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Epistemological problem
behavior of others, how can I know that others have minds?". The problem is that knowledge of other minds is always indirect. The problem of other minds does
Problem_of_other_minds
Open question in philosophy of how abstract minds interact with physical bodies
incapable of feeling or thought; minds, in contrast, are unextended, thinking, feeling substances. If minds and bodies are radically different kinds of substance
Mind–body_problem
Branch of philosophy
in philosophy of mind, although a number of other issues are addressed; these include the hard problem of consciousness and the nature of particular mental
Philosophy_of_mind
Totality of psychological phenomena
object representations. The mind is relevant to many fields. In epistemology, the problem of other minds is the challenge of explaining how it is possible
Mind
Thought experiment on artificial intelligence
minds: (A4) Brains cause minds. Searle claims that we can derive "immediately" and "trivially" that: (C2) Any other system capable of causing minds would
Chinese_room
American instrumental progressive metal band
album titled Parrhesia and released a single from the album, "The Problem of Other Minds." The album was released on March 25, 2022. In a February 28, 2025
Animals_as_Leaders
1967 book by Alvin Plantinga
and Other Minds is a 1967 book by the American philosopher of religion Alvin Plantinga which re-kindled philosophical debate on the existence of God in
God_and_Other_Minds
Philosophical problem about why neural processes give rise to inner experience at all
biology Mind–body problem Phenomenalism Philosophy of self Primary–secondary quality distinction Problem of mental causation Problem of other minds Vertiginous
Hard_problem_of_consciousness
Interpretation of sensory information
other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if part of a shape's border is missing
Perception
Basic distinction in philosophy
objectivity with a gray area in-between, or that the problem of other minds is best viewed through the concept of intersubjectivity. The distinction between subjectivity
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
Indian Buddhist philosopher
mind – my own. The lack of a conceptualisable boundary between my mind and the minds of others means that ultimately neither other minds, nor my mind
Ratnakīrti
1944 play by Jean-Paul Sartre
1960), page 173. Danto, Arthur (1975). "Chapter 4: Shame, or, The Problem of Other Minds". Jean-Paul Sartre. Young, Stark. (9 December 1946). "Weaknesses"
No_Exit
Philosophical idea that only one's own mind is certain to exist
one's own mind is certain to exist. It holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind, including the external world and other minds, is uncertain
Solipsism
Ancient Greek philosopher (c. 428-347 BC)
known as the problem of universals. He was influenced by the pre-Socratic thinkers Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and Parmenides, although much of what is known
Plato
Topics referred to by the same term
God and Other Minds, a 1967 book on the rationality of religious belief by Alvin Plantinga Problem of other minds, a longstanding open problem in philosophy
Other_Minds
Christian philosopher and theologian (354–430)
explanation of the conditions required for the mind to have a connection with intelligible entities. Augustine also posed the problem of other minds throughout
Augustine_of_Hippo
2001 short story by David Foster Wallace
impermeability of the bounds of consciousness." Matt Prout described the story as centered on the problem of other minds. The watch of the narrator's
Good_Old_Neon
Ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others
theory of mind (often abbreviated to ToM) is the capacity to understand other individuals by ascribing mental states to them. A theory of mind includes
Theory_of_mind
French philosopher (1925–1995)
rest of his life. In the last years of his life, simple tasks such as writing required laborious effort. Overwhelmed by his respiratory problems, he died
Gilles_Deleuze
Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge
In the field of epistemology, the Gettier problem is a landmark philosophical problem concerning the understanding of descriptive knowledge. Attributed
Gettier_problem
Philosophical view that consiousness is a ubiquitous feature of reality
inquiries such as the problem of other minds, solipsism, the explanatory gap, philosophical zombies, and Mary's room. These problems have caused Chalmers
Panpsychism
Thought experiment in philosophy
Insult implying a lack of critical thinking No true Scotsman – Logical fallacy Problem of other minds – Epistemological problem Quantum Night – 2016 Robert
Philosophical_zombie
Awareness of internal and external existence
how can I know that others have minds? The problem of other minds is particularly acute for people who believe in the possibility of philosophical zombies
Consciousness
English philosopher (1919–2006)
R.L. (1967). "Descriptive versus Revisionary Metaphysics and the Mind–Body Problem". Philosophy. 42 (160): 105–118. doi:10.1017/S0031819100001030. Strawson
P._F._Strawson
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
The is–ought problem is the question of whether moral statements about what ought to be can be inferred from objective statements about what is. It was
Is–ought_problem
Concept in philosophy and psychology
so-called problem of other minds, which asks how we can justify our belief that people have minds much like our own and predict others' mind-states and
Intersubjectivity
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
The problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations
Problem_of_induction
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
With this definition of the particular substance (i.e., matter and form), Aristotle tries to solve the problem of the unity of the beings, for example
Aristotle
consciousness is. The topic of animal consciousness is beset with a number of difficulties. It poses the problem of other minds in an especially severe form
Animal_consciousness
2005 American police procedural drama television series
Criminal Minds originally culminated after its fifteenth season on February 19, 2020; however, it was revived and re-titled Criminal Minds: Evolution
Criminal_Minds
Delusion in which one believes their life is a staged reality TV show
Five minute hypothesis Frank Chu Matrix hypothesis Matrix defense Problem of other minds Solipsism Grohol, John M. "DSM-VI: Reality TV Disorder" Archived
The_Truman_Show_delusion
French philosopher and mathematician (1596–1650)
for philosophical discussion of the mind–body problem for many years after Descartes's death. Descartes argued the theory of innate knowledge and that all
René_Descartes
Awareness of facts
only ascribed to animals with highly developed minds, like humans. Practical knowledge, on the other hand, is more prevalent in the animal kingdom. For
Declarative_knowledge
Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)
in logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language. Wittgenstein was born in Vienna into one of Europe's richest families
Ludwig_Wittgenstein
German philosopher (1724–1804)
these problems. Although fond of company and conversation with others, Kant isolated himself, and resisted friends' attempts to bring him out of his isolation
Immanuel_Kant
Subjective attitude that something is true
"4. Causalism and Interpretationism: The Problem of Compatibility". Causality, Interpretation, and the Mind. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Archived
Belief
Awareness of facts, or competency
reliability of the person pronouncing the testimony: only testimony from reliable sources can lead to knowledge. The problem of the limits of knowledge
Knowledge
Injustice related to knowledge
autistic individuals lacked "theory of mind", which is to say, they lacked the ability to infer their own and others minds, that this was a universal effect
Epistemic_injustice
Various techniques typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition
or a better understanding of a particular philosophical issue in which the concept is involved. For example, the problem of free will in philosophy involves
Philosophical_analysis
1925 essay by G. E. Moore
analysis of the propositions has been offered that is even close to being certain. The fifth section is an examination of the problem of other minds, the
A_Defence_of_Common_Sense
English philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
Practice and Theory of Bolshevism. London: George Allen & Unwin 1921. The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin 1922. The Problem of China. London:
Bertrand_Russell
Philosophical principle
and thus mind-independent, knowledge ought to work. Hungarian philosopher Imre Lakatos built upon the theory by rephrasing the problem of demarcation
Fallibilism
Principle Principle of double effect Private language argument Problem of induction Problem of mental causation Problem of other minds Prohairesis Property
List of philosophical concepts
List_of_philosophical_concepts
Branch of philosophy
Chinese. Other minds reply and the epiphenomena reply: Several people have noted that Searle's argument is just a version of the problem of other minds, applied
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence
Belief that events are determined by prior ones
retrospective causal chain problem of "could not have done otherwise" by suggesting "the other outcome does exist" in a set of parallel states of the universe that
Determinism
Notion of reality based on consensus view
Reveal About the Mind. University of Chicago Press. pp. 259. ISBN 0-226-46804-6. In summary, Putnam has shown that existing formal versions of objectivist
Consensus_reality
Test of a machine's ability to imitate human intelligence
processing Philosophical zombie Problem of other minds Sentience Social bot Technological singularity Theory of mind Voight-Kampff machine (fictitious
Turing_test
Instances of subjective experience
the basis of first-person perspectives and the unanswerability of the vertiginous question. List also argues that the problem of other minds creates a
Qualia
Empiricist philosophical theory
posteriori facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience. Other ways of knowing, such as intuition, introspection, or religious faith, are rejected
Positivism
Epistemological view centered on reason
known as the mind–body problem, since the two substances in the Cartesian system are independent of each other and irreducible. The philosophy of Baruch Spinoza
Rationalism
Thought experiment in the philosophy of mind
and others are not (Chalmers' "hard problem") but at least it narrows the scope of the problem" (p. 25). Jackson's argument is meant to support mind–body
Knowledge_argument
1901 book by Richard Bucke
the Evolution of the Human Mind is a 1901 book by the psychiatrist Richard Maurice Bucke, in which the author explores the concept of cosmic consciousness
Cosmic_Consciousness
Conformity to reality
vagueness, and context dependence. They also address the problem of truth-value gaps: the question of whether some statements are neither true nor false. Ethics
Truth
1996 philosophy book by David Chalmers
other forms of knowledge, knowledge of consciousness can only ever be gained through first-hand experience. The problem of other minds is evidence of
The_Conscious_Mind
German polymath (1646–1716)
"community of minds" – intended, among other things, to bring political and religious unity to Europe – can be seen as distant unwitting anticipations of artificial
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
unverifiable, is devoid of meaning. As a result, most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems came to be considered
Empiricism
English philosopher and physician (1632–1704)
the use of money, not by the social contract establishing civil society or the law of land regulating property. Locke was aware of a problem posed by
John_Locke
Anglo-Irish philosopher and bishop (1685–1753)
offers to the problem of other minds. Finally, the order and purposefulness of the whole of our experience of the world and especially of nature overwhelms
George_Berkeley
Unanswered question in the study of consciousness
The unity of consciousness and (cognitive) binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into
Binding_problem
Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
skeptic has more happiness and peace of mind or because it is morally better. In contemporary philosophy, on the other hand, skepticism is often understood
Skepticism
Semantic distinction in philosophy
the other hand, we believed that with respect to this problem the rationalists had been right in rejecting the old empiricist view that the truth of "2+2=4"
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
Theory that beliefs are justified when from reliable processes
reliabilist theories, is the so-called generality problem. For any given justified belief (or instance of knowledge), one can easily identify many different
Reliabilism
How one process influences another
in History', Philosophy of Science, 23 (1956), 15–30. Green, Celia (2003). The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem. Oxford: Oxford Forum. ISBN 0-9536772-1-4
Causality
Philosophical view that mind and matter come from one neutral underlying reality
specifically the mind–body problem and the hard problem of consciousness. The mind–body problem is the problem of explaining how mind relates to matter
Neutral_monism
Belief that the human mind is born with knowledge
in our minds. This is similar to needing to hear only the first few notes to recall the rest of the melody. The main antagonist to the concept of innate
Innatism
Debate in the philosophy of mind
images other mental processes like imagination certainly seem to. One view, similar to Reid's, is that we do have images of various sorts in our minds when
Direct_and_indirect_realism
Knowledge of how to perform a task
acceptable configurations of symbols. The second one consists of rules or procedures of solving mathematical problems. In other words, they define procedural
Procedural_knowledge
Philosophical view that knowledge may be justified by an infinite chain of reasons
beliefs because the human mind is finite. Klein concedes that the human mind is finite and cannot contain an infinite number of reasons, but the infinitist
Infinitism
1996 Book by Iain M. Banks
large collection of Culture ship names, some of which give subtle clues about the roles these ships' Minds play in the story. In terms of style, the book
Excession
Ability to experience feelings and sensations
Philosophy of mind Problem of other minds Sentientism Solipsism Turing test Vertiginous question Wisdom a. ^ Quote: "The absence of a neocortex does not appear
Sentience
Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
to be possessed of a vigorous mind is not enough; the prime requisite is rightly to apply it. The greatest minds, as they are capable of the highest excellencies
Common_sense
Philosophical system founded by Immanuel Kant
inherent structure of the mind, or the innate laws of thought, is what Kant calls 'transcendental philosophy', because it is a problem transcending sense
Transcendental_idealism
Philosophical view that consiousness and the body are fundamentally different
positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem. Aristotle shared Plato's view of multiple souls and further elaborated a hierarchical
Mind–body_dualism
Distinction between what is and what ought to be
concerning the is–ought problem does not usually encompass aesthetics. In A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), David Hume discusses the problems in grounding normative
Fact–value_distinction
Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted
logical criterion. Experimental research has the Duhem problem and other problems, such as the problem of induction, but, according to Popper, logical induction
Falsifiability
Relation of resemblance between objects
concerning the existence of other minds (my body is similar to other human bodies and I have a mind, therefore they also have minds). The term family resemblance
Similarity_(philosophy)
Type of knowledge
Helie, Sebastien; Sun, Ron (2010). "Incubation, Insight, and Creative Problem Solving: A Unified Theory and a Connectionist Model" (PDF). Psychological
Explicit_knowledge
English philosopher (1873–1958)
property Y) will simply shift the problem (Why is Y-ness good in the first place?). Moore's argument for the indefinability of 'good' (and thus for the fallaciousness
G._E._Moore
Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
experience" as an intractable problem. Thomas Nagel (2012). Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature is Almost Certainly False
Reductionism
Inability to describe conscious experiences in solely physical or structural terms
Ideasthesia Materialism Mind Mind-body problem New mysterianism Philosophical zombie Philosophy of mind Platonism Problem of other minds Qualia Reductionism
Explanatory_gap
Topics referred to by the same term
television play by David Mercer Of Two Minds (disambiguation) Problem of other minds, a philosophical problem of whether other minds exist This disambiguation
Two_Minds_(disambiguation)
2009 book by Iain McGilchrist
worlds of the left and right brain (audio podcast)". BBC Radio 4 Today. Retrieved 24 December 2009. Grayling, A.C. (December 2009). "In Two Minds". Literary
The_Master_and_His_Emissary
Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist (1711–1776)
causes another but experience only the "constant conjunction" of events. This problem of induction means that to draw any causal inferences from past experience
David_Hume
British philosopher (born 1950)
Reflections". Mind. (1989). "Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?" Mind. (1984). "What is the Problem of Other Minds?". Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Colin_McGinn
American philosopher and theologian (born 1932)
Plantinga's most influential works include God and Other Minds (1967), The Nature of Necessity (1974), and a trilogy of books on epistemology, culminating in Warranted
Alvin_Plantinga
Socratic dialogue by Plato concerning the nature of knowledge
either in discourse, or in their own minds. Socrates adds that the opposite school of thought, that teaches of the "immovable whole" is just as hard
Theaetetus_(dialogue)
1981 book by Robert Nozick
philosophical problems concerning issues such as free will, skepticism, the mind–body problem and the problem of other minds, the nature of personal identity
Philosophical_Explanations
Philosophical question of how to distinguish between science and non-science
In philosophy of science and epistemology, the demarcation problem is the question of how to distinguish between science and non-science. It also examines
Demarcation_problem
Cognitive science issue
grounding problem is a concept in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and semantics. It addresses the challenge of connecting
Symbol_grounding_problem
Philosophical concept about suffering in general or more specifically about physical pain
principle of Cartesian dualism. From the centrality of one's own consciousness springs a fundamental problem of other minds, the discussion of which has
Pain_(philosophy)
Philosophical experiment
have a mind, whereas Daniel Dennett argued that it would. The China brain problem is a special case of the more general problem of whether minds could
China_brain
American philosopher (1927–2021)
Intentionality, Minds, and Perception: Discussions on Contemporary Philosophy, ed. Hector-Neri Castañeda (Detroit, 1967). American philosophy List of American
Edmund_Gettier
2000 philosophical book by Timothy Williamson
philosopher Timothy Williamson, argues that the concept of knowledge cannot be analyzed into a set of other concepts; instead, it is sui generis. Thus, though
Knowledge_and_Its_Limits
Branch of philosophy
our minds. One of the most influential proponents of idealism was George Berkeley who maintained that everything was mind or dependent upon mind. Berkeley's
Philosophy_of_perception
Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
solutions to the mind–body problem have been presented. Dualism is a traditionally important approach. It states that bodies and minds belong to distinct
Experience
2024 book by Jonathan Birch
especially where the risk of suffering is serious or irreversible. Rather than attempting to resolve the philosophical problem of other minds, Birch focuses on
The_Edge_of_Sentience
English philosopher (1910–1989)
basic propositions, utilitarianism, other minds, the past, ontology.) OCLC 186636305 1957, "The conception of probability as a logical relation", in
A._J._Ayer
Knowledge derived from familiarity
Sam", "I know the city of Bogotá", or "I know Russell's Problems of Philosophy"). According to Bertrand Russell's classic account of acquaintance knowledge
Knowledge_by_acquaintance
American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)
terms of the problem, the solution of which, however, lies in neurology. Like other analytic philosophers before him, Quine accepted the definition of "analytic"
Willard_Van_Orman_Quine
Theory of knowledge by Plato
information in our mind. Recollection involves, on the one hand, overcoming the deceptions and distractions of the body, but, on the other hand, productively
Platonic_epistemology
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PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
PROBLEM OF-OTHER-MINDS
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