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Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose
Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are a class of organic compounds usually with the formula (CH2O)x
Monosaccharide
Naming system for building blocks of carbohydrate
Monosaccharide nomenclature is the naming system of the building blocks of carbohydrates, the monosaccharides, which may be monomers or part of a larger
Monosaccharide_nomenclature
Organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods and fungi). The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes (e.g., ATP, FAD and NAD)
Carbohydrate
Class of enzymes
In enzymology, a monosaccharide-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.17) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + H2O + monosaccharideout ⇌ {\displaystyle
Monosaccharide-transporting ATPase
Monosaccharide-transporting_ATPase
Short-chain carbohydrates poorly absorbed in the small intestine
FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) are short-chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small
FODMAP
Simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants
Fructose (/ˈfrʌktoʊs, -oʊz/), or fruit sugar, is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. It is classified as a reducing hexose, more specifically
Fructose
Long carbohydrate polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
(sákkhar) 'sugar') are "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically". They are the most abundant carbohydrates in
Polysaccharide
Combination drug
Glucose/fructose/phosphoric acid Combination of Glucose Monosaccharide Fructose Monosaccharide Phosphoric acid Acid Clinical data Trade names Emetrol AHFS/Drugs
Glucose/fructose/phosphoric acid
Glucose/fructose/phosphoric_acid
Cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water
hydrolysis. Monosaccharides can be linked together by glycosidic bonds, which can be cleaved by hydrolysis. Two, three, several or many monosaccharides thus
Hydrolysis
Naturally produced monosaccharide
a sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. It is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is made from water and carbon dioxide
Glucose
Complex sugar
disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is a sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage. It is therefore a dimer, with a polymerization
Disaccharide
Suffix used in biochemistry
five-carbon monosaccharide, and hexose is a six-carbon monosaccharide. Aldehyde monosaccharides may be called aldoses; ketone monosaccharides may be called
-ose
Monosaccharide sugar
(/ɡəˈlæktoʊs/, galacto- + -ose, sometimes abbreviated gal) is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. It is classified as a reducing hexose, more specifically
Galactose
Medical condition
made from them. Glucose and galactose are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Sucrose and lactose are called disaccharides because they are made
Glucose-galactose malabsorption
Glucose-galactose_malabsorption
Sweet-tasting, water-soluble carbohydrates
carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose, fructose and galactose. Compound sugars, also called
Sugar
Class of enzymes
an UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.64) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction UTP + a monosaccharide 1-phosphate
UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
UTP-monosaccharide-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase
Monosaccharides with one >C=O group per molecule
In organic chemistry, a ketose is a monosaccharide containing one ketone (>C=O) group per molecule. The simplest ketose is dihydroxyacetone ((CH2OH)2C=O)
Ketose
(SNFG) is a community-curated standard for the depiction of simple monosaccharides and complex carbohydrates (glycans) using various colored-coded, geometric
Symbol Nomenclature For Glycans
Symbol_Nomenclature_For_Glycans
Devising names for a class of carbohydrates
several monosaccharide residues joined through glycosidic linkage, which can be hydrolyzed by enzymes or acid to give the constituent monosaccharide units
Oligosaccharide_nomenclature
Chemical compound
Arabinose is an aldopentose – a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde (CHO) functional group. For biosynthetic reasons
Arabinose
Histological staining method
of monosaccharide units that are part of the long polysaccharides and creating a pair of aldehydes at the two free tips of each broken monosaccharide ring
Periodic_acid–Schiff_stain
Class of plant-derived organic compounds with soap-like properties
ancestors and contain a steroid-type skeleton glycosidically linked to monosaccharide moieties, this difference is enough to classify them as a different
Saponin
Basic taste
Amino acid 0.37 – 0.76 Sorbitol Polyalcohol 0.6 Galactose Monosaccharide 0.65 Glucose Monosaccharide 0.74 – 0.8 Glycine Amino acid 0.6 – 0.89 L-alanine Amino
Sweetness
carbohydrates or saccharides. Monosaccharides consist of a single sugar molecule, disaccharides consist of two sugar molecules. Monosaccharides are further divided
List_of_sugars
Study of chemical processes of living organisms
term "carbohydrate" derives. The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which have the chemical formula C6H12O6 but vary in their precise structures
Biochemistry
Tn antigen refers to the monosaccharide structure N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) linked to serine or threonine by a glycosidic bond, considered as an antigen
Tn_antigen
Topics referred to by the same term
Saccharide, a sugar, may refer to: monosaccharides disaccharides trisaccharides tetrasaccharide oligosaccharides polysaccharides This disambiguation page
Saccharide
Ultrafine particles of silver between 1 nm and 100 nm in size
ways silver nanoparticles can be synthesized; one method is through monosaccharides. This includes glucose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, etc., but
Silver_nanoparticle
Oral anti-diabetic drugs
into simple sugars (monosaccharides) by alpha-glucosidase enzymes present on cells lining the intestine, enabling monosaccharides to be absorbed through
Alpha-glucosidase_inhibitor
Chemical compound
Deoxyribose, or more precisely 2-deoxyribose, is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C=O)−(CH2)−(CHOH)3−H. Its name indicates that it is a deoxy
Deoxyribose
Germinated cereal grains that have been dried
modifying the grains' starches into various types of sugar, including monosaccharide glucose, disaccharide maltose, trisaccharide maltotriose, and higher
Malt
Cell membrane organelle
lipids into their respective building-block molecules: amino acids, monosaccharides, and free fatty acids. The breakdown is done by various enzymes, for
Lysosome
Protein with oligosaccharide modifications
controlling action of an enzyme, but through a Maillard reaction. Monosaccharides commonly found in eukaryotic glycoproteins include: The sugar group(s)
Glycoprotein
Chemical compound
Glyceraldehyde (glyceral) is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3. It is the simplest of all common aldoses. It is a sweet, colorless,
Glyceraldehyde
Family of monosaccharide transport proteins
glycogenesis, and release of glucose during gluconeogenesis. All three monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, and fructose) are transported from the intestinal
Glucose_transporter
Set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units
lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). Catabolism
Catabolism
Chemical test for monosaccharides
Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of monosaccharides. It is based on the reduction of copper(II) acetate to copper(I) oxide
Barfoed's_test
Sugar acid
Mannuronic acid is a uronic acid monosaccharide that can be derived from mannose. Along with l-guluronic acid, d-mannuronic acid is a component of alginic
Mannuronic_acid
Sugar
Xylose (cf. Ancient Greek: ξύλον, xylon, "wood") is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. Xylose is classified as aldopentose type, which means
Xylose
Molecule produced by a living organism
group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix aldo-. Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix keto-. Examples of monosaccharides are the
Biomolecule
Sugar molecule with an –OH group at the end(s) of the carbon chain
In organic chemistry, a sugar acid or acidic sugar is a monosaccharide with a carboxyl group at one end or both ends of its chain. Main classes of sugar
Sugar_acid
Chemical test for the reducibility of a sugar
generic test for monosaccharides and other reducing sugars (e.g., maltose). It will give a positive result for aldose monosaccharides (due to the oxidisable
Fehling's_solution
Medical diagnostic method
defects in the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa. D-xylose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, that does not require enzymes for digestion prior
D-xylose_absorption_test
Sugars that contain free OH group at the anomeric carbon atom
acid. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars, along with some disaccharides, some oligosaccharides, and some polysaccharides. The monosaccharides can be
Reducing_sugar
Chemical compound
Altrose is an aldohexose sugar. D-Altrose is an unnatural monosaccharide. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol. However, L-altrose
Altrose
Saccharide molecular structure
dictate the three-dimensional shapes of all molecules—here, of all monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide molecules—are sometimes summarily
Carbohydrate_conformation
Method of representing 3D organic molecules as a 2D image
representations of 3D molecular configuration in certain cases. For example, a monosaccharide with three carbon atoms (triose), such as the D-Glyceraldehyde depicted
Fischer_projection
Chemical compound
Talose is an aldohexose sugar. It is an unnatural monosaccharide, that is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Some etymologists suggest
Talose
Class of carbohydrate
Trisaccharides are oligosaccharides composed of three monosaccharides with two glycosidic bonds connecting them. Similar to the disaccharides, each glycosidic
Trisaccharide
Component of DNA
Each deoxyribonucleotide comprises three parts: a deoxyribose sugar (monosaccharide), a nitrogenous base, and one phosphoryl group. The nitrogenous bases
Deoxyribonucleotide
Chemical compound
used in names of sugars. Carbohydrates are generally divided into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the number of sugar
Maltose
Biological molecule
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an amide derivative of the monosaccharide glucose. It is a secondary amide between glucosamine and acetic acid. It is significant
N-Acetylglucosamine
Uronic acid monosaccharide derived from gulose
Guluronic acid is a uronic acid monosaccharide that may be derived from gulose. l-Guluronic acid is a C-3 epimer of l-galacturonic acid and a C-5 epimer
Guluronic_acid
Saccharide polymer
saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars). Oligosaccharides can have many functions including
Oligosaccharide
Very large molecule
Polysaccharides (such as starch, cellulose, and chitin) are polymers of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds.[citation needed] Some lipids (organic nonpolar
Macromolecule
Chemical compound
it differs from the latter only by an O-methyl group on the terminal monosaccharide. Hayward R, Greenwood H, Stephens J, Hamer J (January 1983). "Relationship
Metildigoxin
Polysaccharide gum used as a food additive and thickener
Pyranose Geometry Anomer Cyclohexane conformation Epimer Mutarotation Monosaccharides Dioses Aldodiose Glycolaldehyde Trioses Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Ketotriose
Xanthan_gum
Thick amber-colored form of inverted sugar syrup
down (invert) most of the disaccharide sucrose into its constituent monosaccharides glucose and fructose. In this process, none of the sucrose is ever
Golden_syrup
D-Xylose is a five-carbon aldose (pentose, monosaccharide) that can be catabolized or metabolized into useful products by a variety of organisms. There
Xylose_metabolism
Chemical compound
only glucose (to the exclusion of other commonly found monosaccharides) as its monosaccharide moieties. It contains four glucose molecules in total with
Rebaudioside_A
Chemical compound
l-Streptose is a branched monosaccharide similar to apiose in structure. l-Streptose is one of the sugars in streptomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic
L-Streptose
Chemical compound
Allose is an aldohexose sugar. It is a rare monosaccharide that occurs as a 6-O-cinnamyl glycoside in the leaves of the African shrub Protea rubropilosa
Allose
sugars within root mucilage, monosaccharide analysis and monosaccharide linkage analysis are undertaken. Monosaccharide linkage analysis involves methylating
Root_mucilage
Monosaccharide with five carbon atoms and a ketone functional group
Ribulose is a ketopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5. Two
Ribulose
Sub-field of organic chemistry
structures from simple units (monosaccharides). The generation of carbohydrate structures usually involves linking monosaccharides or oligosaccharides through
Carbohydrate_synthesis
Chemical compound
carbohydrate forming the antigen of blood group A. It is typically the first monosaccharide that connects serine or threonine in particular forms of protein O-glycosylation
N-Acetylgalactosamine
Process of browning of sugar
caramelization involves the disaccharide sucrose, it is broken down into the monosaccharides fructose and glucose. Caramelization is a complex, poorly understood
Caramelization
Chemical compound
Xylulose is a ketopentose, a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. It has the chemical formula C5H10O5
Xylulose
Monosaccharide with only two carbon atoms
A diose is a monosaccharide containing two carbon atoms. Because the general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C·H2O)n, where n is three
Diose
Form of hemoglobin chemically linked to a sugar
form of hemoglobin (Hb) that is chemically linked to a sugar. Most monosaccharides, including glucose, galactose, and fructose, spontaneously (that is
Glycated_hemoglobin
Organic chemical compound
polysaccharides, chitosan and chitin. Glucosamine is one of the most abundant monosaccharides. It is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of shellfish exoskeletons
Glucosamine
Protein domain
figure), a variable loop that confers monosaccharide specificity and a number of subsites around the monosaccharide binding site that harbour additional
Legume_lectin
Type of peptides
methods exist for the synthesis of monosaccharide amino acid building block as illustrated below. Provided the monosaccharide amino acid building block is stable
Glycopeptide
System for the calculation of the available energy of foods
equivalent when calculated on a monosaccharide basis. Thus 100 g sucrose gives on hydrolysis 105.6 g monosaccharide and 100 g starch gives on hydrolysis
Atwater_system
Set of all sugars, free or bound, in an organism
linear or branched chains of monosaccharides attached to one another via glycosidic linkages. The number of monosaccharide units can vary. Polysaccharides
Glycome
Class of enzymes
(glycoside hydrolases) that catalyze the hydrolysis of galactosides into monosaccharides. The galactosidases are categorized as either alpha or beta, according
Galactosidases
Class of carbohydrates
In chemistry, a dialdose is a monosaccharide containing two aldehyde groups. For example, the hexodialdose O=CH–(CHOH)4–CH=O, obtained by reducing glucuronic
Dialdose
Topics referred to by the same term
to: Rha, Netherlands, a population center in Steenderen Rhamnose, a monosaccharide Volga River (the ancient name of the river in Latin, from Ancient Greek
RHA
Finger-like projection of the small intestine
increased absorptive area is useful because digested nutrients (including monosaccharide and amino acids) pass into the semipermeable villi through diffusion
Intestinal_villus
5-Carbon simple sugar
In chemistry, a pentose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with five carbon atoms. The chemical formula of many pentoses is C 5H 10O 5, and their molecular
Pentose
Species of tree
of sugar while cooking; hydrolysis of starch to oligosaccharide and monosaccharide, decomposition of sucrose to glucose and fructose, caramelisation of
Sweet_chestnut
Molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group
of the glycoside. The glycone can consist of a single sugar group (monosaccharide), two sugar groups (disaccharide), or several sugar groups (oligosaccharide)
Glycoside
Chemical compound
3-Deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (ketodeoxyoctonic acid; KDO; IUPAC symbol Kdo) is a monosaccharide, specifically an ulosonic acid of a 2-ketooctose. In gram-negative bacteria
3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid
3-Deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic_acid
Chemical test for the presence of carbohydrates
the interface between the acid and test layers. All carbohydrates – monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides (except trioses and tetroses)–
Molisch's_test
Rare monosaccharide not fermentable by yeast
Gulose is an aldohexose sugar. It is a monosaccharide that is very rare in nature, but has been found in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. It also exists
Gulose
Enzymes that break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
certain types of sugars called disaccharides into simpler sugars called monosaccharides. In the human body, disaccharidases are made mostly in an area of the
Disaccharidase
that breaks down red seaweed carbohydrate into monosaccharides more efficiently. These monosaccharides must undergo fermentation in order to be converted
Sea6_Energy
Organic compound that is soluble in nonpolar solvents
that are compatible with membrane bilayers. In the saccharolipids, a monosaccharide substitutes for the glycerol backbone present in glycerolipids and
Lipid
(six-membered) or furanose (five-membered) rings, depending on the monosaccharide used as a starting material to synthesize the glycal. Glycals can also
Glycal
Chemical compound
HOCH2C(O)CH(OH)CH2OH (alternative notation as C4H8O4). As a ketone-containing monosaccharide, it is classified as a ketose and tetrose. Erythrulose is a colorless
Erythrulose
Carbon-oxygen gas
photosynthesis. The equation for the respiration of glucose and other monosaccharides is: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Anaerobic organisms decompose organic
Carbon_dioxide
Bodily function of expelling intestinal gas from the anus
low-FODMAP diet (a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, alcohols, and polyols). Most starches, including potatoes, corn, noodles
Flatulence
L-isomer of glucose
formula C6H12O6 or O=CH[CH(OH)]5H, specifically one of the aldohexose monosaccharides. As the l-isomer of glucose, it is the enantiomer of the more common
L-Glucose
Mammalian protein found in humans
binding serine-type endopeptidase activity chemoattractant activity monosaccharide binding Cellular component collagen extracellular region extracellular
Collectin-10
Organic compounds
(18-carbon) Maltotetraitol (24-carbon) Polyglycitol Both disaccharides and monosaccharides can form sugar alcohols; however, sugar alcohols derived from disaccharides
Sugar_alcohol
Glycoside hydrolase enzyme
hydrolase enzymes that cleave the glycosidic linkage of a terminal monosaccharide in an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide. Because each residue is removed
Exoglycosidase
Confectionery product made by heating sugars
compounds. Compounds such as difructose anhydride may be created from the monosaccharides after water loss. Fragmentation reactions result in low-molecular-weight
Caramel
Form of stereoisomerism in carbohydrates
anomers is the specific rotation, which can be monitored by polarimetry. Monosaccharide nomenclature Stereochemistry Francis Carey (2000). Organic Chemistry
Anomer
carbohydrates. This method allows the scientists to elucidate structure of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates and other carbohydrate
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of carbohydrates
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_carbohydrates
Pungent chemical compound in chili peppers
Malic acid Caftaric acid Coutaric acid Fertaric acid Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Hexoses Pentoses Polysaccharides Beta-glucan Chitin Lentinan Fructan
Capsaicin
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