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Mathematical model for a quantum system
quantum rotor model is a mathematical model for a quantum system. It can be visualized as an array of rotating electrons which behave as rigid rotors
Quantum_rotor_model
Statistical model in quantum mechanics of magnetic materials
The quantum Heisenberg model, developed by Werner Heisenberg, is a statistical mechanical model used in the study of critical points and phase transitions
Quantum_Heisenberg_model
Mathematical model used to explain magnetism
Quantum Heisenberg model Hubbard model J1 J2 model Kuramoto model Magnetism Majumdar–Ghosh model Potts model t-J model Quantum rotor model Spin Spin stiffness
Spin_model
Concept in statistical physics
truncated correlations decay algebraically. Quantum Heisenberg model Quantum rotor model Ising model Classical XY model Magnetism Ferromagnetism Landau–Lifshitz
Classical_Heisenberg_model
Model of rotating physical systems
In rotordynamics, the rigid rotor is a mechanical model of rotating systems. An arbitrary rigid rotor is a 3-dimensional rigid object, such as a top.
Rigid_rotor
Lattice model of statistical mechanics
XY model (sometimes also called classical rotor (rotator) model or O(2) model) is a lattice model of statistical mechanics. In general, the XY model can
Classical_XY_model
Mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics
chain in the Ising model Geometrical frustration Classical Heisenberg model Quantum Heisenberg model Quantum rotor model Kuramoto model Maximal evenness
Ising_model
German cipher machine during World War II
U-boat four-rotor model, one of three surviving examples of an Enigma machine with a printer, one of fewer than ten surviving ten-rotor code machines
Enigma_machine
the n-vector model is also the same as the potential term of the quantum rotor model. In a small coupling expansion, the weight of a configuration may
N-vector_model
Pöschl–Teller potential The quantum pendulum The three-dimensional potentials The rotating system The linear rigid rotor The symmetric top The particle
List of quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions
List_of_quantum-mechanical_systems_with_analytical_solutions
Study of matter-light interactions at small scales
Bohr model to Hydrogen, and numerous other reasons, lead to an entirely new mathematical model of matter and light: quantum mechanics. Early models to explain
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics
Codebreaking device created at Bletchley Park (United Kingdom)
rpm in the first models and 120 rpm in later ones, when the time to set up and run through all 17,576 possible positions for one rotor order was about
Bombe
Decryption of World War II cipher
more likely it was that turn-over of the middle rotor would have occurred. The production model 3-rotor bombes contained 36 scramblers arranged in three
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma
non-possibility of disturbance in a quantum transition state in the context of a disproof of quantum jumps in the Bohr model of the atom. Alexander Holevo's
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Class of electromechanical encryption devices, used widely from the 1920s to the 1970s
In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical stream cipher device used for encrypting and decrypting messages. Rotor machines were the cryptographic
Rotor_machine
Paradigmatic model
spelled as kicked rotor, is a paradigmatic model for both Hamiltonian chaos (the study of chaos in Hamiltonian systems) and quantum chaos. It describes
Kicked_rotator
Spectroscopy of quantized rotational states of gases
symmetric rotors (or symmetric tops - see next section), there are two moments of inertia and the energy also depends on a second rotational quantum number
Rotational_spectroscopy
Coupling in quantum physics
momentum coupling of electron spins is of importance in quantum chemistry. Also in the nuclear shell model angular momentum coupling is ubiquitous. In astronomy
Angular_momentum_coupling
Physical process transitioning a system from a symmetric state to a more ordered state
Kenji (2020-02-01). "Breaking rotational symmetry in a trapped-ion quantum tunneling rotor". Physical Review A. 101 (2) 022106. American Physical Society
Symmetry_breaking
pseudo-telepathy Quantum Realm Quantum register Quantum relative entropy Quantum rotor model Quantum size effects Quantum solid Quantum solvent Quantum spin model Quantum
Index_of_physics_articles_(Q)
Device for measuring or maintaining orientation
momentum of the rotor to keep it spinning for about 15,000 years. A sensitive DC SQUID that can discriminate changes as small as one quantum, or about 2 ×10−15
Gyroscope
Electro-mechanical encryption machine
designs. Hebern made his first drawings of a rotor-based machine in 1917, and in 1918 he built a model of it. In 1921 he applied for a patent for it
Hebern_rotor_machine
Spectral line splitting in electrical field
effect in hydrogen is in agreement with both the old Bohr–Sommerfeld model and the quantum-mechanical theory of the atom, higher-order corrections are not
Stark_effect
Type of order at absolute zero
also Levin, Michael; Wen, Xiao-Gang (2006a). "Quantum ether: Photons and electrons from a rotor model". Physical Review B. 73 (3) 035122. arXiv:hep-th/0507118
Topological_order
Algebra of 4D spacetime
unimodularity of the Lorentz rotor is translated in the following condition in terms of the product of the Lorentz rotor with its Clifford conjugation
Algebra_of_physical_space
Quantum algorithm to calculate path integrals in quantum multi-body problems
the paths), the more quantum (and the less classical) the result is. However, for some properties the correction may cause model predictions to initially
Path_integral_Monte_Carlo
Theoretical physicist
a Quantum Hall Liquid, to be submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. D. Dalidovich, and P. Phillips, Landau theory of bicriticality in a random quantum rotor system
Philip_Phillips_(physicist)
Study of the physical and chemical properties of molecules
Molecular energy state Molecular modeling Rigid rotor Spectroscopy Physical chemistry Chemical Physics Quantum Chemistry ATOMIC, MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL
Molecular_physics
Austrian physicist (1887–1961)
an Austrian theoretical physicist who developed fundamental results in quantum theory. In particular, he is recognized for devising the Schrödinger equation
Erwin_Schrödinger
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II. They were developed by C. Lorenz AG in Berlin. The model name SZ is
Lorenz_cipher
British cipher machine
all the rotors of the machine would use casings with the same number of notches. Normally five slugs were chosen from a set of ten. On some models, operators
Typex
Japanese diplomatic code named Purple by the US
was an electromechanical device that used stepping-switches, rather than rotors as other contemporary devices. All messages were written in the 26-letter
Type_B_Cipher_Machine
Widely used analogy for explaining electrical circuits
is equivalent to a rotary vane pump with a heavy rotor placed in the current. The mass of the rotor and the surface area of the vanes restricts the water's
Hydraulic_analogy
World War II German cipher machine and teleprinter
pinwheels, which were stepped in a complex nonlinear way, based in later models on their positions from various relays in the past, but in such a way that
Siemens_and_Halske_T52
WWII-era Allied cipher system
was discovered that certain rotor combinations produced a dangerously short period of 338;[citation needed] a three-rotor Enigma machine had a period
Combined_Cipher_Machine
Quantum mechanical effect in disordered media
confirmed this prediction by simulating the quantum kicked rotor, a model that maps to the Anderson model of disordered lattices. Consider a wavepacket Ψ ( x
Quantum_boomerang_effect
electrically operated rotor cipher machine, invented by the German Fritz Menzer during World War II. The device was the evolution of the Enigma rotors coupled with
Schlüsselgerät_39
machine simulators lists software implementations of the Enigma machine, a rotor cypher device that was invented by German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the
List of Enigma machine simulators
List_of_Enigma_machine_simulators
Model of concurrent computation
actor model was inspired by physics, including general relativity and quantum mechanics.[citation needed] It was also influenced by the programming languages
Actor_model
Encrypted telephone system
(VoIP) capability, available as an upgrade to the current models, or built into some new models. As of 2007, a typical STE terminal cost about $3,100, not
Secure_Terminal_Equipment
Deflection of a spinning object moving through a fluid
version (1998), by Ruprecht Nennstiel Anthony Thyssen's Rotor Kites page Has plans on how to build a model Harnessing wind power using the Magnus effect Researchers
Magnus_effect
In quantum mechanics and mesoscopic physics, quantum stirring, ratchets, and pumping refer to a class of phenomena where a direct current (DC) is generated
Quantum stirring, ratchets, and pumping
Quantum_stirring,_ratchets,_and_pumping
Mathematical approach to quantum physics
{\displaystyle V=-\cos \phi .} The unperturbed normalized quantum wave functions are those of the rigid rotor and are given by ψ n ( ϕ ) = e i n ϕ 2 π , {\displaystyle
Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
Perturbation_theory_(quantum_mechanics)
1950s cipher machines by Crypto AG
each wheel being 25, 26, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 46, and 47. The C model had a fixed stepping system with a large wheel cycle due to the mutually
C-52_(cipher_machine)
Branch of theoretical physics
that quantum mechanical effects are negligible. For small distances and low field strengths, such interactions are better described by quantum electrodynamics
Classical_electromagnetism
Small utility helicopter
full-authority digital engine controls (FADEC) on a helicopter, a hingeless main rotor, and the adoption of a new transmission. The first prototype made its first
Eurocopter_EC135
Telephone
v t e Cipher machines Rotor machines CCM Enigma M-125 Fialka Hebern HX-63 KL-7 Lacida M-325 Mercury NEMA OMI RED SG-39 SG-41 SIGABA SIGCUM Singlet Typex
STU-III
Rotor cipher machine
41 ("Cipher Machine 41"), also known as the SG-41 or Hitler mill, was a rotor cipher machine, first produced in 1941 in Nazi Germany, that was designed
Schlüsselgerät_41
Molecule composed of any two atoms
ISBN 1-57259-491-8. Hyperphysics – Rotational Spectra of Rigid Rotor Molecules Hyperphysics – Quantum Harmonic Oscillator 3D Chem – Chemistry, Structures, and
Diatomic_molecule
Procedure of coping with redundant degrees of freedom in physical field theories
but becomes progressively harder as the physical model becomes more realistic; its application to quantum field theory is fraught with complications related
Gauge_fixing
US cryptographic equipment
1942, when it was replaced by more complex and secure electromechanical rotor machines, particularly the M-209. The device consisted of 25 aluminium discs
M-94_(cipher_machine)
Correlation inequality in statistical mechanics
S2CID 122117175. Aizenman, M.; Simon, B. (1980). "A comparison of plane rotor and Ising models". Phys. Lett. A. 76 (3–4): 281–282. Bibcode:1980PhLA...76..281A
Griffiths_inequality
Telephone that provides encrypted calls
telephones. The base model offered a proprietary encryption algorithm with a key-length of 512 bits, and a more advanced model with a key-length of 1024
Secure_telephone
Isotope geochemistry modelling method
applied in the fields of quantum chemistry and geochemistry and is often modified or paired with other quantum chemical modelling methods (such as density
Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation
Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer_equation
Hamiltonian operator for molecules
In atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry, the molecular Hamiltonian is the Hamiltonian operator representing the energy of the
Molecular_Hamiltonian
Branch of molecular spectroscopy
point group D3h), and benzene, C6H6 (point group D6h). For symmetric rotors a quantum number J is associated with the total angular momentum of the molecule
Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy
Rotational–vibrational_spectroscopy
Law of electrical current and voltage
Sommerfeld applied the quantum Fermi-Dirac distribution of electron energies to the Drude model, resulting in the free electron model. A year later, Felix
Ohm's_law
replacing older systems, like SIGABA and the British 5-UCO, that used rotors and electromechanical relays. A KW-26 system (transmitter or receiver) contained
KW-26
Encrypted voice communication
been developed and the digital sampling was done by circuits using the model 2051 Thyratron vacuum tube. Each SIGSALY terminal used 40 racks of equipment
Secure_voice
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
"Eve" (or "E") for the eavesdropping adversary. Since the development of rotor cipher machines in World War I and the advent of computers in World War II
Cryptography
Family of wideband secure voice systems
KY-28 was the airborne version; and the KY-38 was the portable or man-pack model. About 30,000 NESTOR equipments were produced prior to their replacement
NESTOR_(encryption)
Man-made molecular machines
Nature. As of 2020, the smallest atomically precise molecular machine has a rotor that consists of four atoms. Source: An example of a prototype for a synthetic
Synthetic_molecular_motor
Computer simulations to discover and understand chemical properties
mechanics modeling Quantum chemistry Discrete element method Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software Molecule editor Mixed quantum-classical dynamics
Molecular_dynamics
transition Rotational–vibrational coupling Roton Rotordynamics Rotor–stator interaction Rouse model Rouse number Route dependence Routhian Rovibrational coupling
Index_of_physics_articles_(R)
Physical model of propagating energy
the UV and above, has been associated with negative health effects. In quantum mechanics, an alternate way of viewing EMR is that it consists of photons
Electromagnetic_radiation
Concept in the physics of electromagnetism
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {m}}} ) is called the magnetic quantum number or the equatorial quantum number, which can take on any of 2j + 1 values: − j ,
Magnetic_moment
Use of computer hardware to assist software in the process of data encryption
(PDF) from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 20 January 2018. "IBM 4758 Models 2 and 23 PCI Cryptographic Coprocessor" (PDF). IBM. May 2004. Archived from
Hardware-based_encryption
Electromagnetic effect in physics
and low temperature, one can observe the quantum Hall effect, in which the Hall conductance σ undergoes quantum Hall transitions to take on quantized values
Hall_effect
Molecular dynamics simulations augmented with quantum mechanics
Path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) is a method of incorporating quantum mechanics into molecular dynamics simulations using Feynman path integrals
Path integral molecular dynamics
Path_integral_molecular_dynamics
to Maxwell, and, in fact, the latter are more easily made to conform to quantum physics. This very subtle and paradoxical sounding situation can perhaps
History of Maxwell's equations
History_of_Maxwell's_equations
Grover's algorithm GRSI model Grüneisen parameter Gu Binglin Guenter Brueckner Guglielmo Marconi Guided-mode resonance Guided rotor compressor Guiding center
Index_of_physics_articles_(G)
Fourth generation of Golf compact car
engine. The brakes were also upgraded with 12.3" vented rotors up front and 10.3" vented rotors in the rear, as well as red powder-coated callipers. In
Volkswagen_Golf_Mk4
Device for encryption and decryption
scaled down pocket version was introduced later on, termed the "Lilliput" model. There was also a more bulky electrical version. The machine was used for
Kryha
• Quadratic sieve • Quantum coin flipping • Quantum cryptography • Quantum digital signature • Quantum fingerprinting • Quantum key distribution Rabbit
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
Amperian loop model The magnetic field of magnetized material is created at the atomic level. The proper description of this effect involves quantum mechanics
Magnetic_field
Electronic component
rotational field is not constant, but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning. When the rotor comes close to operating speed, a centrifugal switch (or current-sensitive
Capacitor
Collective excitations
semiclassical Two Rotor Model, whose solution required a realization of the O(4) algebra that was not known in mathematics. In this model protons and neutrons
Scissors_Modes
Battery electric minivan
550 N⋅m (406 lb⋅ft); the increased output results from improvements to the rotor and stator, and the APP 550 also offers improved efficiency thanks to the
Volkswagen_ID._Buzz
Mid-engine sports car (1969–1976)
designer Franco Sbarro to build a customized 914. Sbarro installed the 2-rotor Wankel engine and semi-automatic transaxle from Gerber's NSU Ro 80 in the
Porsche_914
of topological states in multi-dimensional extensions of the kicked quantum rotor. These approaches are enabled by the following two technologies: Atomically
ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies
ARC_Centre_of_Excellence_in_Future_Low-Energy_Electronics_Technologies
Force acting on charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
which induces a current in the rotor. The subsequent Lorentz force F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } acting on the rotor creates a torque, making the motor
Lorentz_force
4D analogue of electric current density
of charge is an essential component of the Lagrangian density used in quantum electrodynamics. In 1956 Semyon Gershtein and Yakov Zeldovich considered
Four-current
Mechanical cipher machine
represented a brilliant achievement for pre-electronic technology. It was a rotor machine similar to a telecipher machine, such as the Lorenz cipher and the
M-209
Volkswagen supercharger
moves eccentrically with respect to the supercharger housing (like the rotor in a Wankel engine) and, through this motion, forces the intake air into
G-Lader
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
behaviour of matter without having to consider atomic-scale charges and quantum phenomena like spins. However, their use requires experimentally determined
Maxwell's_equations
Swiss watchmaker
7 o'clock position and a 007 decorated rotor visible through the case-back. In 2015, two commemorative models were produced for the 24th Bond film, Spectre:
Omega_SA
Sound wave which travels along the surface of an elastic material
transmission and the combined sensing of torque and temperature on the rotor of electric motors SAW resonators are used in many of the same applications
Surface_acoustic_wave
James Bond film directed by Sam Mendes
Pale King as Mr. White, a former member of the organisation's subsidiary Quantum. Bond tracks White down to Altaussee, where he is dying of thallium poisoning
Spectre_(2015_film)
Orbital gravitational observatory
sphere an electrostatic axis. This created a classical dipole torque on each rotor, of a magnitude similar to the expected frame dragging effect. In addition
Gravity_Probe_B
Electric and magnetic fields produced by moving charged objects
required the use of quantum mechanics, specifically the quantization of the electromagnetic field and the development of quantum electrodynamics. The
Electromagnetic_field
Class of physical phenomena
explained only using quantum theory. A successful model was developed already in 1927, by Walter Heitler and Fritz London, who derived, quantum-mechanically,
Magnetism
Die-cast miniature vehicles
Dinky Toys was a brand of die-cast zamak zinc alloy scale model vehicles, traffic lights, and road signs produced by British toy company Meccano Ltd.
Dinky_Toys
"shell game" and "hocus pocus". QED has served as the model and template for all subsequent quantum field theories. Peter Higgs, Jeffrey Goldstone, and
History of electromagnetic theory
History_of_electromagnetic_theory
Measure of the electric polarizability of a dielectric material
in the case of electrolytic capacitors or supercapacitors. In terms of quantum mechanics, permittivity is explained by atomic and molecular interactions
Permittivity
Experiments probing the accuracy of special relativity's predictions
concerning various models of Quantum gravity in recent years, deviations of Lorentz invariance (possibly following from those models) are again the target of
Tests_of_special_relativity
Tests of special relativity
model) might lead to Lorentz violations. Lorentz violations are also discussed in relation to alternatives to general relativity such as loop quantum
Modern searches for Lorentz violation
Modern_searches_for_Lorentz_violation
Secure telephone system
first widely accepted voice encryption systems. The "TSEC" prefix to the model number indicates NSA's Telecommunications Security nomenclature system.
KY-3
British radar system from WWII
in 1949 led to a re-evaluation of post-war alert status. As part of the ROTOR project, many Type 7's were re-activated, upgraded, and re-built in bomb-proof
AMES_Type_7
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
extension of the Ginzburg–Landau theory, the Coleman-Weinberg model, is important in quantum field theory and cosmology. Also in 1950, Maxwell and Reynolds
Superconductivity
Instrument for measuring, keeping or indicating time
fast at any time, but will be perfectly accurate over a long time. The rotor of the motor rotates at a speed that is related to the alternation frequency
Clock
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QUANTUM ROTOR-MODEL
QUANTUM ROTOR-MODEL
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QUANTUM ROTOR-MODEL
QUANTUM ROTOR-MODEL
QUANTUM ROTOR-MODEL
QUANTUM ROTOR-MODEL
QUANTUM ROTOR-MODEL
QUANTUM ROTOR-MODEL
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