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See searches and references containing EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA!EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
DNA located outside the chromosomes of a cell
Extrachromosomal DNA (abbreviated ecDNA) is any DNA that is found off the chromosomes, either inside or outside the nucleus of a cell. Most DNA in an
Extrachromosomal_DNA
Type of genomic structure
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a type of double-stranded circular DNA structure that was first discovered in 1964 by Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hotta
Extrachromosomal_circular_DNA
Extrachromosomal rDNA circles (a.k.a. ERC) are pieces of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) derived from ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Initially found in baker's
Extrachromosomal_rDNA_circle
Small DNA molecule within a cell
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They
Plasmid
American physician-scientist (born 1962)
the Cancer Grand Challenges program, tackling the challenge of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) in cancer development, progression, and therapeutic resistance
Paul_Mischel
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Mutations result from errors during replication, mitosis, meiosis, or damage to DNA, which then may trigger
Mutation
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
the process of duplicating a segment of DNA into RNA for the purpose of gene expression. Some segments of DNA are transcribed into RNA molecules that
Transcription_(biology)
Topics referred to by the same term
chromosomes Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), and that of other plastids Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) Circular chromosome Inverse
Circular_DNA
An extrachromosomal array is a method for mosaic analysis in genetics. It is a cosmid, and contains two functioning (wild-type) closely linked genes: a
Extrachromosomal_array
Subtype of DNA
MicroDNA is the most abundant subtype of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA (eccDNA) in humans, typically ranging from 200-400 base pairs in length and enriched
MicroDNA
Biological process
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes exact copies of its DNA. This process occurs in all organisms and is essential to biological inheritance
DNA_replication
Process of isolating DNA from cells
walls, for example, yeast samples containing mixed DNA from multiple sources Extrachromosomal DNA is generally easy to isolate, especially plasmids may
DNA_extraction
Small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA
Double minutes (DMs) are small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA, which have been observed in a large number of human tumors including breast, lung, ovary
Double_minute
DNA that does not code for proteins
Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional
Non-coding_DNA
Species of bacterium
reference genome consists of a 5,227,419 bp circular chromosome and two extrachromosomal DNA plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2, of 181,677 and 94,830 bp respectively, which
Bacillus_anthracis
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal
Chromosome
Family of DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms
spacers are derived from phage DNA and extrachromosomal DNA such as plasmids. In effect, the spacers are fragments of DNA gathered from viruses that previously
CRISPR
Basic unit of life forms
inclusions where transcription takes place alongside translation. Extrachromosomal DNA as plasmids, are usually circular and encode additional genes, such
Cell_(biology)
Manipulation of an organism's genome
cell membrane's permeability to DNA; up-taken DNA can either integrate with the genome or exist as extrachromosomal DNA. DNA is generally inserted into animal
Genetic_engineering
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes
with or without the loss of genetic material. Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA): 100 kb to 5 Mb-sized circular DNA molecules found in the nucleus that undergo
Chromosome_abnormality
Biological process
the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA replication occurs) and is followed by telophase and cytokinesis; which divides
Cell_division
Sequence in a genome
and phage systems. For example, it accounts for the failure of extrachromosomal DNAs without origins to replicate when introduced into host cells. It
Origin_of_replication
Cellular process of protein synthesis
template DNA base to its RNA complement (note that the complement of A is now U), as shown below. Note that the template strand of the DNA is the one
Translation_(biology)
Methods used to change the DNA of organisms
as extrachromosomal DNA. In plants the DNA is often inserted using Agrobacterium-mediated recombination, taking advantage of the Agrobacteriums T-DNA sequence
Genetic engineering techniques
Genetic_engineering_techniques
Piece of DNA or RNA obtained by amplification chain reactions (PCR, LCR)
of chromosomal DNA that has been excised, amplified, and reinserted elsewhere in the genome, and to a fragment of extrachromosomal DNA known as a double
Amplicon
Topics referred to by the same term
characterized by lack of motivation Double minute, fragments of extrachromosomal DNA in human tumors Myotonic dystrophy (DM-1/2/3), a chronic muscle-wasting
DM
plastid DNA, as well as many other varieties of extrachromosomal DNA, including plasmids and some viral DNA. Contrast linear DNA. circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
American physician-scientist (born 1972)
multiple discoveries related to mechanisms and functional roles of extrachromosomal DNA in cancer pathogenesis. Chang is a co-inventor of ATAC-seq, a widely-used
Howard_Y._Chang
Plastic surgery performed on the genitals
H2A H2B H3 H4 Centromere A B C E F H I J K M N O P Q T See also Extrachromosomal DNA Plasmid List of organisms by chromosome count List of sequenced genomes
Genitoplasty
Health technology company
in 2022, the firm began development of a new method for detecting extrachromosomal DNA through collaboration with startup firm Boundless Bio. In July 2021
Sophia_Genetics
Ability of some viruses to lie dormant within a cell
dormant. Episomal latency refers to the use of genetic episomes—extrachromosomal DNA elements—by a virus during its latent phase. In this latency type
Virus_latency
Specialized anatomy and physiology of bacteria
known as the nucleoid Extrachromosomal DNA, located outside of the nucleoid region as circular or linear plasmids The chromosomal DNA of bacteria is not
Bacterial_cell_structure
Surgical removal of the clitoris
H2A H2B H3 H4 Centromere A B C E F H I J K M N O P Q T See also Extrachromosomal DNA Plasmid List of organisms by chromosome count List of sequenced genomes
Clitoridectomy
DNA sequence whose position in the genome is variable
These are generally circular extrachromosomal DNA molecules that replicate and are transmitted independently from chromosomal DNA. These molecules are present
Mobile_genetic_elements
Viruses that can cause cancer
John Joseph Bittner identified the mouse mammary tumor virus, an "extrachromosomal factor" (i.e. virus) that could be transmitted between laboratory strains
Oncovirus
Multicopy single-stranded DNA (msDNA) is a type of extrachromosomal satellite DNA that consists of a single-stranded DNA molecule covalently linked via
Multicopy_single-stranded_DNA
Artificial plasmid
Examples include the pUC series of plasmids. Most expression vectors for extrachromosomal protein expression and shuttle vectors contain the pBR322 origin of
PBR322
Sporadic biological phenomenon at the molecular scale
by DNA barcode, diagnosis of various pathologies, and forensic medicine. This simultaneous amplification of NUMT with free extrachromosomal mtDNA prevents
Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
Nuclear_mitochondrial_DNA_segment
Cell organelle in a few species
contained in the nuclear genome. An early report suggested the presence of DNA in this organelle, but subsequent research has shown this not to be the case
Mitosome
Type of genetic component
as HIV, for example, discontinuous reverse transcriptase-mediated extrachromosomal recombination. There are two main types of retrotransposons, long terminal
Retrotransposon
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Biological
Self-replication
Change in proteins expressed by bacteria
becomes a circular extrachromosomal element that results in the restored expression of eps. Another, more complex example of site-specific DNA rearrangement
Phase_variation
10 July – Scientists report in a preprint the discovery of long extrachromosomal DNA structures, they call borgs, which appear to incorporate genes from
2021_in_science
All genetic material of an organism
or two large DNA molecules (chromosomes) that contain all of the essential genetic material but they also contain smaller extrachromosomal plasmid molecules
Genome
Branch of virology
intersection of virology, synthetic biology, computational biology, and DNA nanotechnology, from which it borrows and integrates its concepts and methodologies
Synthetic_virology
Mitochondrion-derived organelle
ruminantium (at least 4 independent events, some have DNA). Blastocystis (functionally transitional, has DNA). Anaerobic chytridiomycetes including species of
Hydrogenosome
Genus of bacteria
survive outside of insects or plant phloem. Some phytoplasmas contain extrachromosomal DNA such as plasmids. Despite their small genomes, many predicted phytoplasma
Phytoplasma
Synthetic viral vector
either transgenic DNA or replication and capsid encoding DNA, plus helper DNA. Every cell that is successfully transfected with all three DNA fragments will
Helper_dependent_virus
Overview of and topical guide to cell biology
membrane of photosynthetic bacteria. Plasmid – An extrachromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA and capable of sexual replication, it is typically
Outline_of_cell_biology
Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences on chromosomes
(March 1978). "A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena". Journal of Molecular Biology.
Telomere
DNA region replicating from a single origin
replicator is the entire DNA sequence (including, but not limited to the origin of replication) required to direct the initiation of DNA replication. The initiator
Replicon_(genetics)
Species of archaea that oxidizes methane
has been suggested that AOM is facilitated by Borgs, unusual large extrachromosomal DNA elements found in Methanoperedens. M. nitroreducens survives in oxygen-free
Methanoperedens_nitroreducens
Species of bacteria
"A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease spirochete B. burgdorferi"
Borrelia_burgdorferi
Phenomenon in evolutionary biology
fixation of mutations in chromosomal DNA, but it also influences the stability or persistence of extrachromosomal DNA in the form of plasmids. Plasmids often
Clonal_interference
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
the study of changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence. The Greek prefix epi- (ἐπι- "over, outside of, around") in epigenetics
Epigenetics
Process of isolating plasmid DNA from cells
of isolating and extracting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from plasmids and other extrachromosomal sources present in cells such as bacterial cells. It
Alkaline_lysis
Family of bacteria
all have at least 90% DNA sequence identity. Chlamydiaceae species have varying inclusion morphology, varying extrachromosomal plasmid content, and varying
Chlamydiaceae
American biochemist
host bacterium E. coli, but the model provided insights into how extrachromosomal DNA can be inserted and excised in other organisms. This model was proposed
Allan_M._Campbell
Species of bacterium
composed of 3, 567, 128 base pairs and contained a mixture of both extrachromosomal DNA and bacterial chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the
Arsenophonus_nasoniae
Species of bacterium
the establishment of an interdisciplinary bioinformatics group. Extrachromosomal DNA in the form of two large plasmids was detected by pulsed-field gel
Xenophilus_azovorans
Bacteriophage genome that is integrated into a bacterial cell
integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. Integration of prophages into the
Prophage
Increase in the number of copies of a gene
ribosomal DNA copies were found to occur in the germinal vesicle; these are associated with extrachromosomal nucleoli. The amplified ribosomal DNA was found
Gene_amplification
Genetics in relation to aging and lifespans
manner to yeast). Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) has been found in worms, flies, and humans. The origin and role of eccDNA in aging, if any, is
Genetics_of_aging
Three-stranded nucleic acid structure
ovalbumin gene (by O'Malley, confirmed by other groups), hexon DNA, and extrachromosomal rRNA genes of Tetrahymena thermophila. In the mid-1980s, development
R-loop
Species of bacterium
Lagnel J, Matthew CZ, Bourtzis K, Maudlin I, Welburn SC (July 2005). "Extrachromosomal DNA of the symbiont Sodalis glossinidius". Journal of Bacteriology. 187
Sodalis_glossinidius
Species of bacterium
species were identified from enrichments based on the behavior of extrachromosomal DNA under alkaline lysis, restriction enzymes, and agarose gel electrophoresis
Arsenophonus_arthropodicus
Topics referred to by the same term
effects Linear plasmid, a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently
Linear_(disambiguation)
Aspect of DNA sequences
Borgs are large (up to ~1 Mbp) extrachromosomal linear DNA elements found in methanotrophic archaea (specifically Methanoperedens spp.) that live in oxygen-starved
Borg_(microbiology)
Medical condition
together to form a ring), double minutes (i.e. small fragments of extrachromosomal DNA), chromosomes with deletions of part of their genetic material, and
Myxofibrosarcoma
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
for DNA double-strand break repair and homologous recombination. This gene product was shown to bind single-stranded DNA ends, and mediate the DNA-DNA interaction
RAD52
Species of virus
both dividing and quiescent cells and persist in an non-integrated extrachromosomal state into the genome of the host cell. Low level integration into
Adeno-associated_virus
types via fragment size selection in circulating cell-free extrachromosomal circular DNA". Genome Medicine. 18 (1) 18. doi:10.1186/s13073-025-01595-6
Fragmentomics
Causes of tick-borne disease
"A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia
Microbiology_of_Lyme_disease
Species of yeast
has been shown to increase RLS by preventing the accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles, which are thought to be one of the causes of senescence
Saccharomyces_cerevisiae
Telomerase-independent mechanism
centromere proximal sequence of the same chromosome (T-loop), (ii) circular extrachromosomal telomeric sequences (C-circles), (iii) homologous chromosomes, or (iv)
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres
Alternative_Lengthening_of_Telomeres
Realm of viruses
but instead produce ssDNA intermediates during transposition by DDE superfamily transposases. Genomes may persist extrachromosomally, like a plasmid, or
Efunaviria
Protein domain
EBNA1 is integral to many EBV functions including gene regulation, extrachromosomal replication, and maintenance of the EBV episomal genome through positive
Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1
Epstein–Barr_virus_nuclear_antigen_1
Virus that infects bacteria
bacteriophages that integrate their genetic material into the host as extrachromosomal episomes or as a prophage during a lysogenic cycle. Some temperate
Bacteriophage
Type of single-cell organisms smaller than 0.1 μm3 under all growth conditions
seemingly devoid of extraneous genetic elements like non-coding DNA, transposons, extrachromosomal elements etc. However, genomic data from ultramicrobacteria
Ultramicrobacteria
Topics referred to by the same term
body for science European Rover Challenge, a robotics competition Extrachromosomal rDNA circle Eyewall replacement cycle, phenomenon seen in intense tropical
ERC
Genetically engineered chromosome derived from the DNA of yeast
undergo mitotic replication. This allows the plasmid to replicate extrachromosomally, but renders the plasmid highly mitotically unstable, and easily lost
Yeast_artificial_chromosome
genomes.It is evident that Ephrussi's work not only opened the field of extrachromosomal genetics, but also provide a fantastic incentive for the investigations
Petite_mutation
Species of bacterium
C. felis has been reported. Strains FP Pring and FP Cello have an extrachromosomal plasmid, whereas the FP Baker strain does not. FP Cello produces lethal
Chlamydia_felis
American biochemist and developmental biologist (1935–2024)
it demonstrated that during the production of oocytes in Xenopus, extrachromosomal nucleoli are produced that contain copies of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes
Igor_B._Dawid
Failure of bacterial reproduction
circular molecule fails to take up maintenance system. A. t. of the extrachromosomal elements (→ plasmids) as opposed to chromosomal fragments, is relatively
Unsuccessful_transfer
Model of aging as a trade-off between growth, reproduction, and DNA maintenance
formation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) in mother cells (but not daughter cells) upon every subsequent division is an identifiable type of DNA damage
Disposable soma theory of aging
Disposable_soma_theory_of_aging
Mobile genetic elements
and phages, integrative and conjugative elements cannot remain in an extrachromosomal form in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells and replicate only with the
Integrative and conjugative element
Integrative_and_conjugative_element
telophase (RENT) complex. The RENT complex sequesters excised rDNA in 'extrachromosomal circles,' preventing recombination. Accumulation of these circles
Silent information regulator protein
Silent_information_regulator_protein
(March 1978). "A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena". Journal of Molecular Biology.
Relationship between telomeres and longevity
Relationship_between_telomeres_and_longevity
Indian-born American biochemist and cancer researcher
cells. The laboratory discovered tens of thousands of extrachromosomal circles of DNA (microDNA) in normal and cancerous cells and in tissues in humans
Anindya_Dutta
Australian geneticist (born 1969)
in yeast) slows aging in yeast by reducing the accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles. Others working in the lab at the time identified NAD as
David_A._Sinclair
Genus of viruses
the lysogenic cycle, the virus resides in its host in the form of an extrachromosomal circular plasmid. Upon mitomycin C induction, large amounts of SNJ1
Yingchengvirus
Genus of viruses
P., Das, O.P., Messing, J. (1994). Geminivurses and Their Uses as Extrachromosomal Replicons. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45:79–112. Fargette
Cassava_mosaic_viruses
Genus of protists
Naegleria's ribosomal DNA (rDNA) consists of an extrachromosomal plasmid of which about 4000 exist in each cell. Comparison of 5.8S rDNA is the current way
Naegleria
Protein
ME, Chatis PA, Kaye KM (April 1999). "Efficient persistence of extrachromosomal KSHV DNA mediated by latency-associated nuclear antigen". Science. 284
LANA
microorganism is achieved by lack of, "pseudogenes, introns, transposons, extrachromosomal elements, or inteins". The genome also contains fewer paralogs compared
Streamlining_theory
RNA family
during the functional characterization of the introns from the extrachromosomal rDNA of the Didymium iridis protist. A combination of deletion and in
GIR1_branching_ribozyme
the DNA sequences comprising an organism's genome with a single procedure or experiment, generally inclusive of all chromosomal and extrachromosomal (e
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Species of bacterium
actinomycete genomes contain extrachromosomal genetic elements such as rolling circle replication plasmids. These extrachromosomal genetic elements have been
Streptomyces_lavendulae
mito: mitochondrial – plasmid: other extrachromosomal – phage: bacteriophage. Recognition sequence: Sequence of DNA recognized by the enzyme. The enzyme
List of homing endonuclease cutting sites
List_of_homing_endonuclease_cutting_sites
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EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA
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