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Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge
The Gettier problem, in the field of epistemology, is a landmark philosophical problem concerning the understanding of descriptive knowledge. Attributed
Gettier_problem
American philosopher (1927–2021)
what became known as the Gettier problem. Edmund Lee Gettier III was born on October 31, 1927, in Baltimore, Maryland. Gettier obtained his B.A. from Johns
Edmund_Gettier
to a series of counterexamples given by Edmund Gettier. This is commonly known as the Gettier problem and includes cases in which a justified belief is
Definitions_of_knowledge
Awareness of facts, or competency
Ichikawa & Steup 2018, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 10.2 Fake Barn Cases Ichikawa & Steup 2018, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 4. No False Lemmas, § 5. Modal
Knowledge
Awareness of facts
Knowledge Cameron 2018 Hetherington 2022, 3. Gettier’s Original Challenge. Ichikawa & Steup 2018, 3. The Gettier Problem. Borges, Almeida & Klein 2017, p. 180
Declarative_knowledge
materialist solution to the Gettier problem, emphasizing the social nature of knowledge over individual belief states. The problem of the criterion challenges
List of philosophical problems
List_of_philosophical_problems
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
The problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations
Problem_of_induction
Philosophical study of knowledge
Questioning the Gettier Problem, § 6. Standards for Knowing Kraft 2012, pp. 49–50 Ichikawa & Steup 2018, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 7. Is Knowledge
Epistemology
Ancient Greek philosopher
Adapting examples from Plato's Theaetetus, Edmund Gettier famously demonstrated the Gettier problem for the "justified true belief account" of knowledge
Plato
Socratic dialogue by Plato concerning the nature of knowledge
increased attention in modern times as a result of its influence on Edmund Gettier, who challenged the existing definitions of knowledge as a "justified true
Theaetetus_(dialogue)
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
The is–ought problem is the question of whether moral statements about what ought to be can be inferred from objective statements about what is. It was
Is–ought_problem
Concept in epistemology
unquestioningly accepted this view of knowledge stuck until the proposal of the Gettier problem. The subject of justification has played a major role in the value
Justification_(epistemology)
Overview of and topical guide to epistemology
acquaintance A priori and a posteriori Analytic–synthetic distinction Gettier problem Justification Regress argument Münchhausen trilemma Theories of justification
Outline_of_epistemology
Study of general and fundamental questions
Knowledge Ichikawa & Steup 2018, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 11. Knowledge First Truncellito, § 2d. The Gettier Problem Steup & Neta 2020, 5. Sources of Knowledge
Philosophy
Subjective attitude that something is true
knowledge suffered a significant setback with the popularisation of Gettier problems – situations in which the above conditions were seemingly met but where
Belief
Interpretation of sensory information
problem. The relevant stimulus cannot overcome the noise magnitude if it passes through the senses. Therefore, Intentionality is a difficult problem for
Perception
Epistemological problem
The problem of other minds is an epistemological problem, and is traditionally stated as the following question: "Given that I can only observe the behavior
Problem_of_other_minds
2000 philosophical book by Timothy Williamson
epistemology, generally referred to as knowledge-first epistemology. Gettier problem Knowledge Epistemology Timothy Williamson (2000). Knowledge and its
Knowledge_and_Its_Limits
Art of persuasion
justified true belief. However, the Gettier Problem explores the room for fallacy in this concept. Therefore, the Gettier Problem impedes the effectivity of the
Rhetoric
Conformity to reality
Logical Problem Niiniluoto 1987, pp. [xi–x, 1–2] Oddie & Cevolani 2022, Lead section, § 1. The Logical Problem, § 3. The Axiological Problem James 2005
Truth
Theory that beliefs are justified when from reliable processes
proposition, one must be justified in believing "p" and "p" must be true. Since Gettier proposed his counterexamples the traditional analysis has included the
Reliabilism
Datum or structured component of reality
as that in 2002 by epistemologist Angelika Kratzer being applied to Gettier problems (first discovered in the mid-20th century), according to Paul Boghossian
Fact
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
particular substance (i.e., matter and form), Aristotle tries to solve the problem of the unity of the beings, for example, "what is it that makes a man one"
Aristotle
Italian Dominican friar and philosopher (1225–1274)
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Thomas_Aquinas
French polymath (1596–1650)
marketplace, detailing a mathematical problem to be solved. Descartes asked Beeckman to translate the problem from Dutch to French. In their following
René_Descartes
English philosopher and physician (1632–1704)
civil society or the law of land regulating property. Locke was aware of a problem posed by unlimited accumulation, but did not consider it his task. He just
John_Locke
Knowledge of how to perform a task
procedural knowledge one uses to solve problems differs from the declarative knowledge one possesses about problem solving because this knowledge is formed
Procedural_knowledge
Christian theologian and philosopher (354 – 430)
have a connection with intelligible entities. Augustine also posed the problem of other minds throughout different works, most famously perhaps in On
Augustine_of_Hippo
Semantic distinction in philosophy
Introduction to the Critique of Pure Reason involves arguing that there is no problem figuring out how knowledge of analytic propositions is possible. To know
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
German philosopher (1724–1804)
while contemplating a prize question by the Berlin Academy about the problem of Earth's rotation, he argued that the Moon's gravity would slow down
Immanuel_Kant
Injustice related to knowledge
impact the way in which they view and represent them. In her paper "The Problem of Speaking for Others", she explains that when one speaks on behalf of
Epistemic_injustice
German polymath (1646–1716)
Philosophicarum ex Jure collectarum (transl. An Essay of Collected Philosophical Problems of Right), arguing for both a theoretical and a pedagogical relationship
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
English philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
Unwin 1921. The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin 1922. The Problem of China. London: George Allen & Unwin 1922. Free Thought and Official
Bertrand_Russell
Subject of inquiry in philosophy and linguistics
address epistemological puzzles and issues, such as skepticism, the Gettier problem, and the Lottery paradox. Contextualist accounts of knowledge became
Contextualism
Philosophical system founded by Immanuel Kant
chain of action to them and correct knowledge of them. Kant was aware of problems with both of these positions. He had been influenced by the physics of
Transcendental_idealism
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
logic. Owing largely to Edmund Gettier's paper "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" (1963) and the so-called Gettier problem, epistemology has since enjoyed
Analytic_philosophy
Danish theologian and philosopher (1813–1855)
author throughout all of his writings and that his aim was to discuss "the problem 'of becoming a Christian', with a direct polemic against the monstrous
Søren_Kierkegaard
Hypothetical situation
strategy) Condillac's Statue (epistemology) Experience machine (ethics) Gettier problem (epistemology) Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (epistemology) Hilary Putnam's Twin
Thought_experiment
English philosopher (1873–1958)
attempt to define it (X is good if it has property Y) will simply shift the problem (Why is Y-ness good in the first place?). Moore's argument for the indefinability
G._E._Moore
Philosophical question of how to distinguish between science and non-science
In philosophy of science and epistemology, the demarcation problem is the question of how to distinguish between science and non-science. It also examines
Demarcation_problem
French philosopher (1925–1995)
such as writing required laborious effort. Overwhelmed by his respiratory problems, he died by suicide on 4 November 1995, throwing himself from the window
Gilles_Deleuze
Principle in epistemology
rejected the principle in order to demonstrate that one of Gettier's examples fails to support Gettier's main thesis that justified true belief is not knowledge
Epistemic_closure
American political philosopher (1938–2002)
forward an epistemological system which attempted to deal with both the Gettier problem and those posed by skepticism. This highly influential argument eschewed
Robert_Nozick
Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted
proposed falsifiability as the cornerstone solution to both the problem of induction and the problem of demarcation. Popper also emphasized the related asymmetry
Falsifiability
American philosopher (1938–2024)
the efforts in the 1960s to find a "fourth" condition in response to the Gettier challenge to the account of knowledge as "justified true belief." In his
Alvin_Goldman
American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)
The problem of non-referring names is an old puzzle in philosophy, which Quine captured when he wrote, A curious thing about the ontological problem is
Willard_Van_Orman_Quine
Debate in the philosophy of mind
fully explicit form in Berkeley (1713)." It is also referred to as the problem of conflicting appearances (e.g. Myles Burnyeat's article Conflicting Appearances)
Direct_and_indirect_realism
American philosopher
Knowledge and Justification (1978), an anthology of essays relating to the Gettier problem used as a core text in undergraduate epistemology courses. Pappas is
George_Pappas
How one process influences another
the house burning down. However, Mackie's INUS account succumbs to the problem of joint effects of a common cause: it incorrectly identifies one effect
Causality
Belief that the human mind is born with knowledge
environments? Linguistics scholar Noam Chomsky (born 1928) has taken this problem as a philosophical framework for the scientific inquiry into innatism.
Innatism
American Catholic philosopher (born 1946)
(JTB) unavoidably shall be reconducted to the unsolved case of the Gettier problem. This result is also true and valuable for any additional condition
Linda_Zagzebski
Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist (1711–1776)
another but experience only the "constant conjunction" of events. This problem of induction means that to draw any causal inferences from past experience
David_Hume
American philosopher (born 1955)
Truth (his most-cited work, published by MIT Press in 1992), "Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?" Mind (1984. Vol. 93, No. 372), and "On Paradoxes
Richard_Kirkham
Notion of reality based on consensus view
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Consensus_reality
Theory of knowledge
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Hierarchical_epistemology
Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)
SAME WAY? This is the fundamental problem of logic! The importance Wittgenstein placed upon this fundamental problem was so great that he believed if he
Ludwig_Wittgenstein
Elizabeth Egan Catherine Elgin Paul Feyerabend Richard Fumerton Edmund Gettier Ernst von Glasersfeld Alvin Goldman Nelson Goodman Paul Grice Susan Haack
List_of_epistemologists
British philosopher (1900–1976)
Ryle believed, instead, that "philosophical problems are problems of a certain sort; they are not problems of an ordinary sort about special entities."
Gilbert_Ryle
Philosophical principle
also represented within the regress argument, is closely related to the problem of the criterion and is a constituent of the Münchhausen trilemma. Illustrious
Fallibilism
Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
theories. In metaphysics, experience is involved in the mind–body problem and the hard problem of consciousness, both of which try to explain the relation between
Experience
Knowledge derived from familiarity
(e.g. "I know Sam", "I know the city of Bogotá", or "I know Russell's Problems of Philosophy"). According to Bertrand Russell's classic account of acquaintance
Knowledge_by_acquaintance
Empiricist philosophical theory
"unprecedented mastery over small-scale problems", but "unprecedented weakness in dealing with large-scale problems". Historicist arguments against positivist
Positivism
Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
explanation. Reductionism can be applied to any phenomenon, including objects, problems, explanations, theories, and meanings. For the sciences, application of
Reductionism
Distinction between what is and what ought to be
concerning the is–ought problem does not usually encompass aesthetics. In A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), David Hume discusses the problems in grounding normative
Fact–value_distinction
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Gender Gettier problem God Good Grounding Haecceity Half-truth Happiness Hard problem of consciousness Harmony Hate speech
List of philosophical concepts
List_of_philosophical_concepts
Branch in philosophy of science
pursue their goals. But paradigm debates are not really about relative problem-solving ability, though for good reasons they are usually couched in those
Constructivism (philosophy of science)
Constructivism_(philosophy_of_science)
Idea which departs from accepted scholarship in the field
the demarcation problem that occurs within both science and the humanities. Geologist Steven Dutch approached the demarcation problem by dividing scientific
Fringe_theory
Epistemological philosophy advanced by Karl Popper
critical analysis based on counterexamples such as those presented by Gettier. For example, Meinong, at the beginning of the 20th century, cites the
Critical_rationalism
Type of epistemology
part in need of it. This metaphor fulfills the purpose of explaining the problem of incoherence, which was first raised in mathematics. Coherentists typically
Coherentism
American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer (1859–1952)
"Overview of Problem-based Learning: Definitions and Distinctions". Journal of Problem-based Learning, 1(1). Dewey, J. 1927. The Public and its Problems. Henry
John_Dewey
Assumption that natural laws are constant through time and space
ISSN 2397-1835. Romaine, Suzanne (1988). "Historical Sociolinguistics: Problems and Methodology". In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus
Uniformitarianism
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
unclear what implications this has for the problem of free will given various possible reactions to the problem in the first place. Many biologists do not
Determinism
Idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are
International Journal of Philosophical Studies. 19 (3): 417–446. "The Problem of Perception". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "The Contents of Perception"
Naïve_realism
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
another important slant to the debate about scientific method—that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive
Empiricism
Basic distinction in philosophy
subjectivity and objectivity with a gray area in-between, or that the problem of other minds is best viewed through the concept of intersubjectivity
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
American philosopher (1941–2001)
and game theorists), then they will easily solve the problem. That they have solved the problem successfully will be seen by even more people, and thus
David_Lewis_(philosopher)
Metaphilosophical study of epistemology
try and reveal their meaning. However, particularly due to problems associated with Gettier cases, philosophers including Timothy Williamson and Hilary
Metaepistemology
English philosopher (1910–1989)
positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956). Ayer was educated at Eton College and the University
A._J._Ayer
Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
responses, transforming the theory in question in order to overcome the problems posed by skepticism. According to Richard H. Popkin, "the history of philosophy
Skepticism
Epistemological theory
circular reasoning or infinite regress, and thus exhibiting the regress problem, Aristotle made foundationalism his own clear choice, positing basic beliefs
Foundationalism
Philosophical approach
the problems with the "traditional" account of knowledge (as justified true belief) developed by Edmund Gettier in 1963. As a result of Gettier's counterexamples
Virtue_epistemology
Anticipation that a future event or consequence is likely
Forward-looking statement – Statement in financial report Gettier problem – Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge Observer-expectancy effect –
Expectation_(philosophy)
Theory of knowledge by Plato
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Platonic_epistemology
British philosopher of language (1913–1988)
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Paul_Grice
Certain type of mistaken proof
error Division by zero – Class of mathematical expression Gettier problem – Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge List of incomplete proofs
Mathematical_fallacy
American philosopher (1921–2009)
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
William_Alston
Study of ignorance
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Agnoiology
Philosophical view that knowledge may be justified by an infinite chain of reasons
that considers the possibility, nature, and means of knowledge. Since Gettier, "knowledge" is no longer widely accepted as meaning "justified true belief"
Infinitism
Philosophical position
justification, which will avoid the Gettier problem. Whatever the analysis, though, the standard view (both pre-Gettier and post-Gettier) pushes for narrower analyses
Epistemic_minimalism
Examination of the study of knowledge from a feminist standpoint
speaker on his spontaneous perception, essentially correcting for the problems that can result in transactions of testimonial injustice. In the case of
Feminist_epistemology
Epistemological view centered on reason
Leibniz, whose attempts to grapple with the epistemological and metaphysical problems raised by Descartes led to a development of the fundamental approach of
Rationalism
American professor of Philosophy at Stanford University
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Fred_Dretske
Anglo-Irish philosopher and bishop (1685–1753)
issues of paramount interest to philosophy in the 20th century, such as the problems of perception, the difference between primary and secondary qualities,
George_Berkeley
Scottish philosopher (1710–1796)
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Thomas_Reid
Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
properly confronting the "metaphysical" problem defined by Hume, which Kant wanted to be solved scientifically—the problem of how to use reason to consider how
Common_sense
1924–1936 group of philosophers and scientists
every word has a definite meaning, but the sequence has no meaning. The problem is that "prime number" is a predicate of numbers, not a predicate of human
Vienna_Circle
American philosopher (born 1943)
Levin's central research interests are in epistemology (reliabilism and Gettier problems) and the philosophy of race. Levin graduated from Stuyvesant High School
Michael_Levin_(philosopher)
Philosophical concept
virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism and externalism Justification Knowledge Meta Objectivity Privileged access Problem of induction Problem of other
Epistemic_privilege
Philosophical terms
argument for internalism is known as the 'new evil demon problem'. The new evil demon problem indirectly supports internalism by challenging externalist
Internalism_and_externalism
GETTIER PROBLEM
GETTIER PROBLEM
Girl/Female
German American
From the Old German name, meaning strong spear.
Girl/Female
Biblical
The vale of trial or searching.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a net-maker, from an agent derivative of Middle English net ‘net’.English : variant of Nettard, an occupational name for a cattle herd, from Middle English neat ‘cattle’ + hi(e)rde ‘herdsman’.German : variant of Nader.German : habitational name for someone from any of various places called Nette, for example in Lower Saxony and Westphalia.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : unexplained.
Male
Swedish
Norwegian and Swedish form of Greek Petros, PETTER means "rock, stone."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
Female
English
English pet form of Persian Esther, ETTIE means "star." Also used as a pet form of longer names ending with the diminutive suffixes -etta and -ette, meaning "little."Â
Girl/Female
Teutonic American
Clean.
Female
English
Pet form of English Elizabeth, BETTIE means "God is my oath."
Boy/Male
French, German, Swiss, Teutonic
Strong Ruler; Army of Power; People of Power; Form of Walter; Ruler of the Army
Boy/Male
Indian
Getter
Female
English
Pet form of German Gertrude, GERTIE means "spear strength."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Cotter 2.Americanized form of French Gauthier.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Getter
Female
English
Pet form of Middle English Lettice, LETTIE means "happiness."
Boy/Male
French Teutonic
Girl/Female
Latin American
Joyful.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupation name for a net-maker, from Old French retier.German : from a Germanic personal name composed with rÄd, rÄt ‘counsel’ + hari, heri ‘army’.
Surname or Lastname
Translation of French Lemieux.English
Translation of French Lemieux.English : nickname from Old English bētere ‘fighter’, ‘beater’. Reaney suggests it may also be a short form of the various occupational names ending with -better, for example Leadbetter.German (Bavarian) : metonymic occupational name for a maker of rosaries, from Bavarian better ‘rosary’ (from beten ‘to pray’).
Male
French
Old French name derived from Old High German Walther, GAUTIER means "ruler of the army."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a stone- or bricklayer, from Middle English setter ‘one who lays stones or bricks in building’ (agent derivative of setten ‘to set’).English : occupational name from Old French saietier ‘silk weaver’ (an agent derivative of sayete, a kind of silk).English : from an agent derivative of Middle English setten ‘to place (decoration, on a garment or metal surface)’, probably an occupational name for an embroiderer.German : unexplained.Norwegian : unexplained.
GETTIER PROBLEM
GETTIER PROBLEM
Boy/Male
Celtic
Slender.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Sweet
Boy/Male
Danish, German, Norwegian, Swedish
God of Thunder
Boy/Male
Hindu
Virtue of daring
Male
English
Variant spelling of English unisex Steph, STEF means "crown."
Girl/Female
Greek
Rock. Derived from the Roman clan Petronius.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Language
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Latin
From Brittany; Great Britain; Celtic Britons Emigrated from France to Become the Britons of England
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Slave of the Governor
Girl/Female
Muslim
Island
GETTIER PROBLEM
GETTIER PROBLEM
GETTIER PROBLEM
GETTIER PROBLEM
GETTIER PROBLEM
a.
Given to the study of books in black letter; that is, of old books; out of date.
adv.
Letter for letter.
a.
More advanced; more perfect; as, upon better acquaintance; a better knowledge of the subject.
compar.
In a superior or more excellent manner; with more skill and wisdom, courage, virtue, advantage, or success; as, Henry writes better than John; veterans fight better than recruits.
n.
Any narrow channel or groove; as, a gutter formed by erosion in the vent of a gun from repeated firing.
n.
One who gets, gains, obtains, acquires, begets, or procreates.
compar.
In a higher or greater degree; more; as, to love one better than another.
v. t.
To supply with a gutter or gutters.
a.
Not improving or getting worse; not growing wiser, greater, better, more excellent, or the contrary.
a.
Improved in health; less affected with disease; as, the patient is better.
a.
Having good qualities in a greater degree than another; as, a better man; a better physician; a better house; a better air.
compar.
More, in reference to value, distance, time, etc.; as, ten miles and better.
n.
A letter; an epistle.
n.
A circular letter, written or printed for the purpose of disseminating news. This was the name given to the earliest English newspapers.
a.
Of or pertaining to a red letter; marked by red letters.
n.
Advantage, superiority, or victory; -- usually with of; as, to get the better of an enemy.
a.
Written or printed in black letter; as, a black-letter manuscript or book.
v. t.
To affect with tetter.
v. i.
To become better; to improve.
n.
One who, or that which, sets; -- used mostly in composition with a noun, as typesetter; or in combination with an adverb, as a setter on (or inciter), a setter up, a setter forth.