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Phenomenon of the atmosphere
parameterized. The entrainment rate is a key parameter in cumulus parameterization. Henry Stommel was the first to study the entrainment rate in cumulus
Entrainment_(meteorology)
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up entrainment or entrain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Entrainment may refer to: Air entrainment, the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles
Entrainment
This glossary of meteorology is a list of terms and concepts relevant to meteorology and atmospheric science, their sub-disciplines, and related fields
Glossary_of_meteorology
Visible mass of particles suspended in the atmosphere
Retrieved 16 October 2012. Stommel, H. (1947). "Entrainment of Air into a Cumulus Cloud". Journal of Meteorology. 4 (3): 91–94. Bibcode:1947JAtS....4...91S
Cloud
Cyclone season in Australia
becoming cloud-filled and the deep convection eroding due to dry air entrainment. Jasper would reintensify, and at 12:00 UTC on 13 December, made landfall
2023–24 Australian region cyclone season
2023–24_Australian_region_cyclone_season
Katrina was a catastrophic tropical cyclone that had a long and complex meteorological history, spanning a month from August 8, to September 7, 2005. Katrina's
Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Katrina
Cyclone season in Australia
The first storm of the season, Robyn, was first noted by the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) on 23 November 2024, eventually intensifying into a tropical cyclone
2024–25 Australian region cyclone season
2024–25_Australian_region_cyclone_season
Category 5 Australian region and South Pacific cyclone in 2023
becoming cloud-filled and the deep convection eroding due to dry air entrainment. Jasper managed to maintain its intensity while battling unfavorable
Cyclone_Jasper
Rapidly rotating storm system
Satellite Reconnaissance". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 54 (2). American Meteorological Society: 464. Bibcode:2015JApMC..54..463K. doi:10
Tropical_cyclone
Measure of instability in the air as a buoyancy force
In meteorology, convective available potential energy (commonly abbreviated as CAPE) is a measure of the capacity of the atmosphere to support the vertical
Convective available potential energy
Convective_available_potential_energy
On 1 September, Asna was stripped of any convection due to dry air entrainment and degenerated to a remnant low. Many parts of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
2024_North_Indian_Ocean_cyclone_season
Category 5 Pacific hurricane in 1997
Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved July 6, 2010. Regional And Mesoscale Meteorology Team (August
Hurricane_Guillermo_(1997)
Cyclone season in Australia
the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, National Weather Service of Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
2021–22 Australian region cyclone season
2021–22_Australian_region_cyclone_season
Cyclone season in the South Pacific Ocean
environment became greatly unfavorable as high vertical wind shear and dry air entrainment continued to elongate the low-level circulation, it reached peak maximum
2025–26 South Pacific cyclone season
2025–26_South_Pacific_cyclone_season
Type of tropical cumulonimbus cloud
contended it was implausible that a cumulonimbus cloud could be free of entrainment. This facet of the hypothesis remained untested until dropsondes released
Hot_tower
Cloud formation occurring at the base of a thunderstorm
rotate; however, some do not. Wall clouds are formed by a process known as entrainment, when an inflow of warm, moist air rises and converges, overpowering
Wall_cloud
Meteorological estimate for evapotranspiration
between dry-air entrainment, surface evaporation and convective boundary layer development". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 135 (642):
Penman–Monteith_equation
Landslide involving rock and ice
and distribution of ice, water content, basal conditions and material entrainment. Laboratory flume experiments found that increasing the ice content of
Rock-ice_avalanche
land. Below the capping inversion (10–60% of CBL depth, also called entrainment zone in the daytime), CBL is divided into two sub-layers: mixed layer
Convective planetary boundary layer
Convective_planetary_boundary_layer
storm over Atlantic Canada on October 27. Tropical cyclones portal Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina Effects of Hurricane Wilma in Mexico Effects
Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma
Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Wilma
Atmospheric phenomenon
the terminal velocity of a falling object. Buoyancy may be reduced by entrainment, which dilutes the parcel with environmental air. Atmospheric convection
Atmospheric_convection
Pacific typhoon in 1979
840 km (520 mi) west-northwest of Guam. In its best track, the Japan Meteorological Agency listed Tip as peaking with 10-minute sustained winds of 160 mph
Typhoon_Tip
Category 2 Australian region cyclone
63 mph). However, strong wind shear and significant mid-level dry air entrainment made the system to rapidly weaken, prompting the BoM to downgrade Robyn
Cyclone_Robyn_(2024)
in the atmosphere can be understood through 2 mechanisms: Convective entrainment and detrainment Accelerations by the pressure gradient force The net
Convective_momentum_transport
Tendency of a fluid jet to stay attached to a surface of any form
placed close, and approximately parallel to the jet (Diagram 2), then the entrainment (and therefore removal) of air from between the solid surface and the
Coandă_effect
Atlantic nor'easter and tropical storm
waters on November 1, it was weakened somewhat due to renewed shear and entrainment of dry air. Nonetheless, the system transitioned into a fully-tropical
October_2021_nor'easter
and wind in general. Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-scale) Enhanced wording Entrainment Environment and Climate Change Canada Environmental Modeling Center (EMC)
Glossary_of_tornado_terms
North Indian Ocean super cyclonic storm in 2007
southwest of Mumbai. Upon first forming, the system contended with the entrainment of dry air to the northwest of the storm, which was expected to limit
Cyclone_Gonu
Category 2 Pacific hurricane in 2003
before strengthening into Tropical Storm Marty on September 19. The storm entrained dry air into its circulation as it curved toward the northwest, disrupting
Hurricane_Marty_(2003)
Amount of evaporation
between dry-air entrainment, surface evaporation and convective boundary layer development". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 135 (642):
Potential_evapotranspiration
Lowest part of the atmosphere directly influenced by contact with the planetary surface
In meteorology, the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or peplosphere, is the lowest part of the atmosphere
Planetary_boundary_layer
Genus of clouds, low-level cloud
ISBN 978-1-101-20331-6. Stommel, Harry (June 1947). "Entrainment of Air Into a Cumulus Cloud". Journal of Meteorology. 4 (3): 91–94. Bibcode:1947JAtS....4...91S
Cumulus_cloud
Category 2 Atlantic hurricane
hurricane, Earl's inner core was repeatedly interrupted due to dry air entrainment and it fluctuated in strength the following day while passing well to
Hurricane_Earl_(2022)
Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2018
particularly in the Florida Panhandle and southwest Georgia, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Michael from its rotating name lists in
Hurricane_Michael
Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2025
subsequently weakening due to increasing vertical wind shear and dry air entrainment. It grew even larger while remaining steady in intensity while paralleling
Hurricane_Erin_(2025)
becoming a hurricane in the afternoon of August 24. Despite some dry air entrainment halting the intensification process for the rest of the day, Harvey soon
Meteorological history of Hurricane Harvey
Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Harvey
Dramatic increase in a tropical cyclone's strength
organization of tropical cyclones in the upper troposphere and offsets the entrainment of drier and more stable air from the lower stratosphere, but whether
Rapid_intensification
Study of the physical processes in atmospheric clouds
addition, the occurrence of collision-coalescence is closely related to entrainment-mixing processes. Ice crystals in clouds and the atmosphere can be produced
Cloud_physics
Tropical cyclone season
the east, leaving the low-level circulation centre fully exposed. The entrainment of cold, dry air into the circulation contributed further to the weakening
2019–20 Australian region cyclone season
2019–20_Australian_region_cyclone_season
January 2021 European windstorm and winter storm in Europe
deeper low named Cyclone Dimitrios by the FUB by 16 January. The State Meteorological Agency of Spain (AEMET) named Storm Filomena on 5 January as they issued
Storm_Filomena
Surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress
free-surface jet is one where the entrainment of the fluid outside the jet is minimal, as opposed to submerged jet where the entrainment effect is significant. A
Free_surface
Long, thin artificial clouds that sometimes form behind aircraft
water vapor. Distrails also may arise as a result of enhanced mixing (entrainment) of drier air immediately above or below a thin cloud layer following
Contrail
Pacific typhoon in 2021
waters, with its large eye becoming less ragged; however, additional entrainment of dry air originating from the mid-troposphere over Luzon caused Surigae's
Typhoon_Surigae_(2021)
approaching trough. Although it maintained winds of hurricane force, the entrainment of dry air and continued strong wind shear caused the inner area of convection
Meteorological history of Hurricane Sandy
Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Sandy
the backscatter occurs at the top of the boundary layer. Within the entrainment zone, cleaner free troposphere eddies will mix with more polluted boundary
Remote sensing atmospheric boundary layer
Remote_sensing_atmospheric_boundary_layer
Category 1 Atlantic hurricane
Lisa continued to weaken due to increasing southwesterly shear and entrainment of dry air into its circulation, as it slowed down and turned to the
Hurricane_Lisa_(2022)
North Indian Ocean cyclone
while centered 550 km (340 mi) east of Port Blair. As such, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) designated the system as BOB 06. With the storm now
1999_Odisha_cyclone
Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2024
remaining steady in intensity for a while due to its broad size and some entrainment of drier air to its west, Helene rebounded on the morning of September 26
Hurricane_Helene
Category 5 Atlantic hurricane
later in the day. As the hurricane pushed northward, continued drier air entrainment and increasingly strong southerly wind shear displaced Lee's convection
Hurricane_Lee_(2023)
Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2022
Basques. Rainfall totals from Fiona were less than anticipated due to the entrainment of dry air into the cyclone. The heaviest rains fell in eastern Nova
Hurricane_Fiona
season, several forecasts of hurricane activity are issued by national meteorological services, scientific agencies, and noted hurricane experts. These include
2026 Atlantic hurricane season
2026_Atlantic_hurricane_season
Pacific typhoon in 2026
concentrated over the southern semicircle of the system, while dry-air entrainment contributed to the storm's asymmetric structure. On June 25, the storm
Typhoon_Mekkhala_(2026)
Pacific severe tropical storm in 2026
June 2, Jangmi discovered highly unfavorable conditions with dry air entrainment and weak poleward outflow. Then, the storm started moving northeastward
Tropical_Storm_Jangmi_(2026)
Category 1 Pacific hurricane in 2015
cyclone struggled with a combination of northerly wind shear and dry air entrainment, limiting the storm's associated deep convection to the eastern quadrant
Hurricane_Carlos_(2015)
Proposed Mars rover by JAXA
objectives of the mission include: Meteorology Basic meteorological observations, dust devil observation and dust entrainment. Payload: thermometer, anemometer
MELOS
Pacific typhoon in 2025
the name Podul from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Although strong northeasterly vertical wind shear and entrainment of dry air initially disrupted
Typhoon_Podul
North Indian cyclone in 2019
upper-level outflow from the storm had begun to diminish, allowing the dry air entrainment from the northwest to start eroding the cyclone. The central dense overcast
Cyclone_Vayu
Sediment processes associated with rivers and streams
move, called entrainment velocity. However the grains will continue to be transported even if the velocity falls below the entrainment velocity due to
Fluvial_sediment_processes
Category 2 Australian region and South Pacific cyclone in 2021
system weaken slightly, with the combination of a mid-level dry air entrainment. At 17:00 UTC (04:00 NCT the next day), Ruby made landfall in Belep,
Cyclone_Ruby
Flash flood disaster in Nepal and China
around 08:37 NPT. At 09:00, the Nepalese Department of Hydrology and Meteorology was informed of the flood by the District Administrative Officer in Rasuwa
2026_Nepal–Tibet_floods
Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2023
environmental conditions became adverse. Strong vertical wind shear and dry air entrainment quickly stripped the storm of its convection, and it became a remnant
Hurricane_Tammy
Street lined by very tall buildings on both sides, typically in large cities
(1977). "The Energy Balance of an Urban Canyon". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 16 (1): 11–19. Bibcode:1977JApMe..16...11N. doi:10
Urban_canyon
Dangers of cloud formations to aircraft
"Observational investigations of entrainment within the weak echo region". Monthly Weather Review. 103 (3). American Meteorological Society: 233. Bibcode:1975MWRv
Cumulonimbus_and_aviation
Pacific typhoon in 2015
deepening as it developed a well-defined eye. Early the next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated peak 10 minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph)
Typhoon_Noul_(2015)
Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2020
small size and this movement allowed a moderate intake of dry air to be entrained into the circulation. Intensification took a halt for much of July 22
Hurricane_Douglas_(2020)
quasi-stationary and weakened to a severe tropical storm on November 2. Dry air entrainment caused further weakening, with the JTWC dropping it to a minimal tropical
2006_Pacific_typhoon_season
Category 1 Atlantic hurricane
06 inHg). Strengthening was then halted when mid- to upper-level dry air entrained into the core of Nicole, disrupting the central convection and briefly
Hurricane_Nicole_(2022)
American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate. p. 6114. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 4, 2017. "Hurricane Dorian Meteorological Records/Notable
Meteorological history of Hurricane Dorian
Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Dorian
Pacific typhoon in 1979
organized and was classified as a tropical depression by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) by 12:00 UTC on December 31. The JTWC followed suit in
Typhoon_Alice_(1979)
North Indian Ocean cyclone in 2024
On 1 September, Asna was stripped of any convection due to dry air entrainment and degenerated to a remnant low. Cyclone Asna was a rare occurrence
Cyclone_Asna
The meteorological history of Hurricane Florence spanned 22 days from its inception on August 28, 2018, to its dissipation on September 18. Originating
Meteorological history of Hurricane Florence
Meteorological_history_of_Hurricane_Florence
mass of cold air surrounded by warmer air (according to the American Meteorological Society). Over the ocean, these masses of cold and dense surface air
Cold_pool
Pacific typhoon in 2013
cold-core system and considered subtropical by the JTWC, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression. Over the
Typhoon_Soulik_(2013)
Pacific typhoon in 1999
September 22, the potent cyclone began to feel the effects of dry air entrainment into its circulation. The eye diameter fell to 14 km (8.7 mi) and continued
Typhoon_Bart_(1999)
Pacific severe tropical storm in 2024
Prapiroon by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) around 00:00 UTC on July 21. A few hours later, wind shear and dry air entrainment began to affect the
Tropical Storm Prapiroon (2024)
Tropical_Storm_Prapiroon_(2024)
Weather prediction using mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans
recognize that only some portions of the box might convect and that entrainment and other processes occur. Weather models that have gridboxes with sizes
Numerical_weather_prediction
circulation appeared to the east of the warning position and that dry air entrainment had led to decreased organization of the depressions. When the low was
1998–99 Australian region cyclone season
1998–99_Australian_region_cyclone_season
North Indian cyclone in 2015
rapidly intensify into a mature cyclone. By the next day, the India Meteorological Department estimated peak 3 minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph)
Cyclone_Megh
Category 3 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane in 1971
Florida: Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. William J. Denny (April 1972). "Eastern Pacific hurricane
Hurricane_Irene–Olivia
Region of rotation within a powerful thunderstorm
"Mesocyclone". amsglossary.allenpress.com. Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 2006-07-09
Mesocyclone
Category 2 South Pacific and Australian region cyclone in 2019
the pulse continued into the Pacific Ocean, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) noted the formation of a weak tropical low embedded within a low-pressure
Cyclone_Ann
Pacific typhoon in 1962
east-northeastward over the open ocean. The combination of its rapid movement and entrainment of cold air into the circulation ultimately caused the system to transition
Typhoon_Karen
Supplementary feature of clouds
detrainment instability (CDI), which acts very much like convective cloud-top entrainment. In CDI, cloudy air is mixed into the dry sub-cloud air rather than precipitating
Mammatus_cloud
Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2021
August 28. Although it did not lose any strength, land interaction and entrainment of dry air into the hurricane's southwestern quadrant as Ida crossed
Hurricane_Ida
Series of water waves
"Tsunami Frequently Asked Questions". Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 3 November 2016. Svennevig, Kristian; Hermanns, Reginald L
Tsunami
Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2014
in reached Hispaniola later on August 2. Continued effects of dry air entrainment, shear, and land interaction further degraded Bertha's structure and
Hurricane_Bertha_(2014)
Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1967
Hurricane Season of 1967" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 96 (4). American Meteorological Society: 242–259. Bibcode:1968MWRv...96..242S. doi:10
Hurricane_Doria
Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1988
Convection Caused by Upper Tropospheric Troughs" (PDF). Journal of Applied Meteorology. 30 (8): 1163–1184. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1991)030<1163:soovit>2.0.co;2
Hurricane_Florence_(1988)
Inability of a person to correctly determine their body position in space
disorientation risk associated with continued visual flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). In the United States, the U.S. Helicopter Safety Team
Spatial_disorientation
Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2003
in damage. Due to the storm damage and deaths in Bermuda, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Fabian in the spring of 2004, and it will
Hurricane_Fabian
Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 1995
highest reported gust in Antigua was 50 mph (80 km/h). The Antigua Meteorological Service reported that the island had extensive flooding and damage to
Hurricane_Marilyn
Multiple simulation method for weather forecasting
processes. These parameters may be very uncertain. For example, the 'entrainment coefficient' represents the turbulent mixing of dry environmental air
Ensemble_forecasting
British physicist and mathematician (1886–1975)
and the following year he was appointed to a meteorology post, becoming Reader in Dynamical Meteorology. His work on turbulence in the atmosphere led
G._I._Taylor
Pacific tropical storm in 2006
the decrease in strength became evident on July 24, when dry air became entrained in the circulation; at the same time, the convection became limited to
Tropical_Storm_Emilia_(2006)
Atlantic tropical storm in 2016
Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on September 1. Due to entrainment of dry air, the wave struggled to maintain convection as it progressed
Tropical_Storm_Julia_(2016)
Chinese American atmospheric and environmental scientist
and explore their interactions with aerosols and clouds, as well as entrainment rate, which are used for weather forecasting and future climate projections
Zhanqing_Li
later in the day. As the hurricane pushed northward, continued drier air entrainment and increasingly strong southerly wind shear displaced Lee's convection
2023 Atlantic hurricane season
2023_Atlantic_hurricane_season
Pacific typhoon in 2004
(345 mi) south of the low reported 45 km/h (28 mph) winds. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began monitoring the low as a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC
Typhoon_Ma-on_(2004)
Type of region
Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 350–351. ISBN 9780127329512. Bluestein (1993). Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes II. pp. 491, 493–495, 501.
Rear_flank_downdraft
Pacific typhoon in 2016
intensification of Mindulle was limited on August 20, owing to modest dry air entrainment resulting in flaring convection near and surrounding the LLCC. Although
Typhoon_Mindulle_(2016)
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ENTRAINMENT METEOROLOGY
ENTRAINMENT METEOROLOGY
ENTRAINMENT METEOROLOGY
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