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Argument in economics
In economics, the local knowledge problem is the argument that the information required for rational economic planning is distributed among individual
Local_knowledge_problem
Critique of planned economies
could not coordinate their plans without a price system due to the local knowledge problem. Opponents argued that in principle an economy can be seen as a
Economic_calculation_problem
Awareness of facts
Declarative knowledge, also known as theoretical knowledge, descriptive knowledge, propositional knowledge, and knowledge-that, is an awareness of facts
Declarative_knowledge
Knowledge: what is known, understood, proven; information and products of learning
Knowledge assessment methodology Knowledge society Local knowledge problem Open access Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
Outline_of_knowledge
Computer program that uses a knowledge base and reasoning to solve problems
A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. Knowledge-based systems were the
Knowledge-based_systems
Type of economic system
referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the economic calculation problem and local knowledge problem, respectively. These distinct aspects were
Planned_economy
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
the idea that all items of knowledge are based either on logic and definitions, or else on observation. If the is–ought problem holds, then "ought" statements
Is–ought_problem
Computer system emulating human expert
expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through
Expert_system
Facts assumed to be known to all humans
is currently an unsolved problem in artificial general intelligence. The first AI program to address common sense knowledge was Advice Taker in 1959 by
Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)
Knowledge systems in the cultural traditions of communities
Traditional knowledge (TK), indigenous knowledge (IK), folk knowledge, and local knowledge generally refers to knowledge systems embedded in the cultural
Traditional_knowledge
Field of artificial intelligence
incorporates findings from psychology about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge, in order to design formalisms that make complex systems easier
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Issue in artificial intelligence and categorical algebra
after, the formal mathematical problem was a starting point for more general discussions of the difficulty of knowledge representation for artificial intelligence
Frame_problem
Sharing knowledge for problem solving
organizational theory, knowledge transfer is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the organization to another. Like knowledge management
Knowledge_transfer
materialist solution to the Gettier problem, emphasizing the social nature of knowledge over individual belief states. The problem of the criterion challenges
List of philosophical problems
List_of_philosophical_problems
Type of artificial intelligence approach
a common knowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with a problem specification
Blackboard_system
Intelligence of machines
express verbally). There is also the difficulty of knowledge acquisition, the problem of obtaining knowledge for AI applications. An "agent" is any entity
Artificial_intelligence
Information repository with multiple applications
In computer science, a knowledge base (KB) is a set of sentences, each sentence given in a knowledge representation language, with interfaces to tell
Knowledge_base
Learner centric pedagogy
believed that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges and problems. Students learn about a subject by working
Project-based_learning
Indigenous and other traditional knowledge of local ecology
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is a cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through
Traditional ecological knowledge
Traditional_ecological_knowledge
Process of solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems
name for case-based reasoning in problem solving is symptomatic strategies. It does require à priori domain knowledge that is gleaned from past experience
Case-based_reasoning
Knowledge management software
A personal knowledge base (PKB) is an electronic tool used by an individual to express, capture, and later retrieve personal knowledge. It differs from
Personal_knowledge_base
Mental process dealing with knowledge
the problem of how physical states can give rise to conscious experience. Epistemologists seek to understand the nature and limits of knowledge. They
Cognition
Conformity to reality
ISBN 978-90-277-2354-3. Nutting, Eileen S. "The Benacerraf Problem of Mathematical Truth and Knowledge". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 14 January
Truth
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge through careful observation, rigorous skepticism, hypothesis testing, and experimental
Scientific_method
Subfield of computer science and logic
In computer science, in particular in knowledge representation and reasoning and metalogic, the area of automated reasoning is dedicated to understanding
Automated_reasoning
1971 film by Mike Nichols
for every moviegoer who walks out of Carnal Knowledge feeling cheated and despondent. The basic problem with the film is that it's the artistic equivalent
Carnal_Knowledge_(film)
Doubt about God's existence
or whether the obstacles to knowledge are insurmountable. Pessimistic forms of agnosticism differ over whether the problem is with available evidence or
Agnosticism
Arrangement of points on a sphere
J. Thomson posed the problem in 1904 after proposing an atomic model, later called the plum pudding model, based on his knowledge of the existence of negatively
Thomson_problem
Field of knowledge
Mathematics is a field of knowledge concerned with abstract concepts such as numbers, geometric shapes, sets, functions, and probabilities. It uses logical
Mathematics
Philosophical problem
its failure to solve the problem it was formulated to solve. The vice of an infinite regress can be local if it causes problems only for certain theories
Infinite_regress
Process used to define the rules and ontologies required for a knowledge-based system
Knowledge acquisition is the process used to define the rules and ontologies required for a knowledge-based system. The phrase was first used in conjunction
Knowledge_acquisition
New and legacy software co-existence
the context (local landscape) of the system being created be factored into any development exercise. This requires a detailed knowledge of the systems
Brownfield (software development)
Brownfield_(software_development)
Phenomenon of knowledge spilling over to other people
Knowledge spillover is an exchange of ideas among individuals. Knowledge spillover is usually replaced by terminations of technology spillover, R&D spillover
Knowledge_spillover
Dimensionality reduction of graph-based semantic data objects [machine learning task]
In representation learning, knowledge graph embedding (KGE), also called knowledge representation learning (KRL), or multi-relation learning, is a machine
Knowledge_graph_embedding
Palestinian-American Islamic scholar (1921–1986)
interfaith dialogue, and is best known for pioneering the Islamization of knowledge and articulating tawhid (monotheism) as a comprehensive worldview. He
Ismail_al-Faruqi
Suddenly understanding a problem or concept
the problem. Once the person relaxes his or her constraints, they can bring previously unavailable knowledge into working memory to solve the problem. The
Eureka_effect
Term from the sociology of science
address specific, real-world problems, with the aim of producing knowledge (applied research) within the context of knowledge society. Mode 2 can be explained
Knowledge_production_modes
Artificial intelligence project
the sub-problem. The first version of OpenCyc was released in spring 2002 and contained only 6,000 concepts and 60,000 facts. The knowledge base was
Cyc
Assumption that natural laws are constant through time and space
required, on two grounds. First, nothing in our incomplete but extensive knowledge of history disagrees with it. Second, only with this postulate is a rational
Uniformitarianism
Person who facilitates knowledge transfer
incomprehensibility problems, and the inevitability of mistakes (out of anyone's purview, due to resource constraints in personal and group knowledge management)
Knowledge_broker
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated SATISFIABILITY, SAT or B-SAT)
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Field of machine learning
used to solve reinforcement learning problems by averaging sample returns. Unlike methods that require full knowledge of the environment's dynamics, Monte
Reinforcement_learning
On invertibility of polynomial maps (mathematics)
In mathematics, the Jacobian conjecture is a famous unsolved problem concerning polynomials in several variables. It states that if a polynomial function
Jacobian_conjecture
Branch of artificial intelligence aiming to create AI systems with "common sense"
commonsense knowledge problem is a current project in the sphere of artificial intelligence to create a database that contains the general knowledge most individuals
Commonsense_reasoning
Private university in South Korea
Worldview and Creative Knowledge The purpose of education is to cultivate practical talents with a Christian worldview and creative knowledge, thereby meeting
Pyeongtaek_University
Philosophical principle
mind-independent, knowledge ought to work. Hungarian philosopher Imre Lakatos built upon the theory by rephrasing the problem of demarcation as the problem of normative
Fallibilism
Mathematical problem set on a chessboard
(October 1994). "Efficient local search with conflict minimization: a case study of the n-queens problem". IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Eight_queens_puzzle
Creation of knowledge from structured and unstructured sources
Knowledge extraction is the creation of knowledge from structured (relational databases, XML) and unstructured (text, documents, images) sources. The
Knowledge_extraction
Learning theory involving the construction of mental models
knowledge. Students learn through participation in project-based learning where they make connections between different ideas and areas of knowledge facilitated
Constructionism (learning theory)
Constructionism_(learning_theory)
Spanish cooperative federation
organizations in four areas of activity: finance, industry, retail and knowledge. By 2019, 81,507 people were employed. In 2024, it had over 70,000 workers
Mondragon_Corporation
Process of calculating the causal factors that produced a set of observations
An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating
Inverse_problem
8th-century Indian Vedic scholar
liberating knowledge of the true identity of jivatman (jīvātman) (individual self) as Atman (Ātman-Brahman), emphasizing that "right knowledge arises at
Adi_Shankara
Field in computer-aided design
Knowledge-based engineering (KBE) is the application of knowledge-based systems technology to the domain of design of manufacturing systems. The design
Knowledge-based_engineering
AI whose outputs can be understood by humans
are based on. This makes it possible to confirm existing knowledge, challenge existing knowledge, and generate new assumptions. Machine learning (ML) algorithms
Explainable artificial intelligence
Explainable_artificial_intelligence
Philosophical question about personal identity
condition of appearance from within, reframing the problem as one of how experience arises from a local perspective rather than who possesses an inner self
Why_am_I_me
German philosopher (1724–1804)
subject and motivated by the desire to secure the possibility of both knowledge and morality against the threats of skepticism and determinism. In the
Immanuel_Kant
Metaheuristic
climbing methods for solving discrete optimization problems. Local search methods can get stuck in a local minimum, where no improving neighbors are available
Iterated_local_search
Sum of inverse squares of natural numbers
The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, concerning an infinite sum of inverse squares. It was first posed
Basel_problem
1977 nonfiction book by Christopher Alexander
the problem, but in a very general and abstract way—so you can solve the problem, in your way, by adapting it to your preferences, and the local conditions
A_Pattern_Language
Austrian physicist, philosopher and university educator (1838–1916)
influential perspective known as constructivism. Constructivism holds that all knowledge is constructed rather than received by the learner. He took an exceptionally
Ernst_Mach
Process of managing interactions with customers
customers are supported through multiple channels such as phone, email, knowledge bases, ticketing portals, FAQs, and more. The role of analytical CRM systems
Customer relationship management
Customer_relationship_management
Absence of belief in the existence of deities; the opposite of theism
Rationales for not believing in deities include the lack of evidence, the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, the rejection of concepts
Atheism
Traditional knowledge of the Māori people
(literally Māori knowledge) is a modern term for the traditional knowledge of the Māori people of New Zealand. Māori traditional knowledge is multi-disciplinary
Mātauranga_Māori
Statement of infinite regress
"Turtles all the way down" is an expression of the problem of infinite regress. The saying alludes to the mythological idea of a World Turtle that supports
Turtles_all_the_way_down
Record of humanity's attempts to find east-west position on Earth
ocean navigation, knowledge of both latitude and longitude is required, however latitude can be determined with good accuracy with local astronomical observations
History_of_longitude
Type of software system
order to solve real-world problems. Many reasoning systems employ deductive reasoning to draw inferences from available knowledge. These inference engines
Reasoning_system
Unanswered question in the study of consciousness
binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The binding problem refers
Binding_problem
Sequential model-based optimization of expensive black-box functions
it can still be a nonconvex auxiliary problem. Its optimum is often sought by discretization, multi-start local optimization, or deterministic numerical
Bayesian_optimization
Decision-making framework
Inquiry Karl E. Weick Morphological analysis (problem-solving) Narrative inquiry OODA loop SECI model of knowledge dimensions There are known knowns Uncertainty
Cynefin_framework
grown. This is because the knowledge of languages in Flanders has increased faster than that in Wallonia. ... Thus the problem at the French-speaking side
Languages_of_Belgium
Type of website edited collaboratively
collaboration and research support systems. A city wiki or local wiki is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social network for a specific geographical locale
Wiki
certain amount of information on the problem is usually known beforehand. The incorporation of this prior knowledge into the training is the key element
Prior knowledge for pattern recognition
Prior_knowledge_for_pattern_recognition
Inference method used in AI expert systems
developing the model. Then at run time, an "engine" combines this model knowledge with observed data to derive conclusions such as a diagnosis or a prediction
Model-based_reasoning
Type of regression analysis
methods such as Exact Learning attempt to transform the fitting problem into a moments problem in a natural function space, usually built around generalizations
Symbolic_regression
Difference between two descriptions of an object by different linguistic representations
gap means the difference between ambiguous formulation of contextual knowledge in a powerful language (e.g. natural language) and its sound, reproducible
Semantic_gap
Totality of existing entities
changes unfold. Realism is the view that reality does not depend on human knowledge or consciousness and exists apart from them. Anti-realism, by contrast
Reality
Technique to solve partial differential equations
and engineering problems limit the robustness of conventional machine learning models used for these applications. The prior knowledge of general physical
Physics-informed neural networks
Physics-informed_neural_networks
algorithms for specific problem domains". Automated planning and scheduling Distributed artificial intelligence Cooperative distributed problem solving and Coordination
Multi-agent_planning
Traditional knowledge Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a toolset of systems designed to document and utilize traditional knowledge from communities
Traditional_knowledge_GIS
Fourth National Curriculum Framework published in 2005
To encourage them to explore higher levels of knowledge in different disciplines. To promote problem-solving abilities and creative thinking in the citizens
National Curriculum Framework 2005
National_Curriculum_Framework_2005
Philosophical tradition
philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring
Pragmatism
higher-order problem-solving knowledge, are uncovered by machines. They are thereafter made available for reuse across various problems. As such, making
Memetic_computing
Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
Skepticism (US) or scepticism (UK) is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma. For example, if a person
Skepticism
D-Day rehearsal in 1944
Devon, it proved fraught with difficulties. Coordination and communication problems resulted in friendly fire injuries during the exercise, and an Allied convoy
Exercise_Tiger
Network for Climate knowledge and development
The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) works to enhance the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable to climate change. CDKN
Climate and Development Knowledge Network
Climate_and_Development_Knowledge_Network
Metaheuristic method for optimization problems
problems, nonlinear program problems, etc. VNS systematically changes the neighborhood in two phases: firstly, descent to find a local optimum and finally, a
Variable_neighborhood_search
Engineering management is a career that brings together the technological problem-solving ability of engineering and the organizational, administrative,
Engineering_management
Concept in decision-making
strategies. Exploitation involves choosing the best option based on current knowledge of the system (which may be incomplete or misleading), while exploration
Exploration–exploitation dilemma
Exploration–exploitation_dilemma
Management of the flow of resources
mail deliveries, public utilities, and after-sales services, logistical problems must be addressed. Logistics deals with the movement of materials or products
Logistics
Any algorithm which solves the search problem
search problem. Search algorithms work to retrieve information stored within particular data structure, or calculated in the search space of a problem domain
Search_algorithm
Study of culturally induced ignorance or doubt
Within the sociology of knowledge, agnotology (formerly agnatology) is the study of deliberate, culturally cultivated ignorance or doubt, typically to
Agnotology
Misconduct by Western researchers who do not collaborate with local experts
call for the end of these extractivist practices in order to decolonize knowledge. This kind of research approach reduces the quality of research because
Neo-colonial_science
Sequence of operations for a task
mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for
Algorithm
help of this prior knowledge, the solution space is appropriately reduced, and the problem is transformed into a "well-posed" problem. The constraints of
Correspondence_problem
domain knowledge in the search methodology. The resulting approach should be cheap and fast to implement, requiring less expertise in either the problem domain
Hyper-heuristic
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
abductive logic programming (ALP) A high-level knowledge-representation framework that can be used to solve problems declaratively based on abductive reasoning
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Void between celestial bodies
Studies: 15. JSTOR resrep26047.6. "ESA and UNOOSA illustrate space debris problem". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2021-03-17. Williamson, Ray A. (2012-08-01). "Assuring
Outer_space
Subfield of artificial intelligence
distributed problem solving. In multi-agent systems the main focus is how agents coordinate their knowledge and activities. For distributed problem solving
Distributed artificial intelligence
Distributed_artificial_intelligence
models they analyze and generate are called ontologies. A classic problem in knowledge representation for artificial intelligence is the trade off between
Deductive_classifier
Master's degree in business leadership
and structuring of what is known on a given topic, to address a specific problem; a case study that goes beyond simple description, containing the analysis
Master of Business Administration
Master_of_Business_Administration
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
Girl/Female
Indian
Loyal
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Loyal
Boy/Male
Arabic
Loyal
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
True Knowlege; Lord Brahma; Having the True Knowledge
Boy/Male
Irish Welsh
Loyal.
Boy/Male
British, English
Loyal
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French
Faithful; True
Boy/Male
British, English
Loyal
Boy/Male
British, English
Loyal
Girl/Female
Muslim
Loyal
Boy/Male
English American French
Faithful; unswerving.
Girl/Female
French
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Irish
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Italian Greek
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Irish American Welsh
Loyal.
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Italian
Loyal
Boy/Male
English American
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Irish Welsh
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Irish
Loyal.
Boy/Male
Indian
Loyal
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
Male
English
Pledge
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Generous
Girl/Female
Indian
Good
Boy/Male
Muslim
Of reddish hair or complexion.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
More Liberal
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
God's Gracious Gift
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Muslim
Identity
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Punjabi, Sikh, Traditional
Charm of the Lord
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Galtry, a Yorkshire surname of unexplained derivation.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Humid
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE-PROBLEM
v. i.
The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition.
a.
Loyal.
v. i.
Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge.
a.
Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom.
n.
Knowledge.
v.
Knowledge.
a.
Belonging to,or concerning, a focus; as, a focal point.
v. t.
To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter.
v. i.
That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life.
n.
A principle, practice, form of speech, or other thing of local use, or limited to a locality.
v. t.
To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God.
n.
On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published.
n.
A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district.
n.
A vocal sound; specifically, a purely vocal element of speech, unmodified except by resonance; a vowel or a diphthong; a tonic element; a tonic; -- distinguished from a subvocal, and a nonvocal.
v. i.
That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition.
v. i.
That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; -- chiefly used in the plural.
v. t.
To acknowledge.
v. i.
Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge.
n.
Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.
a.
Uttered or modulated by the voice; oral; as, vocal melody; vocal prayer.