantle. In the late 1950s and 1960s Ringwood
Ted_Ringwood
Rate of temperature increase with depth in Earth's interior
increasing depth in Earth's interior. As a general rule, the crust temperature rises with depth due to the heat flow from the much hotter mantle; away from tectonic
Geothermal_gradient
Igneous rock which sometimes contains diamonds
within Earth's mantle. Formation occurs at depths between 150 and 450 kilometres (93 and 280 mi), potentially from anomalously enriched exotic mantle compositions
Kimberlite
High-pressure phase of magnesium silicate
(MgSiO3). It is composed of the prime oxide constituents of the Earth's rocky mantle (MgO and SiO2), and its pressure and temperature for stability imply
Post-perovskite
Model composition of the Earth's mantle
Pyrolite is a term used to characterize a model composition of the Earth's mantle. This model is based on that a pyrolite source can produce mid-ocean
Pyrolite
Third planet from the Sun
A. (1994). "Cooling of the Earth in the Archaean: Consequences of pressure-release melting in a hotter mantle" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth
One of the main minerals in the Earth's lower mantle
Silicate perovskites are not stable at Earth's surface, and mainly exist in the lower part of Earth's mantle, between about 670 and 2,700 km (420 and
Silicate_perovskite
Hypotheses for the possible sources of the water on Earth
of the mantle due to limited samples, approximately three times the mass of the Earth's oceans could be stored there. Similarly, the Earth's core could
Origin_of_water_on_Earth
The gravity of Earth, denoted by g, is the net acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of gravitation (from mass distribution
Gravity_of_Earth
Overview of and topical guide to Earth science
The line between the crust and the Earth's mantle. Earth's mantle – The part of the interior of the planet Earth between the crust and the core. By diffusion
Outline_of_Earth_science
Flat-topped underwater mountain
by extrusion of lavas piped upward in stages from sources within the Earth's mantle, usually hotspots, to vents on the seafloor. The volcanism invariably
Guyot
Highly viscous, ductile, and mechanically weak region of Earth's mantle
strength') is the mechanically weak and ductile region of the upper mantle of Earth. It lies below the lithosphere, at a depth between c. 80 and 200 km
Asthenosphere
Radioactive isotope of potassium
of Earth's argon derives from potassium-40 that decayed into argon-40, which eventually escaped to the atmosphere. The decay of 40K in Earth's mantle ranks
Potassium-40
Geologic eon, 4567–4031 million years ago
the Earth's mantle. Bombardment origin of a substantial amount of water is unlikely, due to the incompatibility of isotope fractions between the Earth and
Hadean
2002 studio album by Agalloch
The Mantle is the second studio album by American metal band Agalloch. The album was released on August 13, 2002, by The End Records. Cinema "really emerged
The_Mantle
Partitioning of elements in a mineral
describe how elements partition themselves in the solid and melt within Earth's mantle. In geochemistry, compatibility is a measure of how readily a particular
Compatibility_(geochemistry)
Layer in a newly formed planet
mantle (also known as the bulk silicate Earth) is the chemical composition of the Earth's mantle during the developmental stage between core-mantle differentiation
Primitive_mantle
Long-term future of planet Earth
slows the rotation rate of the Earth and increases the Earth-Moon distance. Friction effects—between the core and mantle and between the atmosphere and
Future_of_Earth
Linear feature between two tectonic plates
ridges. Current research indicates that complex convection within the Earth's mantle allows material to rise to the base of the lithosphere beneath each
Divergent_boundary
slowly over the Earth's mantle, a lower place of rock that is heated from the Earth's interior. Several huge sections of the Earth's crust are impelled
List of longest mountain chains on Earth
List_of_longest_mountain_chains_on_Earth
Fields of natural science related to Earth
processes in the Earth's crust. Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite
Earth_science
uppermost solid part of Earth's mantle associated with the continental mantle lithosphere, also known as continental lithospheric mantle that resides below
Subcontinental lithospheric mantle
Subcontinental_lithospheric_mantle
Seismic wave velocity variation
boundary within the Earth known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity, which demarcates the transition between the Earth's crust and mantle with a notable increase
Seismic_velocity_structure
Old and stable part of the continental lithosphere
stable part of continental lithosphere (the Earth's two topmost layers, the crust and the lithospheric mantle). Having often survived cycles of merging
Craton
Form of carbon
formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth's mantle, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under
Diamond
Natural processes of carbon exchange
fossil fuels, freshwater systems, and non-living organic material. Earth's interior (mantle and crust). These carbon stores interact with the other components
Carbon_cycle
Fringe theory about the origin of petroleum
hydrocarbons deep in the Earth's mantle. Earlier studies of mantle-derived rocks from many places have shown that hydrocarbons from the mantle region can be found
Abiogenic_petroleum_origin
Boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle
boundary, or just Moho, is the boundary between the crust and the mantle of Earth. It is defined by the distinct change in velocity of seismic waves
Mohorovičić_discontinuity
Gas layer surrounding Earth
Xe–Fe oxides in the Earth's lower mantle, formation of xenon dioxide in silica, and reactions between Xe and Fe/Ni in the Earth's core. Many substances
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Volcanic region hotter than the surrounding mantle
by streams of hot mantle rising from the Earth's core–mantle boundary in a structure called a mantle plume. Whether or not such mantle plumes exist has
Hotspot_(geology)
Asteroid with which Earth shares its orbit around the Sun
Earth's mantle. Such a residual planetesimal population would also naturally lead to a small fraction trapped in the Earth's Trojan zones as Earth's orbit
Earth_trojan
Movement of carbon through Earth's mantle and core
through the Earth's mantle and core. It forms part of the carbon cycle and is intimately connected to the movement of carbon in the Earth's surface and
Deep_carbon_cycle
Magnesium or iron oxide that mainly constitutes the lower mantle of the Earth
Fe)O that is interpreted to be one of the main constituents of the Earth's lower mantle together with the silicate perovskite ((Mg,Fe)SiO3), a magnesium/iron
Ferropericlase
Volcanism away from plate margins
intraplate volcanism. A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle. Because the plume head partly
Intraplate_volcanism
Study of dynamics of the Earth
geophysics dealing with dynamics of the Earth. It applies physics, chemistry and mathematics to the understanding of how mantle convection leads to plate tectonics
Geodynamics
This is a list of tectonic plates on Earth's surface. Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere
List_of_tectonic_plates
Volcanic rock
physical structure of Earth's mantle. Some mantle plumes that feed hotspot volcanism lavas are thought to originate as deep as the core–mantle boundary (~2900 km
Ocean_island_basalt
Low-lying basin filled with Cretaceous to recent sediments
and Cox in 2007: movement of the Earth's crust brought this region over a volcanic "hotspot" in the Earth's mantle causing an upthrust of magma which
Mississippi_embayment
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere and crust. The mantle itself is divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle and
Geophysics
Deepest oceanic trench on Earth
might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth's mantle, the second layer of the Earth. In 1979 Japan planned to dump low-level nuclear wastes
Mariana_Trench
Chinese seismologist and geophysicist
lies at the core-mantle boundary". Nature. 396: 251–255. Wen, Lianxing (2006). "A compositional anomaly at the Earth's core-mantle boundary as an anchor
Wen_Lianxing
American geophysicist
explanations of why planet Earth has plate tectonics. He is also known for his development of models of how the Earth's mantle recycles and stores water
David_Bercovici
Hot semifluid material found beneath the surface of Earth
bubbles. Magma is produced by melting of the mantle or the crust in various tectonic settings, which on Earth include subduction zones, continental rift
Magma
Sudden movement of the Earth's crust
Deep mantle: 7 km (4.3 mi) per second As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earth's mantle. On average
Earthquake
Earth, minus the oceans and atmosphere
Solid earth refers to "the earth beneath our feet" or terra firma, the planet's solid surface and its interior. It excludes the Earth's fluid envelopes
Solid_earth
Type of igneous and meta-igneous rock
90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks. Ultrabasic is a more inclusive term
Ultramafic_rock
Application of oxidation state to the study of the Earth's mantle
Mantle oxidation state (redox state) applies the concept of oxidation state in chemistry to the study of the Earth's mantle. The chemical concept of oxidation
Mantle_oxidation_state
Arrowverse crossover event
Earths: Part Two" at IMDb "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Three" at IMDb "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Four" at IMDb "Crisis on Infinite Earths:
Crisis on Infinite Earths (Arrowverse)
Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths_(Arrowverse)
Ultramafic igneous rock composed of pyroxene minerals
derived from upper mantle, either as solid blocks and fragments, or more commonly as crystals accumulated from magmas that formed in the mantle. They commonly
Pyroxenite
nitrogen, and carbon (which volatilizes as methane). The crust, mantle, and core of the Earth show evidence of chemical segregation plus some sequestration
Abundance of the chemical elements
Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements
Melting points of chemical mixtures
with the olivine (forsterite-fayalite) system, which is common in Earth's mantle. In chemistry, materials science, and physics, the liquidus temperature
Liquidus_and_solidus
differentiated body, being composed of a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, and planetary core. This structure is believed to have resulted from the
Internal structure of the Moon
Internal_structure_of_the_Moon
Group of low-reactive, gaseous chemical elements
in the Earth's Mantle". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 26 (1): 189–218. Bibcode:1998AREPS..26..189F. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.189
Noble_gas
Seismic feature in Earth's mantle under China
The Beijing Anomaly is an observed seismic feature in the Earth's mantle at a depth of around 700–1400 km below Northeastern China where a high degree
Beijing_Anomaly
Ancient planet that collided with Earth
the idea that the two large low-shear-velocity provinces in the Earth's lower mantle may be remnants of Theia. Theia is hypothesized to have been about
Theia_(hypothetical_planet)
Huge regional accumulation of igneous rocks
crust towards the surface. The formation of LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with divergent plate tectonics. The formation
Large_igneous_province
Boundary between Earth's core and mantle
change marks the boundary between two sections of the earth's interior, known as the lower mantle (which is considered solid) and the underlying outer
Gutenberg_discontinuity
National Park on the west coast of Newfoundland
process of continental drift, where deep ocean crust and the rocks of the earth's mantle lie exposed". The Gros Morne National Park Reserve was established in
Gros_Morne_National_Park
Portion of a tectonic plate that is being subducted
by inducing currents in the mantle via slab suction. The slab affects the convection and evolution of the Earth's mantle due to the insertion of the hydrous
Slab_(geology)
Movement of water in the deep Earth
process that occurs above and on the surface of Earth. Some of the water makes it all the way to the lower mantle and may even reach the outer core. Mineral
Deep_water_cycle
Device for generating bright light when heated by a flame
An incandescent gas mantle, gas mantle or Welsbach mantle is a device for generating bright white light when heated by a flame. The name refers to its
Gas_mantle
Pacific Ocean geologic feature
Earth's mantle. Tarduno et al. have interpreted that the bend in the seamount chain may be caused by circulation patterns in the flowing solid mantle
Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
Hawaiian–Emperor_seamount_chain
Gases given off by active volcanoes
volcanic gases on Earth include: primordial and recycled constituents from the Earth's mantle, assimilated constituents from the Earth's crust, groundwater
Volcanic_gas
Magnesium- and iron-rich extrusive igneous rock
Naturalis Historiae. On Earth, most basalt is formed by decompression melting of the mantle. The high pressure in the upper mantle (due to the weight of
Basalt
Scientific dating of the Earth
process) or, more significantly, convection inside Earth, which allows the temperature in the upper mantle to remain high much longer, maintaining a high
Age_of_Earth
Elevation changes caused by the flow within Earth's mantle
geodynamics to refer the elevation differences caused by the flow within Earth's mantle. In geodynamics, dynamic topography refers to topography generated by
Dynamic_topography
Mineral or gemstone
Spinel, (Mg,Fe)(Al,Cr)2O4, is common in peridotite in the uppermost Earth's mantle, between approximately 20 km to approximately 120 km, possibly to lower
Spinel
Unit of mass equal to that of Earth
13000 kg/m3 in the inner core. The Earth's core accounts for 15% of Earth's volume but more than 30% of the mass, the mantle for 84% of the volume and close
Earth_mass
Dimensionless quantity associated with free convection of a fluid
as the Earth's mantle. The mantle is a solid that behaves as a fluid over geological time scales. The Rayleigh number for the Earth's mantle due to internal
Rayleigh_number
Topics referred to by the same term
may refer to: Transition zone (Earth), a part of the Earth’s mantle located between the lower mantle and the upper mantle Transition zone, the region between
Transition_zone
Blue-colored variant of a diamond
the lower part of Earth’s mantle, and that the boron creating their blue color originates from serpentinite carried down to the mantle by subducting ocean
Blue_diamond
Subatomic particle emitted by radioactive elements in the Earth
Radioactivity in the Earth mantle provides internal heating to power mantle convection, which is the driver of plate tectonics. The amount of mantle radioactivity
Geoneutrino
Consolidation of the Earth's crust
neighbouring planetesimals. The mantle remained hotter than modern day temperatures throughout the Archean. Over time the Earth began to cool as planetary
Earth's_crustal_evolution
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
Rare-earth elements in the periodic table The rare-earth elements (REE), also called rare-earth metals, or rare earths, are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable
Rare-earth_element
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EARTHS MANTLE
EARTHS MANTLE
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EARTHS MANTLE
EARTHS MANTLE
EARTHS MANTLE
EARTHS MANTLE
EARTHS MANTLE
EARTHS MANTLE
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