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DNA located in mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA or mtDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from organic compounds
Mitochondrial_DNA
Disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction
nuclear DNA) may also cause mitochondrial DNA mutations. Most mitochondrial function and biogenesis is controlled by nuclear DNA. Human mitochondrial DNA encodes
Mitochondrial_disease
Haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA
have unique organelles that maintain their own DNA (mtDNA). In human genetics, human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are collections of similar haplotypes
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
these functions can result in mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial proteins, including those produced from mitochondrial DNA and those imported from the
Mitochondria
Study of the human mitochondrial genome
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of human mitochondrial DNA (the DNA contained in human mitochondria). The human mitochondrial genome
Human_mitochondrial_genetics
Medical condition
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS or MDDS), or Alpers' disease, is any of a group of autosomal recessive disorders that cause a significant drop
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome
Mitochondrial_DNA_depletion_syndrome
Matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans
fixed in time (as the position of mt-MRCA moves forward in time as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages become extinct), nor does it refer to a "first woman"
Mitochondrial_Eve
Mitochondrial DNA inheritance from father
In genetics, paternal mtDNA transmission and paternal mtDNA inheritance refer to the incidence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) being passed from a father
Paternal_mtDNA_transmission
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup V is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is believed to have originated over 14,000 years ago in Southwestern Europe. Haplogroup
Haplogroup_V_(mtDNA)
African mitochondrial DNA was introduced into Europe and Asia. During the early period of the Holocene, 50% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA was introduced
Genetic_history_of_Africa
Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
compared to the relatively aqueous cytoplasm. The mitochondrial matrix contains the mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic molecules
Mitochondrial_matrix
West African genetic history
African mitochondrial DNA was introduced into Europe and Asia. During the early period of the Holocene, 50% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA was introduced
Genetic history of West Africa
Genetic_history_of_West_Africa
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen in East Asia some
Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various
Haplogroup_U
Molecule that carries genetic information
of their DNA inside the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, and some in the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or in chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA. In contrast
DNA
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup K1a1b1a is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The K1a1b1a mitochondrial DNA haplogroup subclade
Haplogroup_K1a1b1a_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade was believed to have originated in West Asia, near present-day Syria, around 20
Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70
Haplogroup_R_(mtDNA)
DNA-based genetic test
research: autosomal (atDNA), mitochondrial (mtDNA), and Y-chromosome (Y-DNA). Autosomal tests may result in a large number of DNA matches to both males
Genealogical_DNA_test
Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30
Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup N1a is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. N1a originated in the Near East 12,000 to 32,000 years ago. Specifically, the Arabian Peninsula
Haplogroup_N1a_(mtDNA)
Muscle disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction
(non-Mendelian extranuclear). It is now known that certain nuclear DNA deletions can also cause mitochondrial myopathy such as the OPA1 gene deletion. Proximal muscle
Mitochondrial_myopathy
Ancestry of Spanish and Portuguese people
direct DNA analysis are now abundant and may use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY) or autosomal DNA. MtDNA and
Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula
Circulating mitochondrial DNA, also called cell-free circulating mitochondrial DNA and circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf mtDNA), are short
Circulating_mitochondrial_DNA
Genetics on the peopling of the Americas
Americans" as well as that of Japanese people. When studying human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, the results indicated that Indigenous American haplogroups
Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Sporadic biological phenomenon at the molecular scale
Nuclear mitochondrial DNA (NUMT) segments or genetic loci describe a transposition of any type of cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome
Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
Nuclear_mitochondrial_DNA_segment
People of Qatar
Gulf coast. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) represents the female lineage. The Qatari mitochondrial DNA shows much more diversity than the Y-DNA lineages, with
Qataris
Theory of ageing
own DNA, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which codes for components of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial theory of ageing
Mitochondrial_theory_of_ageing
63% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA. Between 15,000 BP and 7000 BP, 86% of Sub-Saharan African mitochondrial DNA was introduced into Southwest
Genetic history of the African diaspora
Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora
Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Genus of green algae
non-standard coding of its mitochondrial DNA which may represent an intermediate form in the evolution of green algal mitochondrial DNA. This code is represented
Scenedesmus
Group of similar haplotypes
Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, each of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely
Haplogroup
well as both mtDNA haplogroups H and K, are carried by modern Egyptians. In 2020 the mummy of Takabuti was tested for mitochondrial DNA. Takabuti was a
Genetic_history_of_Egypt
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50
Haplogroup_B_(mtDNA)
Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling
Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup H5 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup descended from Haplogroup H (mtDNA). H5 is defined by T16304C
Haplogroup_H5_(mtDNA)
more than 85% of the total chromosomes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) represents the female lineage. West Eurasian mtDNA makes up over 90% of the Iranian population
Demographics_of_Iran
Human mitochondrial DNA
Haplogroup J is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to haplogroup T. Within the
Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)
Jewish diaspora of Central Europe
lineages. A 2025 study by Joseph Livni and Karl Skorecki examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the Ashkenazi Jewish population and found that the maternal
Ashkenazi_Jews
Clade of eukaryotes
significance. The mitochondrial DNA of jakobids is the most bacteria-like of all known eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA, suggesting that jakobid mitochondrial genomes
Jakobid
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East. Mitochondrial clade T derives
Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup K, formerly Haplogroup UK, is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is defined by the HVR1 mutations 16224C and 16311C. It is now
Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)
Commercial genetic testing company
Houston, Texas. FamilyTreeDNA offers analysis of autosomal DNA, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial DNA to individuals for genealogical purpose. With a database of more
FamilyTreeDNA
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is found in North America, Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa
Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA)
Family history website
genealogy Genealogical DNA test Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups "GeneTree -> genealogy + dna + community FAQ". Archived
GeneTree
DNA located outside the chromosomes of a cell
extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids, whereas, in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main
Extrachromosomal_DNA
North African genetic history
Cabrera, Vicente M. (April 2003). "Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe: Mitochondrial DNA in Atlantic Europe". American Journal
Genetic history of North Africa
Genetic_history_of_North_Africa
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
DNA polymerase subunit gamma (POLG or POLG1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLG gene. Mitochondrial DNA polymerase is heterotrimeric,
POLG
Academic journal
Mitochondrial DNA is an academic journal that publishes review articles on the current and developing technologies around mitochondrial DNA research and
Mitochondrial_DNA_(journal)
between the Y chromosome single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of modern Northern Han Chinese and 3000 year old Hengbei ancient
Genetic history of East Asians
Genetic_history_of_East_Asians
Widespread human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup N is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) clade. A macrohaplogroup, its descendant lineages are distributed across many continents. Like its sibling
Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup H10e is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It is defined by mutation C16221T. It is between 5,700 and 7,000 years old. According to Behar
Haplogroup_H10e_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup HV is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup HV derives from the haplogroup R0, which in turn descends from haplogroup R.
Haplogroup_HV
Human hybridization during the Paleolithic
ancestors of present-day non-Africans. No evidence of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA has been found in modern humans. This suggests that successful Neanderthal
Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans
Archaic human species from Asia
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from a juvenile finger bone excavated from the Siberian Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in 2008. Nuclear DNA
Denisovan
People of the Canary Islands
and a minor sub-Saharan African input (3%). In the maternal line (mitochondrial DNA), the Iberian contribution drops to between 48% and 55%, as Guanche
Canary_Islanders
Mitochondria contain mitochondrial DNA Plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) contain plastid DNA The traits encoded by this type of DNA, in animals, generally
Organellar_DNA
Human evolution hypothesis
the widest acceptance owing mainly to genetic data (particularly mitochondrial DNA) from existing populations. This model is consistent with the realization
Multiregional origin of modern humans
Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans
Mongol ethnic group in Siberia, Mongolia, and Inner Mongolia
Buryats possess a diverse array of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages. Approximately 83.7% (247 out of 295) of their mtDNA belongs to haplogroups of Eastern
Buryats
the advent of DNA analysis modern populations were sampled for mitochondrial DNA to study the female line of descent and Y chromosome DNA to study male
Genetic history of the British Isles
Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles
Prehistoric human remains found in Australia
sequence differences when compared to European human DNA (CRS). Comparison of the mitochondrial DNA with that of ancient and modern Aboriginal peoples led
Lake_Mungo_remains
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup R0 (formerly known as haplogroup pre-HV) is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R0 derives from the macro-haplogroup R
Haplogroup_R0
Method of archaeological study
sufficient DNA for contemporary sequencing technologies. Research into the decay of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in moa bones has modelled mitochondrial DNA degradation
Ancient_DNA
Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.[citation
Haplogroup_Y
Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup L0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. L0 is one of two branches from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for the shared human
Haplogroup_L0
Dog breed
arrived with prehistoric Americans. In 2013, a study looked at the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sampled from Carolina dogs. The study showed that 58% of the dogs
Carolina_Dog
DNA inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
encodes for the majority of the genome in eukaryotes, with mitochondrial DNA and plastid DNA coding for the rest. It adheres to Mendelian inheritance,
Nuclear_DNA
Evolutionary process
the albumin method. Progress in DNA sequencing, specifically mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and then Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) advanced the understanding of
Human_evolution
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum
Haplogroup_I_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup
Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)
DNA analysis of Croat populations
genome, the Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as well as autosomal DNA. The data from Y-DNA and autosomal DNA suggests that the Croats
Genetic_studies_on_Croats
Polish barber and Jack the Ripper suspect
Eddowes and that he had extracted mitochondrial DNA that matches female line descendants of Eddowes, and mitochondrial DNA that matches female line descendants
Aaron_Kosminski
Species of slime mold, model organism
exhibits a complex mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) structure that is distinctive in both its composition and functional mechanisms. The mtDNA of Physarum polycephalum
Physarum_polycephalum
King of England from 1483 to 1485
line. Her mitochondrial DNA was tested and belongs to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J, which by deduction, should also be the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
Richard_III_of_England
2012 archaeological event
consistent with physical descriptions of the king. Preliminary DNA analysis showed that mitochondrial DNA extracted from the bones matched that of two matrilineal
Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England
Exhumation_and_reburial_of_Richard_III_of_England
American mass murderer (born 1958)
significant", they were not conclusive. Only mitochondrial DNA was tested; unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA cannot be shown to be unique to an individual
Wayne_Williams
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup Z is believed to have arisen in Central Asia
Haplogroup_Z
Organ dysfunction in an acutely ill person requiring medical intervention
major trauma.[citation needed] Mitochondrial DNA resembles bacterial DNA. If bacteria triggers leukocytes, mitochondrial DNA may do the same. When confronted
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Multiple_organ_dysfunction_syndrome
Species of fish
sequence of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) mitochondrial genome and evolutionary patterns in vertebrate mitochondrial DNA". Genome Research. 11 (11): 1958–1967
Zebrafish
Sub-field of genomics
within mitochondrial DNA versus nuclear DNA because the mitochondrial genome is much smaller and easier to screen for specific mutations. MtDNA content
Oncogenomics
Ethnic group of far eastern Russia
belongs to G1b1a-G16244A. М. А. Gubina et al. (2013) examined the mitochondrial DNA of a sample of seventeen Nivkhs from the village of Nogliki, Nogliksky
Nivkh_people
Indigenous people of the Caribbean
substantial number of Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Dominicans have Indigenous mitochondrial DNA, which may suggest Taíno descent through the direct female line, especially
Taíno
Medical condition
cases. Mature human sperm contains almost no mitochondrial DNA at all. An increased amount of mitochondrial DNA in the sperm cells has shown to have a negative
Male_infertility
Field of anthropology
the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). MtDNA is almost always only passed to the next generation by females, but under highly exceptional circumstances mtDNA can
Molecular_anthropology
DNA analysis of Bosniak populations
for mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H, "two were determined as H5 and the others as H2a sub-haplogroup". Genetically, on the maternal mitochondrial DNA line
Genetic_studies_on_Bosniaks
including mummies, that may have been DNA tested. Provided as evidence of the testing are links to the mitochondrial DNA sequences, and/or to the human haplogroups
List_of_DNA-tested_mummies
Human mitochondrial lineage
human mitochondrial genetics, L is the mitochondrial DNA macro-haplogroup that is at the root of the anatomically modern human (Homo sapiens) mtDNA phylogenetic
Macro-haplogroup_L
Mitochondrial disease
in the mitochondrial genome which is inherited purely from the female parent. The most common MELAS mutation is one in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) referred
MELAS_syndrome
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup
Haplogroup_E_(mtDNA)
Enzyme of the respiratory chain encoded by the mitochondrial genome
mtDNA. The gene product is a 57 kDa protein composed of 513 amino acids. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1 or MT-CO1) is one of three mitochondrial DNA
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Cytochrome_c_oxidase_subunit_I
Ethnic group native to Norway
Haplogroups ~ 5% Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) represents the female lineage, Haplogroup H represent about 40% of the Norwegian mitochondrial DNA lineages H ~
Norwegians
DNA analysis of Jewish populations
conducted using three types of genealogical DNA tests: autosomal (atDNA), mitochondrial (mtDNA), and Y-chromosome (Y-DNA). Autosomal testing, which looks at the
Genetic_studies_of_Jews
Highly polymorphic DNA region
the nucleic acid case. There are two mitochondrial hypervariable regions used in human mitochondrial genealogical DNA testing. HVR1 is considered a "low
Hypervariable_region
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to
Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup Q is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for Oceania. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M29'Q
Haplogroup_Q_(mtDNA)
DNA analysis of Moroccan populations
jadida at 36% and this is largely ascribed to the slave trade. In a mitochondrial DNA study, the sample set of 89 Moroccans were seen to be genetically
Genetic_studies_on_Moroccans
Southern African genetic history
Mitochondrial DNA studies also provide evidence that the San carry high frequencies of the earliest haplogroup branches in the human mitochondrial DNA
Genetic history of Southern Africa
Genetic_history_of_Southern_Africa
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup W is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup W is believed to have originated around 23,900 years ago in Western Asia. It is
Haplogroup_W
Native inhabitants of the Canary Islands
observations said to be consistent with other studies. Regarding mitochondrial DNA, the maternal lineages are characterized by the prevalence of North-African
Guanches
Genetic mixing of peoples
of 5th to 15th centuries CE were studied. Mitochondrial DNA was gathered from 67 individuals, autosomal DNA from 32 alongside a previous set of 22 for
African_admixture_in_Europe
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
Girl/Female
German
Victorious.
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Great
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Ambergris
Boy/Male
Tamil
Devotee
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Servant of the Most Powerful
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Tamil
Born of the Mind
Boy/Male
Australian, English
A Calm Person
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Support of God
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
A Great Sahabi who is the Narrator of Many Traditions
Boy/Male
Arabic, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
First; Leader
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
n.
A piece of DNA, usually circular, functioning as part of the genetic material of a cell, not integrated with the chromosome and replicating independently of the chromosome, but transferred, like the chromosome, to subsequent generations. In bacteria, plasmids often carry the genes for antibiotic resistance; they are exploited in genetic engineering as the vehicles for introduction of extraneous DNA into cells, to alter the genetic makeup of the cell. The cells thus altered may produce desirable proteins which are extracted and used; in the case of genetically altered plant cells, the altered cells may grow into complete plants with changed properties, as for example, increased resistance to disease.