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Cosmological fine-tuning problem
The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is a cosmological fine-tuning problem within the Big Bang model of the universe. Measurements
Flatness_problem
Theory of rapid universe expansion
However, the flatness and especially the horizon problem are also solved by inflation theory. The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is a cosmological
Cosmic_inflation
Physical theory of the cosmos
that it drives the geometry to flatness. The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is an observational problem associated with a FLRW. The
Big_Bang
American theoretical physicist and cosmologist
attended a lecture by Robert Dicke about the flatness problem of the universe. Dicke explained how the flatness problem showed that something significant was
Alan_Guth
Archaic conception of Earth's shape
all fiery, ride the air because of their flatness". Xenophanes (c. 500 BC) thought that the Earth was flat, with its upper side touching the air, and
Flat_Earth
Numerical observation in cosmology
contributions from matter and dark energy. Cosmological constant problem Flatness problem Fine-tuned universe O’Raifeartaigh, Cormac; O’Keeffe, Michael;
Cosmic_coincidence_problem
Geometric condition for workpieces and tools
manufacturing and mechanical engineering, flatness is an important geometric condition for workpieces and tools. Flatness is the condition of a surface or derived
Flatness_(manufacturing)
Cosmological fine-tuning problem
decoupling sufficiently to account for the observed isotropy of the CMB. Flatness problem Magnetic monopole Carrigan, Richard A.; Trower, W. Peter (1983). Magnetic
Horizon_problem
Cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole
the interior of a black hole might naturally solve the horizon problem and flatness problem in cosmology. Limiting curvature hypothesis, proposed by Valeri
Black_hole_cosmology
Increase in distance between parts of the universe
that the accelerated expansion would also solve the horizon problem and the flatness problem. Additionally, quantum fluctuations during inflation would
Expansion_of_the_universe
Theory or model concerning the origin of the universe
but not quite zero curvature seems unnatural, an issue called the flatness problem. Third, this extrapolation gives poor results when compared to measurements
Cosmogony
Concept in physical cosmology
graceful exit problem using similar principles. Guth, Alan H. (1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Phys
Graceful_exit_problem
American sci-fi television series
3 Body Problem is an American science fiction television series created by David Benioff, D. B. Weiss, and Alexander Woo. It is the third adaptation of
3_Body_Problem_(TV_series)
Adjustment of parameters to fit data in theoretical physics
a fine-tuning problem considered by the scientific community to have a plausible "natural" solution is the cosmological flatness problem, which is solved
Fine-tuning_(physics)
Cosmologist
paper that uses the anthropic principle to provide a solution to the flatness problem. Collins, C. B. (1971), "More qualitative cosmology", Communications
C._B._Collins
Lorentzian manifold where curvature vanishes at large distances
evaluate functions on a locus in order to verify asymptotic flatness. The notion of asymptotic flatness is extremely useful as a technical condition in the study
Asymptotically_flat_spacetime
Hypothetical vacuum, less stable than true vacuum
"The Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems". Physical Review D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G
False_vacuum
YouTube channel
work has been received positively by critics, with Line Goes Up – The Problem with NFTs as a noted work. Scholar Christina Wurst labeled Folding Ideas
Folding_Ideas
nonlinear system is flat, if and only if it is controllable, hence both flatness and controllability are interchangeable terms. The flatness property is useful
Flatness_(systems_theory)
Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole
Ehrenhaft Flatness problem Gauss's law for magnetism Ginzburg–Landau theory Halbach array Horizon problem Instanton Magnetic monopole problem Meron Soliton
Magnetic_monopole
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
see Linde 2006 More precisely, these are the flatness problem, the horizon problem, and the monopole problem; a pedagogical introduction can be found in
General_relativity
cosmology books C. B. Collins used the anthropic principle to solve the flatness problem Asantha Cooray (1973–) studied dark energy, halo models of large structure
List_of_cosmologists
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
formally presents the Big Bang horizon problem. 1969 – Robert Dicke formally presents the Big Bang flatness problem. 1970 – Vera Rubin and Kent Ford measure
Timeline of cosmological theories
Timeline_of_cosmological_theories
Models of the universe which deviate from then-current scientific consensus
late 1970s when there were a number of unsolved problems, such as the horizon problem, the flatness problem, and the lack of magnetic monopoles, which challenged
Non-standard_cosmology
In algebra, the local criterion for flatness gives conditions one can check to show flatness of a module. Given a commutative ring A, an ideal I and an
Local_criterion_for_flatness
Assignment of numbers to points in space
(1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Phys. Rev. D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G. doi:10
Scalar_field
Book by Fred Adams
transparent for the first time. The authors discuss the horizon and flatness problems. The Stelliferous Era, is defined as, "6 < n < 14". This is the current
The_Five_Ages_of_the_Universe
Foot arch deformity
where the sole of the foot is rigidly flat even when a person is not standing, often indicates a significant problem in the bones of the affected feet and
Flat_feet
Theorem in differential geometry
called conformal flatness, although some authors refer to it instead as local conformal flatness; for those authors, conformal flatness refers to a more
Weyl–Schouten_theorem
Nonpertubative field theoretic approach to quantum gravity
early Universe, possibly leading to a resolution to the horizon and flatness problem of standard cosmology. Furthermore, asymptotic safety provides the
Physics applications of asymptotically safe gravity
Physics_applications_of_asymptotically_safe_gravity
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
Unsolved problem in physics What is dark matter? How was it generated? More unsolved problems in physics In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is an
Dark_matter
Cosmological models involving indefinite, self-sustaining cycles
and serves the crucial role of solving the monopole, horizon, and flatness problems. Moreover, the cycles can continue indefinitely into the past and
Cyclic_model
Hypothetical inflationary universe model
(1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Phys. Rev. D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G. doi:10
Eternal_inflation
Drink of espresso coffee with steamed milk
1985 saying "flat white only" during a seasonal problem with milk cows that prevented the milk frothing. However, the origins of the flat white are contentious
Flat_white
Construct all metric spaces where lines resemble those on a sphere
In mathematics, Hilbert's fourth problem in the 1900 list of Hilbert's problems is a foundational question in geometry. In one statement derived from the
Hilbert's_fourth_problem
Flash freezing Flash point Flat-field correction Flat lens Flat weighting Flatness (cosmology) Flatness (liquids) Flatness problem Flattening Flavor-changing
Index_of_physics_articles_(F)
Surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress
density so the oil has neutral buoyancy. Flatness refers to the shape of a liquid's free surface. On Earth, the flatness of a liquid is a function of the curvature
Free_surface
Piston engine with two cylinders in opposing directions
with integral kick-starter, which posed a design problem for motorcycles with transversely-mounted flat-twin engines. This gearbox could be relatively easily
Flat-twin_engine
Anti-scientific belief
, basketball players Kyrie Irving and Wilson Chandler) advocating for flatness. In the Information Age, the availability of communications technology
Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs
combustion, Emmons problem describes the flame structure which develops inside the boundary layer, created by a flowing oxidizer stream on flat fuel (solid or
Emmons_problem
Former apartment buildings in Dublin, Ireland
The Ballymun Flats referred to a number of flats—including the seven Ballymun High-tower blocks—in Ballymun, Dublin, Ireland. Built rapidly in the 1960s
Ballymun_Flats
Book by Brian Greene
Guth's inflationary cosmology, which also answers the horizon and flatness problems Greene discusses the cosmological constant, introduced to general
The_Fabric_of_the_Cosmos
Optimal control technique
combines the concept of differential flatness with pseudospectral optimal control to generate outputs in the so-called flat space. Because the differentiation
Flat_pseudospectral_method
Flat surface used as a reference plane
to flatness, rubbing marking blue between pairs of plates to highlight imperfections, and of working plates in sets of three to guarantee flatness by
Surface_plate
Philosophical study of being
for instance, that the entities in the collection touch one another. The problem of material constitution asks whether or in what sense a whole should be
Ontology
Problems in reconstructing a historical and philosophical image of Socrates
In historical scholarship, the Socratic problem (also called Socratic question) concerns attempts at reconstructing a historical and philosophical image
Socratic_problem
Mechanism in physical cosmology
(1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Phys. Rev. D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G. doi:10
Kibble–Zurek_mechanism
Fission Fragment Nuclear Reactor Flame plasma Flare spray Flashtube Flatness problem Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry Fluid dynamics Fluorescent lamp
List of plasma physics articles
List_of_plasma_physics_articles
Type of tax
eliminate deductions is fundamental to the flat tax design; deductions dramatically affect the effective "flatness" in the tax rate. Perhaps the single biggest
Flat_tax
Dynamical realization of cosmic inflation
graceful exit problem of inflation. Guth, Alan H. (15 January 1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Physical
Warm_inflation
Statement of infinite regress
expression of the problem of infinite regress. The saying alludes to the mythological idea of a World Turtle that supports a flat Earth on its back.
Turtles_all_the_way_down
Hypothetical field that may have driven cosmic inflation
1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Physical Review D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G
Inflaton
Electronic display technology
continued problems and the system was never released commercially. Dennis Gabor, better known as the inventor of holography, patented a flat-screen CRT
Flat-panel_display
Greek philosopher (c. 470–399 BC)
of his philosophy nearly impossible, a situation known as the Socratic problem. Socrates was a polarizing figure in Athenian society. In 399 BC, he was
Socrates
3rd episode of the 4th series of Sherlock
"The Final Problem" is the third episode of the fourth series of the British television series Sherlock, and the thirteenth episode overall. The episode
The_Final_Problem_(Sherlock)
Convex shape with one stable and one unstable position of equilibrium
World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China. If analyzed quantitatively in terms of flatness and thickness, the discovered mono-monostatic bodies are the most sphere-like
Gömböc
Mathematical puzzle
puzzle came into my mind and I sketched it for him. Here it is. [...] The problem is to draw straight lines to connect these eggs in the smallest possible
Nine_dots_puzzle
Establishment that illegally sells alcoholic beverages, or retro-style bars
A speakeasy, also called a beer flat, blind pig, or blind tiger, was an illicit establishment that sold alcoholic beverages. The term may also refer to
Speakeasy
Allegro Performed on a lautenwerck (lute-harpsichord) by Martha Goldstein Problems playing these files? See media help. The Prelude is similar to many in
Prelude, Fugue and Allegro in E-flat major, BWV 998
Prelude,_Fugue_and_Allegro_in_E-flat_major,_BWV_998
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
If species were fixed and distinct from one another, there would be no problem, but evolutionary processes cause species to change. This obliges taxonomists
Species
Mathematical problem in operations research
In operations research, the cutting-stock problem is the problem of cutting standard-sized pieces of stock material, such as paper rolls or sheet metal
Cutting_stock_problem
Calculating loan repayments based only on the amount initially loaned
educated people sometimes have trouble understanding this system. The problem is that the flat rate gives an impression of a lower rate than it actually is."
Flat_rate_(finance)
Any shape with straight sides can be cut from a single sheet of folded paper with one cut
need not be connected). The corresponding problem that the theorem solves is known as the fold-and-cut problem, which asks what shapes can be obtained by
Fold-and-cut_theorem
Branch of physics that studies mathematical models of the universe
have not been found. These problems are resolved by a brief period of cosmic inflation, which drives the universe to flatness, smooths out anisotropies
Physical_cosmology
Self-contained housing unit occupying part of a building
households. Also, even the same type of flat in the same complex is not all of the same price. Due to problems such as the right to sunlight and prospects
Apartment
a flat plate is a classical fluid dynamics problem. There is no exact solution to it. When a fluid flow at the speed of sound over a thin sharp flat plate
Supersonic flow over a flat plate
Supersonic_flow_over_a_flat_plate
1834 solo piano work by Frédéric Chopin
Grande valse brillante, Op. 18 Performed by Olga Gurevich Problems playing this file? See media help. The Grande valse brillante in E♭ major, Op. 18, was
Grande valse brillante in E-flat major (Chopin)
Grande_valse_brillante_in_E-flat_major_(Chopin)
1, could imitate any conceivable process of mathematical reasoning or problem solving. The key insight was the Turing machine—a simple theoretical construct
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Type of roof
progressed to creating a sunken area, it may be too late. One problem with maintaining flat roofs is that if water does penetrate the barrier covering,
Flat_roof
Electric pickup truck
criticized for its production quality issues, unusual appearance, and safety problems, and its sales have been described as disappointing. Tesla CEO Elon Musk's
Tesla_Cybertruck
Coastal wetlands where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers
Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats or, in Ireland, slob or slobs, are coastal wetlands that form in intertidal areas where sediments have
Mudflat
American promoter of the flat Earth conspiracy theory
is one of the leading proponents of, and recruiters for, the discredited flat Earth conspiracy theory in the United States. According to critics, his YouTube
Mark Sargent (flat Earth proponent)
Mark_Sargent_(flat_Earth_proponent)
Mathematical optimization problem restricted to integers
An integer programming, also known as integer optimization, problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the
Integer_programming
Type of window covering
areas where moisture or direct contact with water is likely to cause a problem, such as bathrooms and kitchens. These blinds are often available with
Window_blind
On volume enclosed by two rectangles
geometry, the paper bag problem or teabag problem is to calculate the maximum possible inflated volume of an initially flat sealed rectangular bag which
Paper_bag_problem
American aviation pioneers, inventors of the airplane
developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving "the flying problem". This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the
Wright_brothers
Mathematical problem
Newton's minimal resistance problem is a problem of finding a solid of revolution which experiences a minimum resistance when it moves through a homogeneous
Newton's minimal resistance problem
Newton's_minimal_resistance_problem
Polynomial equation whose integer solutions are sought
was an achievement of the twentieth century. However, Hilbert's tenth problem shows that there cannot exist a general algorithm that can decide whether
Diophantine_equation
Genetic disorder caused by a mutation of chromosome 15
limited to no functional speech, balance and movement problems, seizures, hyperactivity, and sleep problems. Physical symptoms include a small head and a specific
Angelman_syndrome
Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth
geometrical geodesy, there are two main problems: First geodetic problem (also known as direct or forward geodetic problem): given the coordinates of a point
Geodesy
Horizontally opposed 6-cylinder piston engine
valve-gear). 1967 Porsche 911R 2006 Porsche Cayman S Problems playing these files? See media help. The flat-six engine is often associated with the Porsche
Flat-six_engine
Association football tournament
2025-05-21. Retrieved 2025-06-29. "The Concacaf Gold Cup's Big-Picture Prestige Problem—and a Potential Solution". Archived from the original on 2013-08-19. Retrieved
CONCACAF_Gold_Cup
Relation between sides of a right triangle
includes a problem involving two squares whose areas sum to a third square, whose solution is the Pythagorean triple 6:8:10, but the problem does not mention
Pythagorean_theorem
2013 biographical sports film directed by Ron Howard
better. After facing stiff competition under grueling conditions, tyre problems, and a hand injury due to his gear shifter breaking, Hunt finishes third
Rush_(2013_film)
Quantity of a three-dimensional space
Mesopotamia as mathematical problems, approximating volume of simple shapes such as cuboids, cylinders, frustum and cones. These math problems have been written
Volume
Metal forming process
between shape and flatness, these terms can be used in an interchangeable manner. In the case of metal strips and sheets, the flatness reflects the differential
Rolling_(metalworking)
Concept in cosmology
problem in physics Why is the vacuum energy density much smaller than a zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory? More unsolved problems in
Cosmological_constant_problem
Fictional animated SpongeBob SquarePants character
and Karen, is the true evil character in the series. He also notes his problem with Mr. Krabs' character that "Krabs never seems to learn from the suffering
Mr._Krabs
Fault in railroad wheel shape
Maintenance". ECHOcommunity. Retrieved 2023-08-28. "What flat spots can mean and why they are a problem". autocra. 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2023-08-28. "Glossary"
Flat_spot
Minimalist design style for user interface and objects
2022. "Why the Flat Design Trend is Hurting Usability". Vandelay Design. April 7, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2017. "The Problem With Flat Design, According
Flat_design
Compact astronomical body
Hubble Space Telescope. Unsolved problem in physics Is physical information lost in black holes? More unsolved problems in physics According to the no-hair
Black_hole
Fluid dynamics problem
In fluid dynamics, Rayleigh problem also known as Stokes first problem is a problem of determining the flow created by a sudden movement of an infinitely
Rayleigh_problem
Collection of possible string theory vacua
vacua, the problem of finding one with a sufficiently small cosmological constant is NP complete. This is a version of the subset sum problem. A possible
String_theory_landscape
Paradox in probability theory
theory, which are also known as the two children problem, Mr. Smith's children and the Mrs. Smith problem. The initial formulation of the question dates
Boy_or_girl_paradox
French breed of dog
States. The breed is susceptible to various health problems due to being bred for its distinctive flat face and skin wrinkles. From the beginning of the
French_Bulldog
Built-up or elevated part of footwear that supports the heel of the wearer
"gentleman's corner". This piece of design is intended to alleviate the problem of the points catching the bottom of trousers and was first observed in
Shoe_heel
Polynomial with +1 or –1 coefficients
polynomial is a polynomial all of whose coefficients are +1 or −1. Littlewood's problem asks for bounds on the values of such a polynomial on the unit circle in
Littlewood_polynomial
Self-starting process that is supposed to proceed without external input
not rely other flat reference surfaces or other precision instruments, and thus solves the problem of how to create a better precise flat surface. Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping
First crewed Moon landing (1969)
and safely return to Earth without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise on the way to the Moon; with good visibility during the landing approach
Apollo_11
FLATNESS PROBLEM
FLATNESS PROBLEM
Girl/Female
Biblical
Milk, fatness.
Biblical
Helbon, milk, fatness
Biblical
fatness; ashes
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Indian, Tamil
Flawless
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Fitness
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saumanasya | ஸௌமாஂநாஸà¯à®¯à®¾
Gladness
Saumanasya | ஸௌமாஂநாஸà¯à®¯à®¾
Female
Danish
, gladness.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Delicacy. Neatness.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Milk, fatness.
Girl/Female
German, Greek, Italian, Latin
Joy; Gladness
Girl/Female
British, English, Latin
Joy; Gladness
Boy/Male
Biblical Hebrew
Fatness, ashes.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Flawless
Boy/Male
Indian
Gladness
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of or patronymic from Flather, a metonymic occupational name for a maker of flathes or flawns, a type of pancake or custard, Middle English flather, flathir.
Girl/Female
Indian
Fitness
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Gladness; Joy
Girl/Female
Hindu
Gladness
Girl/Female
Arabic
Delicacy; Neatness
Boy/Male
Muslim
Gladness
FLATNESS PROBLEM
FLATNESS PROBLEM
Girl/Female
Indian
Shinning
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Worthy of Thought
Girl/Female
Irish
St. Colmcille founded his monastery on Iona, the island between Ireland and Scotland in 563 AD and thus the name is associated with “blessed.â€
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Star of the Faith
Girl/Female
Hindu
The beautiful and intelligent
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Brave and Contented
Girl/Female
Indian
Goddess Durga
Boy/Male
Tamil
God of mountain, Himalaya
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Beautiful and Articulate
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the Creator (Allah)
FLATNESS PROBLEM
FLATNESS PROBLEM
FLATNESS PROBLEM
FLATNESS PROBLEM
FLATNESS PROBLEM
n.
The quality or state of being salt, or state of being salt, or impregnated with salt; salt taste; as, the saltness of sea water.
n.
Want of vivacity or spirit; prostration; dejection; depression.
n.
The state, condition, or quality, of being late; as, the lateness of his arrival; the lateness of the hour; the lateness of the season.
n.
The quality or state of being flat.
n.
Joy; gladness; delight.
n.
Hence; Richness; fertility; fruitfulness.
a.
Somewhat fat; inclined to fatness.
n.
Want of variety or flavor; dullness; insipidity.
n.
Eveness of surface; want of relief or prominence; the state of being plane or level.
n.
Flatness.
n.
Skill; adroitness.
n.
Depression of tone; the state of being below the true pitch; -- opposed to sharpness or acuteness.
n.
Excessive fatness; fleshiness; obesity.
n.
That which makes fat or fertile.
n.
Fatness; a growing fat; obesity.
n.
Fitness or appropriateness; striking suitableness; convenience.
n.
Swiftness; rapidity; velocity; celerity; speed; as, the fleetness of a horse or of time.
n.
Fitness.
n.
The quality or state of being fat, plump, or full-fed; corpulency; fullness of flesh.
n.
The state or quality of being fit; as, the fitness of measures or laws; a person's fitness for office.