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In statistical mechanics, the n-vector model or O(n) model is a simple system of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. It was developed by H. Eugene
N-vector_model
Model for representing text documents
Vector space model (VSM) or term vector model is an algebraic model for representing text documents (or more generally, items) as vectors such that the
Vector_space_model
Set of methods for supervised statistical learning
In machine learning, a support vector machine (SVM) or support vector network is a supervised max-margin model with associated learning algorithms that
Support_vector_machine
Lattice model of statistical mechanics
Stanley's n-vector model for n = 2. Given a D-dimensional lattice Λ, at each lattice site j ∈ Λ there is a two-dimensional, unit-length vector sj = (cos
Classical_XY_model
The n-vector representation (also called geodetic normal or ellipsoid normal vector) is a three-parameter non-singular representation well-suited for
N-vector
Concept in statistical physics
Heisenberg model, developed by Werner Heisenberg, is the n = 3 {\displaystyle n=3} case of the n-vector model, one of the models used to model ferromagnetism
Classical_Heisenberg_model
Assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of Euclidean space
In vector calculus and physics, a vector field is an assignment of a vector to each point in a space, most commonly Euclidean space R n {\displaystyle
Vector_field
Model in statistical mechanics generalizing the Ising model
model). The Potts model is related to, and generalized by, several other models, including the XY model, the Heisenberg model and the N-vector model.
Potts_model
Concept in statistics
the class of vector generalized linear models (VGLMs) was proposed to enlarge the scope of models catered for by generalized linear models (GLMs). In particular
Vector generalized linear model
Vector_generalized_linear_model
Mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics
general, it can be seen as a specialization of Stanley's n-vector model for n = 1. The Ising model was invented by the physicist Wilhelm Lenz (1920), who
Ising_model
Physical model defined on a lattice
XY model to higher dimensions gives the n {\displaystyle n} -vector model which has S = S n = S O ( n + 1 ) / S O ( n ) {\displaystyle S=S^{n}=SO(n+1)/SO(n)}
Lattice_model_(physics)
American academic (born 1954)
"Behavior of the Borel resummations for the critical exponents of the n-vector model". Physical Review B. 25 (7). American Physical Society (APS): 4810–4814
David_Albert
Calculus of vector-valued functions
Vector calculus or vector analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with the differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in three-dimensional
Vector_calculus
Topics referred to by the same term
(NEVPT) n-entity n-flake n-gram n-group n-monoid n-player game n-skeleton n-slit interferometer n-slit interferometric equation n-sphere n-vector n-vector model
N-
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
a T5-XXL language model to encode the input text into an embedding vector. It is a cascaded diffusion model with three sub-models. The first step denoises
Diffusion_model
Purely statistical model of language
A word n-gram language model is a statistical model of language which calculates the probability of the next word in a sequence from a fixed size window
Word_n-gram_language_model
Statistical concept
distribution (i.e. one modelling a vector x {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}} with N random variables) one may model a vector of parameters (such as several
Mixture_model
Mid-engine sports car produced by Vector Aeromotive as a successor to the W8
The Vector M12 is a sports car manufactured by Vector Aeromotive under parent company Megatech, and was the first car produced after the hostile takeover
Vector_M12
Series of language models developed by Google AI
(BERT) is a language model introduced in October 2018 by researchers at Google. It learns to represent text as a sequence of vectors using self-supervised
BERT_(language_model)
Models used to produce word embeddings
the vectors for walk and ran are nearby, as are those for "but" and "however", and "Berlin" and "Germany". Word2vec is a group of related models that
Word2vec
Statistical model of language
For example, in some such models, if v is the function that maps a word w to its n-d vector representation, then v ( k i n g ) − v ( m a l e ) + v ( f
Language_model
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
it into a vector. The decoder is another LSTM that converts the vector into a sequence of tokens. Similarly, another 130M-parameter model used gated
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Field theory of a point particle confined to move on a fixed manifold
the O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} non-linear sigma model. That is, write ϕ = u ^ {\displaystyle \phi ={\hat {u}}} to be the unit vector in R n {\displaystyle
Sigma_model
Classical quantization technique from signal processing
Vector quantization (VQ) is a classical quantization technique from signal processing that allows the modeling of probability density functions by the
Vector_quantization
Broad concept generalizing scalars in mathematics and physics
In mathematics and physics, a vector is a generalization of a single number. It may denote a vector quantity, i.e., physical quantity that cannot be expressed
Vector (mathematics and physics)
Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)
Mathematical model for a quantum system
Suppose the n-dimensional position (orientation) vector of the model at a given site i {\displaystyle i} is n {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} } . Then, we
Quantum_rotor_model
Topics referred to by the same term
Template Library Vector clock, an algorithm Vector space model, an algebraic model for representing text documents Euclidean vector, a geometric object
Vector
Algebraic structure in linear algebra
be, more generally, elements of any field. Vector spaces generalize Euclidean vectors, which allow modeling of physical quantities (such as forces and
Vector_space
Method in natural language processing
obtained using language modeling and feature learning techniques, where words or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors of real numbers. Methods
Word_embedding
Measure of directional electromagnetic energy flux
In physics, the Poynting vector (or Umov–Poynting vector) represents the directional energy flux (the energy transfer per unit area, per unit time) or
Poynting_vector
Machine learning technique
form to the support vector machine, but provides probabilistic classification. It is actually equivalent to a Gaussian process model with covariance function:
Relevance_vector_machine
Duality between theories of gravity on anti-de Sitter space and conformal field theories
Igor; Polyakov, Alexander (2002). "The AdS dual of the critical O(N) vector model". Physics Letters B. 550 (3–4): 213–219. arXiv:hep-th/0210114. Bibcode:2002PhLB
AdS/CFT_correspondence
Vector Space Model (TVSM) (literature: [1]) extends the vector space model of information retrieval by removing the constraint that the term-vectors be
Topic-based vector space model
Topic-based_vector_space_model
Sports car produced from 1990 to 1993, based on the Vector W2
The Vector W8 is a sports car produced by American automobile manufacturer Vector Aeromotive Corporation from 1989 to 1993. It was designed by company
Vector_W8
Function valued in a vector space; typically a real or complex one
of multidimensional vectors or infinite-dimensional vectors. The input of a vector-valued function could be a scalar or a vector (that is, the dimension
Vector-valued_function
American theoretical physicist (born 1962)
Klebanov, I.R; Polyakov, A.M (2002). "AdS dual of the critical O(N) vector model". Physics Letters B. 550 (3–4). Elsevier BV: 213–219. arXiv:hep-th/0210114
Igor_Klebanov
Age-structured model of population growth
\mathbf {n} _{t}=\mathbf {L} ^{t}\mathbf {n} _{0}} where n t {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} _{t}} is the population vector at time t and L {\displaystyle \mathbf
Leslie_matrix
Conversion of a matrix or a tensor to a vector
theory, the vectorization of a matrix is a linear transformation which converts the matrix into a vector. Specifically, the vectorization of a m × n matrix
Vectorization_(mathematics)
proved by Kac and C. J. Thompson that the spherical model is a limiting case of the N-vector model. Solving the partition function and using a calculation
Spherical_model
Number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary
therefore equal to N − 1 {\textstyle N-1} . Mathematically, degrees of freedom is the number of dimensions of the domain of a random vector, or essentially
Degrees of freedom (statistics)
Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)
Branch of mathematics
, {\displaystyle (x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})\mapsto a_{1}x_{1}+\cdots +a_{n}x_{n},} and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices. Linear
Linear_algebra
Formulas in differential geometry
defined as follows: T is the unit vector tangent to the curve, pointing in the direction of motion. N is the normal unit vector, the derivative of T with respect
Frenet–Serret_formulas
American physicist
econophysics and biological physics. His early work introduced the n-vector model of magnetism and its exact solution in the limit nà infinity, topics
H._Eugene_Stanley
Quantum field theory enjoying conformal symmetry
{\displaystyle N=1} . The O(N) CFT can be constructed as the continuum limit of a lattice model with spins that are N-vectors, called the n-vector model. Alternatively
Conformal_field_theory
Statistical regression where the dependent variable can take only two values
etc. We also have a vector of regressors X, which are assumed to influence the outcome Y. Specifically, we assume that the model takes the form P ( Y
Probit_model
Machine learning calibration technique
classification model into a probability distribution over classes. The method was invented by John Platt in the context of support vector machines, replacing
Platt_scaling
Model of n-dimensional hyperbolic geometry
sheet S+ of a two-sheeted hyperboloid in (n+1)-dimensional Minkowski space or by the displacement vectors from the origin to those points, and m-planes
Hyperboloid_model
Vector field on a pseudo-Riemannian manifold that preserves the metric tensor
mathematics and theoretical physics, a Killing vector field or Killing field (named after Wilhelm Killing) is a vector field on a Riemannian manifold or pseudo-Riemannian
Killing_vector_field
Statistics models class
coefficient vector β {\displaystyle \beta } . Many other smoothing penalties can be written in the same way, and given the smoothing parameters the model fitting
Generalized_additive_model
Space formed by the ''n''-tuples of real numbers
real numbers, that is the set of all sequences of n real numbers, also known as coordinate vectors. Special cases are called the real line R1, the real
Real_coordinate_space
Economic Model
and vector coordinate indices as subscripts. x ⪰ y {\displaystyle x\succeq y} if ∀ n , x n ≥ y n {\displaystyle \forall n,x_{n}\geq y_{n}} R + N {\displaystyle
Arrow–Debreu_model
Mathematical modeling language
A vector addition system (VAS) is one of several mathematical modeling languages for the description of distributed systems. Vector addition systems were
Vector_addition_system
Indicator for how well data points fit a line or curve
data set has n values marked y1, ..., yn (collectively known as yi or as a vector y=[y1, ..., yn]T), each associated with a fitted (or modeled, or predicted)
Coefficient_of_determination
Type of machine learning model
models pioneered word alignment techniques for machine translation, laying the groundwork for corpus-based language modeling. In 2001, a smoothed n-gram
Large_language_model
Shading algorithm in computer graphics
reflection vector which depends on the surface curvature and must be recalculated for each pixel of the image (or for each vertex of the model in the case
Blinn–Phong_reflection_model
Similarity measure for number sequences
between two non-zero vectors defined in an inner product space. Cosine similarity is the cosine of the angle between the vectors; that is, it is the dot
Cosine_similarity
Mathematical operation in linear algebra
A vector x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } of length n {\displaystyle n} can be viewed as a column vector, corresponding to an n × 1 {\displaystyle n\times
Matrix_multiplication
Computer processor which works on arrays of several numbers at once
one-dimensional arrays of data called vectors. When integrated as a hardware component the vector processor is often called a vector processing unit (VPU). This
Vector_processor
Vector logic is an algebraic model of elementary logic based on matrix algebra. Vector logic assumes that the truth values map on vectors, and that the
Vector_logic
Algorithm for partial ordering of events and detecting causality in distributed systems
process's logical clock. A vector clock of a system of n processes is a vector (equivalentlly, a 1-dimensional array) of n logical clocks, one clock per
Vector_clock
Shading algorithm in computer graphics
values N = [ N x , N y , N z ] {\displaystyle N=[N_{x},N_{y},N_{z}]} . Then the two equations still allow the normal to rotate around the view vector, thus
Phong_reflection_model
Machine learning technique
others to 0), as we would like the model to make a context vector consisting of a weighted sum of the hidden vectors, rather than "the best one", as there
Attention_(machine_learning)
Component of an atomic nucleus
isospin vector field oriented in the shape of a hedgehog space, the model is readily solvable, and is thus sometimes called the hedgehog model. The hedgehog
Nucleon
Texture mapping technique
normal vector n {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} } is given by s = r − 2 ( r ⋅ n ) n {\displaystyle \mathbf {s} =\mathbf {r} -2(\mathbf {r} \cdot \mathbf {n} )\mathbf
Normal_mapping
Technique in neural networks for learning joint representations of text and images
of models contrastively. One model takes in a piece of text as input and outputs a single vector representing its semantic content. The other model takes
Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training
Contrastive_Language–Image_Pre-training
observation, links have been shown between ESA and the generalized vector space model. Gabrilovich and Markovitch replied to Anderka and Stein by pointing
Explicit_semantic_analysis
Vector in relativity
In special relativity, a four-vector (or 4-vector, sometimes Lorentz vector) is an element of a four-dimensional vector space object with four components
Four-vector
Concept in linear algebra
a coordinate vector can also be used for infinite-dimensional vector spaces, as addressed below. Let V be a vector space of dimension n over a field F
Coordinate_vector
Design of geospatial data storage
example, the vector graphic data model represents geography as collections of points, lines, and arrays, and the elimination data model represent geography
Data_model_(GIS)
Engineering model
space-mapping based models are commonly used. Recently proposed comparison-based surrogate models (e.g., ranking support vector machines) for evolutionary
Surrogate_model
Family of machine learning approaches
example, in the noisy channel model of machine translation. In practice, seq2seq maps an input sequence into a real-numerical vector by using a neural network
Seq2seq
Mathematical description of spacetime used in relativity
applied to two tangent vectors at p. As mentioned, in a vector space, such as modeling the spacetime of special relativity, tangent vectors can be canonically
Minkowski_spacetime
Lighting formula in 3D computer graphics
the halfway vector. Either the viewing or light direction can be used as the second vector. Phong reflection model Blinn-Phong shading model Fresnel equations
Schlick's_approximation
Mathematics of a particle physics model
all vectors 2 π ℏ L ( n 1 , n 2 , n 3 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi \hbar }{L}}(n_{1},n_{2},n_{3})} where n 1 , n 2 , n 3 {\displaystyle n_{1},n_{2},n_{3}}
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
2017 research paper by Google
it into a vector. The decoder is another LSTM that converts the vector into a sequence of tokens. Similarly, another 130M-parameter model used gated
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
Fundamental space of geometry
as the associated vector space. A typical case of Euclidean vector space is R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} viewed as a vector space equipped with
Euclidean_space
Statistical modeling method
\\\varepsilon _{n}\end{bmatrix}}.} y {\displaystyle \mathbf {y} } is a vector of observed values y i ( i = 1 , … , n ) {\displaystyle y_{i}\ (i=1,\ldots ,n)} of
Linear_regression
Model of magnetic hysteresis
is used for vector hysteresis in 3D, and circular hysteron is used for vector hysteresis in 2D. The Preisach model has been applied to model hysteresis
Preisach_model_of_hysteresis
Agent that carries and transmits pathogens
In epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen such as a parasite or microbe, to another living
Disease_vector
Algebraic structure designed for geometry
n {\displaystyle n} -vectors. Alternatively, n {\displaystyle n} -vectors are called pseudoscalars, ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} -vectors are
Geometric_algebra
Method of data analysis
and noise models. Under the assumption that x = s + n , {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {s} +\mathbf {n} ,} that is, that the data vector x {\displaystyle
Principal_component_analysis
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
is a function that can decide whether or not an input, represented by a vector of numbers, belongs to some specific class. It is a type of linear classifier
Perceptron
Statistical measure of the discrepancy between data and an estimation model
\beta } . The general regression model with n observations and k explanators, the first of which is a constant unit vector whose coefficient is the regression
Residual_sum_of_squares
Differentiable manifold with nondegenerate metric tensor
pseudo-Euclidean vector space. A special case used in general relativity is a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold for modeling spacetime, where tangent vectors can
Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold
Bright spot of light that appears on shiny objects when illuminated
{R}})^{n}=[{\vec {L}}\cdot ({\vec {E}}-2{\vec {N}}({\vec {N}}\cdot {\vec {E}}))]^{n},} where R is an eye reflection vector, E is an eye vector (view vector)
Specular_highlight
Space in mathematics and theoretical physics
(e1, ..., en), be applied to a vector x = x1e1 + ⋯ + xnen, giving q ( x ) = ( x 1 2 + ⋯ + x k 2 ) − ( x k + 1 2 + ⋯ + x n 2 ) , {\displaystyle q(x)=\left(x_{1}^{2}+\dots
Pseudo-Euclidean_space
Approximation method in statistics
number and the vector of increments, Δ β {\displaystyle \Delta {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} is known as the shift vector. At each iteration the model is linearized
Non-linear_least_squares
Image classification model
represented based on the BoW model, any discriminative model suitable for text document categorization can be tried, such as support vector machine (SVM) and AdaBoost
Bag-of-words model in computer vision
Bag-of-words_model_in_computer_vision
Model of hyperbolic geometry
them in the model (not along the circle arc); ln is the natural logarithm. Equivalently, if u and v are two vectors in real n-dimensional vector space Rn
Poincaré_disk_model
Least-squares support-vector machines (LS-SVM) for statistics and in statistical modeling, are least-squares versions of support-vector machines (SVM), which
Least-squares support vector machine
Least-squares_support_vector_machine
Mathematical model of a system in control engineering
\mathbf {x} (\cdot )} is called the "state vector", x ( t ) ∈ R n {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} (t)\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} ; y ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {y}
State-space_representation
Generative topic model
_{j};\alpha )\prod _{t=1}^{N}P(Z_{j,t}\mid \theta _{j})P(W_{j,t}\mid \varphi _{Z_{j,t}}),} where the bold-font variables denote the vector version of the variables
Latent_Dirichlet_allocation
French physicist
Le Guillou, J.; Zinn-Justin, J. (1977). "Critical Exponents for the n-Vector Model in Three Dimensions from Field Theory". Physical Review Letters. 39
Jean_Zinn-Justin
Theory with particles of spin more than two
singlet sector a free vector model conformal field theory (see also higher-spin AdS/CFT correspondence below). Let us stress that all n-point correlation
Higher-spin_theory
Language model application development framework
generation, analysis, and debugging; Milvus vector database to store and retrieve vector embeddings; Weaviate vector database to cache embedding and data objects;
LangChain
Statistical estimation method
Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) uses Bayesian methods to estimate a vector autoregression (VAR) model. BVAR differs with standard VAR models in that
Bayesian vector autoregression
Bayesian_vector_autoregression
Representation learning technique
maps complex, high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional vector space of numerical vectors. It also denotes the resulting representation, where meaningful
Embedding_(machine_learning)
Numerical algorithm for mortality forecasting
the same format as the input. The model uses singular value decomposition (SVD) to find: A univariate time series vector k t {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} _{t}}
Lee–Carter_model
L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z N-Reactor N-body choreography N-body problem N-body simulation N-type semiconductor N-vector model N.V.V.J. Swamy N=2 superstring
Index_of_physics_articles_(N)
Certain vector fields are the sum of an irrotational and a solenoidal vector field
Helmholtz. For a vector field F ∈ C 1 ( V , R n ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \in C^{1}(V,\mathbb {R} ^{n})} defined on a domain V ⊆ R n {\displaystyle V\subseteq
Helmholtz_decomposition
N VECTOR-MODEL
N VECTOR-MODEL
Female
Irish
Irish Gaelic name CAILÃN means "girl."
Male
Arthurian
, sir Hector de Maris; (defender).
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Roman Latin Victor, VIKTOR means "conqueror." Compare with another form of Viktor.
Male
Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese form of Roman Latin Victor, VITOR means "conqueror."
Male
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name THUÃN means "tamed."
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Lorccán, LORCÃN means "little fierce one."
Female
Spanish
Spanish name ENCARNACIÓN means "incarnation."
Boy/Male
English American
Doctor; teacher.
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic Tighearnán, TIGERNÃN means "little lord."
Male
Russian
(Cyrillic Виктор): Slavic form of Roman Latin Victor, VIKTOR means "conqueror." In use by the Bulgarians, Russians and Serbians. Compare with another form of Viktor.
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Cathán, CADÃN means "little battle."
Female
Spanish
Spanish name ASCENCIÓN means "ascension."
Female
Spanish
Spanish religious name VISITACIÓN means "visitation."
Male
Irish
Irish name ABBÃN means "little abbot."
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Eachann, HECTOR means "brown horse." Compare with another form of Hector.
Male
English
Roman Latin name VICTOR means "conqueror."Â
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Latin Hector, HEITOR means "defend; hold fast."
Boy/Male
Spanish
Victor.
Boy/Male
American, British, Christian, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindu, Indian, Irish, Jamaican, Latin, Romanian, Slovenia, Spanish, Swedish, Swiss, Tamil, Ukrainian
Victorious; Conqueror; Winner; Champion; One who Conquers; Victory
Male
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic Lomán, LOMMÃN means "little bare one."Â
N VECTOR-MODEL
N VECTOR-MODEL
Boy/Male
Tamil
Breeze
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Bringer of Good News
Girl/Female
Arabic
Pounding; Generous
Male
English
 Short form of English Richard, DICK means "powerful ruler." Compare with another form of Dick.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Celestial; Born of Heaven
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Earth
Boy/Male
Tamil
Mountain peak
Boy/Male
Hindu
A pair, A month of kerala midhunam
Boy/Male
Scandinavian Scottish
Church.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Swahili
Woman
N VECTOR-MODEL
N VECTOR-MODEL
N VECTOR-MODEL
N VECTOR-MODEL
N VECTOR-MODEL
n.
A measure of space equal to half an M (or em); an en.
n.
A term made up of the two parts / + /1 /-1, where / and /1 are vectors.
n.
A directed quantity, as a straight line, a force, or a velocity. Vectors are said to be equal when their directions are the same their magnitudes equal. Cf. Scalar.
n.
A contrivance for removing superfluous ink or coloring matter from a roller. See Doctor, 4.
n.
A belly, or protuberant part; a broad surface; as, the venter of a muscle; the venter, or anterior surface, of the scapula.
a.
Pertaining to a rector or a rectory; rectoral.
n.
The turning factor of a quaternion.
v. t.
To confer a doctorate upon; to make a doctor.
v. t.
To tamper with and arrange for one's own purposes; to falsify; to adulterate; as, to doctor election returns; to doctor whisky.
n.
Same as Radius vector.
n.
A woman who wins a victory; a female victor.
n.
Any mechanical contrivance intended to remedy a difficulty or serve some purpose in an exigency; as, the doctor of a calico-printing machine, which is a knife to remove superfluous coloring matter; the doctor, or auxiliary engine, called also donkey engine.
a.
Of or pertaining to victory, or a victor' being a victor; bringing or causing a victory; conquering; winning; triumphant; as, a victorious general; victorious troops; a victorious day.
n.
The province of a rector; a parish church, parsonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, and glebes.
n.
The ratio of one vector to another in length, no regard being had to the direction of the two vectors; -- so called because considered as a stretching factor in changing one vector into another. See Versor.
n.
A pregnant woman; a mother; as, A has a son B by one venter, and a daughter C by another venter; children by different venters.
n.
A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale.
n.
An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a small portion only of a circle, used for measuring differences of declination too great for the compass of a micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances of stars, it is called a zenith sector.
n.
The chief elective officer of some universities, as in France and Scotland; sometimes, the head of a college; as, the Rector of Exeter College, or of Lincoln College, at Oxford.
n.
An African weaver bird (Textor alector).