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Agents that emit light after excitation by light
A fluorophore (or fluorochrome, similarly to a chromophore) is a fluorescent chemical compound that can re-emit light upon light excitation. Fluorophores
Fluorophore
Hydrolysis probe
consist of a fluorophore covalently attached to the 5’-end of the oligonucleotide probe and a quencher at the 3’-end. Several different fluorophores (e.g.
TaqMan
Self-contained, short-term light source
when the second fluorophore would degrade in solution or be attacked by the chemicals. The emission spectrum of the first fluorophore and the absorption
Glow_stick
Loss of colour by a pigment when illuminated
(sometimes termed fading) is the photochemical alteration of a dye or a fluorophore molecule such that it is permanently unable to fluoresce. This is caused
Photobleaching
Technique used for light microscopy
conjugating the antibody to a fluorophore, the position of the target biomolecule is visualized by exciting the fluorophore and measuring the emission of
Immunofluorescence
Fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis or FACE is a biochemical technology suited for detecting complex mixtures of high molecular weight N-glycans
Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis
Fluorophore-assisted_carbohydrate_electrophoresis
Series of techniques in optical microscopy
super-resolution: the most commonly used emitters in biological microscopy, fluorophores, show a nonlinear response to excitation, which can be exploited to enhance
Super-resolution_microscopy
Emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light
latter is often referred to as biofluorescence, indicating that the fluorophore is part of or derived from a living organism (rather than an inorganic
Fluorescence
Protein which acts as a fluorophore
Red fluorescent protein (RFP) is a protein which acts as a fluorophore, fluorescing red-orange when excited. The original variant occurs naturally in
Red_fluorescent_protein
Fluorescence microscopy imaging method
of dyes are used for PALM, STORM and related techniques, both organic fluorophores and fluorescent proteins. Some are compatible with live cell imaging
Photoactivated localization microscopy
Photoactivated_localization_microscopy
Molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped molecules with an internally quenched fluorophore whose fluorescence is restored when they bind to a target nucleic acid
Molecular_beacon
Concept in physics
fluorescence polarization is the phenomenon where the light emitted by a fluorophore has unequal intensities along different axes of polarization. Early pioneers
Fluorescence_anisotropy
Photochemical energy transfer mechanism
distance. Measurements of FRET efficiency can be used to determine if two fluorophores are within a certain distance of each other. Such measurements are used
Förster resonance energy transfer
Förster_resonance_energy_transfer
Optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence
light of a specific wavelength (or wavelengths) which is absorbed by the fluorophores, causing them to emit light of longer wavelengths (i.e., of a different
Fluorescence_microscope
Analytical technique to study proteins
individual members). The tag may be either a direct reporter, such as a fluorophore, or an affinity label such as biotin, or it may consist of a latent handle
Activity-based_proteomics
Chemical compounds that absorb and re-emit light
reflected by the material, with the blue and violet optical emission of the fluorophore. The most common classes of compounds with this property are the stilbenes
Optical_brightener
Topics referred to by the same term
multinational engineering and construction firm. Fluorite, a class of minerals Fluorophore, a fluorescent chemical compound Flour (disambiguation) Fleur (disambiguation)
Fluor
Scientific investigative technique
acids, lipids or small molecules can be "labelled" with an extrinsic fluorophore, a fluorescent dye which can be a small molecule, protein or quantum
Fluorescence in the life sciences
Fluorescence_in_the_life_sciences
Principle and applications of MINFLUX microscopy
exactly on the fluorophore, the system records no emission. Thus, the system requires few emitted photons to determine the fluorophore's location with
Minflux
Neuroimaging technique to differentiate neurons
exposed to a photon with its particular excitation wavelength, each fluorophore emits a signal that is collected into a red, green, or blue channel,
Brainbow
Chemical compound
5-Difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone or DFHBI is an imidazolinone fluorophore used in various biochemical studies. The benzene ring of DFHBI can freely
3,5-Difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene imidazolinone
3,5-Difluoro-4-hydroxybenzylidene_imidazolinone
Chemical compound
linked with another fluorophore. A tandem conjugate of Texas Red with R-phycoerythrin (PE-Texas Red) is often used. Fluorophores, like Texas Red, are
Texas_Red
ensure that all accessible fluorophores are bleached since unbleached fluorophores are exchanged for bleached fluorophores, causing movement through the
Fluorescence loss in photobleaching
Fluorescence_loss_in_photobleaching
Type of energy transfer
radius (R0): the distance between the fluorophores at which FRET efficiency is 50%. For many FRET fluorophore pairs, R0 lies between 20 and 90 Å, depending
Time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer
Time-resolved_fluorescence_energy_transfer
sequence after an RNA sequence of interest is readily available. GFP’s fluorophore is made up of three cyclized amino acids within the beta-barrel structure:
Spinach_aptamer
Type of electromagnetic spectroscopy
from the emitted light are measured from either single fluorophores, or pairs of fluorophores. Devices that measure fluorescence are called fluorometers
Fluorescence_spectroscopy
Imaging technique based on fluorescence
differences in the exponential decay rate of the photon emission of a fluorophore from a sample. It can be used as an imaging technique in confocal microscopy
Fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy
Fluorescence-lifetime_imaging_microscopy
Difference between absorption and emission peak maxima
solvent reorganization. A fluorophore is a part of a molecule with a dipole moment that exhibits fluorescence. When a fluorophore enters an excited state
Stokes_shift
Excited state dynamic
or fluorophores, in order to image biological systems. Since fluorescence and phosphorescence are competitive methods of relaxation, a fluorophore that
Intersystem_crossing
Immunoglobulin-binding protein expressed in group C and G Streptococcal bacteria
forms of protein G. This recombinant protein G, either labeled with a fluorophore or a single-stranded DNA strand, was used as a replacement for secondary
Protein_G
Predatory cartilaginous fishes
blue light, such as the swell shark and the chain catshark, where the fluorophore derives from a metabolite of kynurenic acid. Sharks have keen olfactory
Shark
Tagging technique in molecular biology
the alpha phosphate position, often using phosphorus-32. Similarly, a fluorophore can be attached instead for fluorescent labelling, or an antigen for
Nick_translation
Technology used to validate protein interactions
will bring the fluorophores into close spatial proximity. If the fluorophores are oriented in a manner that exposes the fluorophores to one another,
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation
Bimolecular_fluorescence_complementation
Type of cell within the eye
through a fluorescence microscope at 50× magnification. The optic nerve was injected with a fluorophore, causing retinal ganglion cells to fluoresce.
Retinal_ganglion_cell
Probe which tests for biological molecules
solvatochromic fluorophore, whose emission properties are sensitive to the nature of its local environment, in a single macromolecule. The fluorophore transduces
Biosensor
Collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface
Probe-target hybridization is usually detected and quantified by detection of fluorophore-, silver-, or chemiluminescence-labeled targets to determine relative
DNA_microarray
Fluorophore life sciences reagent
solubility while minimizing non-specific binding. Varieties include 42 fluorophores spanning excitation wavelengths from 347 nm (ultraviolet) to 876 nm (near-infrared)
CF_dye
Medical condition
a fluorophore (a molecule with the ability to emit fluorescent light in the visible light spectrum) using ultraviolet light. After the fluorophore becomes
Chromatin_bridge
Type of non-invasive imaging technique
radiation. Molecules that re-emit light upon absorption of light are called fluorophores. Fluorescence imaging photographs fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins
Fluorescence_imaging
Medical diagnostic method
with receptors that match that peptide. Tetramers are labeled with a fluorophore, allowing tetramer-bound T cells to be analyzed with flow cytometry.
Tetramer_assay
Laboratory technique of molecular biology
marked with a fluorophore is added to this mixture in a thermal cycler that contains sensors for measuring the fluorescence of the fluorophore after it has
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction
Biochemical identification method
uses a reactive derivative of a fluorescent molecule known as a fluorophore. The fluorophore selectively binds to a specific region or functional group on
Fluorescent_tag
Water purified to uncommonly stringent specifications
light source, a fluorophore and an optical detector. The fluorophore is immersed in the sample. Light is directed at the fluorophore which absorbs energy
Ultrapure_water
Technique in fluorescence microscopy
It creates super-resolution images by the selective deactivation of fluorophores, minimizing the area of illumination at the focal point, and thus enhancing
STED_microscopy
DNA gel stain for molecular genetics
subunits that are bridged by a linear oxygenated spacer. GelRed is a fluorophore, and its optical properties are essentially identical to those of ethidium
GelRed
Class of invitro biochemical test
fluorescence polarization. Fluorescence polarization immunoassays employ a fluorophore bound antigen that when bound to the antibody of interest, will increase
Fluorescence polarization immunoassay
Fluorescence_polarization_immunoassay
Fluorescence imaging technique
the image. Due to the non-linearity of two-photon excitation, mainly fluorophores in the micrometer-sized focus of the laser beam are excited, which results
Two-photon excitation microscopy
Two-photon_excitation_microscopy
Tetrafluorophenyl (TFP) ester chemistry is typically used to attach fluorophores or haptens to the primary amines of biomolecules. They produce the same
Tetrafluorophenyl_esters
Chemical compound
Blue, or systematically 3-carboxy-6,8-difluoro-7-hydroxycoumarin, is a fluorophore used in cell biology. Its excitation maximum lies at 401 nm, while its
Pacific_Blue_(dye)
Form of electromagnetic radiation
groups of NOM based on the difference in light emission and excitation of fluorophores. NOMs with certain molecular structures are reported to have fluorescent
Ultraviolet
Scientific study of matter's behavior and properties
form 1,2-dioxetanedione, which decomposes and transfers energy to a fluorophore that emits light as part of a chemiluminescence reaction sequence. These
Chemistry
Laboratory technique
absorption wavelength needs to be determined in order to excite the fluorophore tag attached to the antibody, and detect the fluorescence given off,
Direct_fluorescent_antibody
Class of chemical compounds
from pentafluorophenol (HOC6F5). PFP esters are useful for attaching fluorophores such as fluorescein or haptens to primary amines in biomolecules. They
Pentafluorophenyl_esters
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
combination of antibodies coupled to a fluorophore as in immunostaining. Examples of commonly used fluorophores are fluorescein or rhodamine. The antibodies
Microscopy
Family of proteins that form microfilaments
architecture. These filaments can be observed under the microscope thanks to fluorophore-conjugated phalloidin staining. In somatic cell nuclei, however, actin
Actin
Substance which absorbs energy from fluorescent substances and emits heat
a dark sucker) is a substance that absorbs excitation energy from a fluorophore and dissipates the energy as heat; while a typical (fluorescent) quencher
Dark_quencher
Synthetic organic compound used as dye and fluorescent tracer
of protonated phthalic anhydride on the resorcinol. Fluorescein is a fluorophore commonly used in microscopy, in a type of dye laser as the gain medium
Fluorescein
DNA sequencing method
method of DNA sequencing. The core principle is the imaging of individual fluorophore molecules, each corresponding to one base. By working on single molecule
Single molecule fluorescent sequencing
Single_molecule_fluorescent_sequencing
Elements with atomic numbers 57-70
negative results. This method involves two fluorophores: a donor and an acceptor. Excitation of the donor fluorophore (in this case, the lanthanide ion complex)
Lanthanide
Imaging molecules within living patients
cancers. An NIR fluorophore has been conjugated to epidermal growth factor (EGF) for imaging of tumor progression. An NIR fluorophore was compared to
Molecular_imaging
Utilizing polymers to examine small biological samples
requires that the fluorophores used can attach to the polymer in the next step. By binding to certain biological molecules, the fluorophore/dye molecules
Expansion_microscopy
Molecule with ability to reversibly switch states
of switches which in their oxidized form quenches the fluorescence of fluorophore while in reduced state does not, or vice versa. Some other examples include
Molecular_switch
Set of reactions to attach substituents to an aromatic ring
anhydride with resorcinol in the presence of zinc chloride gives the fluorophore fluorescein. Replacing resorcinol by N,N-diethylaminophenol in this reaction
Friedel–Crafts_reaction
Conversion of a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products
the protein of interest. The antibody can either be conjugated to a fluorophore or to horseradish peroxidase for imaging and/or quantification. The gel-based
Gene_expression
(possibly unrelated) fluorophores in the same pixel, and correlation, a much more significant statistical relationship between the fluorophores indicative of
Colocalization
Method to evaluate biological samples
and reference source, independent labelling of each DNA sample with fluorophores (fluorescent molecules) of different colours (usually red and green)
Comparative genomic hybridization
Comparative_genomic_hybridization
Chemical compound
hexachlorofluorescein (HEX). The role of quenchers is to absorb energy from a fluorophore and to re-emit the energy in the form of either heat (dark quenchers)
Black_Hole_Quencher_1
components, a receptor that recognizes the target molecule, and a reporter/fluorophore that emits light upon excitation. The goal of covalently bound probes
Molecular_probe
Chemical compound
solvatochromic fluorescence and its use as an environment-sensitive fluorophore. ICAN and several N-alkylated analogues have also been explored as antifungal
1-Isocyano-5-aminonaphthalene
Antibody fragment
super-resolution imaging techniques requires the specific delivery of fluorophores into close proximity with a target protein. Due to their large size the
Single-domain_antibody
Medical diagnostic method
antibodies will bind to the bacteria. FITC (a fluorophore)-labeled anti-treponeme antibody and TRITC (another fluorophore)-labeled anti-human antibodies are added
Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test
Fluorescent_treponemal_antibody_absorption_test
Calcium channel blocker medication
sorting for DNA content, as it blocks efflux of a variety of DNA-binding fluorophores such as Hoechst 33342. Radioactively labelled verapamil and positron
Verapamil
Atom(s) in a molecule which give it luminescent properties
either organic or inorganic. Luminophores can be further classified as fluorophores or phosphors, depending on the nature of the excited state responsible
Luminophore
DNA / RNA sequencing technique
sequences. Probes consist of a fluorophore and quencher at the start and end of each sequence, respectively. Each fluorophore will be extinguished by the
Nanopore_sequencing
Interaction of chemicals with immune responses of cells
microscope when it is bound by a secondary antibody that has a conjugated fluorophore. ICC allows researchers to evaluate whether or not cells in a particular
Immunocytochemistry
Organic dye
protein/fluorogen system. Malachite green is in a class of molecules called fluorophores. When malachite green's rotational freedom is restricted, it transforms
Malachite_green
Classifying cells of the immune system
needed] Immunophenotyping is a very common flow cytometry test in which fluorophore-conjugated antibodies are used as probes for staining target cells with
Immunophenotyping
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
as donor fluorophores in Förster resonance energy transfer, where the large extinction coefficient and spectral purity of these fluorophores make them
Quantum_dot
Class of dyes
nanomol can be detected in gel electrophoresis by naked eye) and its fluorophore emission maximum in the red region, where many CCD detectors have maximum
Cyanine
fluorescent probe. He also co-developed a super-photostable small-molecule fluorophore, Phoenix Fluor 555 (PF555), which enables long-term live-cell single-protein
Young-Tae_Chang
dynamic RNA nanotechnology, molecular programming, and synthetic biology. Fluorophore-labeled scRNAs have been engineered to transduce between detection of
Small_conditional_RNA
Imaging of focal planes within a thick sample
and multi-photon excitation techniques take advantage of the fact that fluorophores can be excited not just by a single photon of the correct energy but
Optical_sectioning
Chemical compound
C30H18. It displays strong fluorescence and is used as a chemiluminescent fluorophore with high quantum efficiency. It is used in lightsticks as a fluorophor
9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene
9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene
Analytical technique
Another method of secondary antibody detection utilizes a near-infrared fluorophore-linked antibody. The light produced from the excitation of a fluorescent
Western_blot
Compound analogous to naturally occurring RNA and DNA
as fluorophores by Taq polymerases, the sequence is typically copied using a nucleotide with an arm and later coupled with a reactive fluorophore (indirect
Nucleic_acid_analogue
Protein that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light
while in the reaction of 7b to 9 a proton is abstracted. The formed HBI fluorophore is highlighted in green. The reactions are catalyzed by residues Glu222
Green_fluorescent_protein
Scientific instrument for observing small objects
such as green fluorescent protein. These techniques use these different fluorophores for analysis of cell structure at a molecular level in both live and
Microscope
photoactivation as well as long imaging times. Nevertheless, it still requires fluorophores that are cycling through two distinguishable states, either real on-/off-states
Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging
Super-resolution_optical_fluctuation_imaging
Biochemist (b. 1978)
Transfer of Activated Groups (mTAG) and biocompatible and cell permeable fluorophore – silicon-rhodamine (SiR). Both inventions were commercialized. He is
Gražvydas_Lukinavičius
Fringe hypothesis
been directly observed, it may be possible to do so using quantum dot fluorophores tagged to ferritin or other methods for detecting electron tunneling
Quantum_mind
Natural emission of light by biological structures
fluorescence originating from artificially added fluorescent markers (fluorophores). The most commonly observed autofluorescencing molecules are NADPH and
Autofluorescence
Laboratory technique to multiply a DNA sample for study
Quantitative PCR methods use fluorescent dyes, such as Sybr Green, EvaGreen or fluorophore-containing DNA probes, such as TaqMan, to measure the amount of amplified
Polymerase_chain_reaction
between the observed fluorescence intensity and the distance of the fluorophore from a reflective silicon surface. The observed fluorescence intensity
Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy
Fluorescence_interference_contrast_microscopy
American chemist
By combining the short-wave infrared (flavylium heterocycle-based) fluorophore with lasers and an appropriate camera, Sletten showed it was possible
Ellen_Sletten
Family of fluorescent dyes
com. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ThermoFisher Staff (26 February 2020). "Fluorophore Selection". Thermofisher.com. Retrieved 1 March 2020. LifeTechnologies
Alexa_Fluor
DNA sequencing method
the DNA strand. Only one base is able to be added per round due to the fluorophore acting as a blocking group; however, the blocking group is reversible
Illumina_dye_sequencing
Method of DNA sequencing developed in 1977
means of a fluorophore covalently attached to the oligonucleotide primer used in enzymatic DNA sequence analysis. A different coloured fluorophore is used
Sanger_sequencing
Microscope observing a thin depth of a cell
have been studied with conventional fluorescence microscopes. However, fluorophores that are bound to the specimen surface and those in the surrounding medium
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope
Total_internal_reflection_fluorescence_microscope
Laboratory technique
utilizing discrete isotopes as a reporter system instead of traditional fluorophores which have broad emission spectra. Tagging technology and instrument
Mass_cytometry
Topics referred to by the same term
fluid motion Fluorescent tracer, a substance such as 2-NBDG containing a fluorophore that is used for tracking purposes Histochemical tracer, a substance
Tracer
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