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Unencrypted information
In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually
Plaintext
Cryptography algorithm
used to ensure that distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times independently with the same key. Block ciphers
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Attack model for cryptanalysis with access to both plaintext and ciphertext
The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted
Known-plaintext_attack
Encrypted information
cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known as encrypted
Ciphertext
Encryption technique
technique, a plaintext is paired with a random secret key (also referred to as a one-time pad). Then, each bit or character of the plaintext is encrypted
One-time_pad
Plaintext-awareness is a notion of security for public-key encryption. A cryptosystem is plaintext-aware if it is difficult for any efficient algorithm
Plaintext-aware_encryption
Attack model for cryptanalysis with presumed access to ciphertexts for chosen plaintexts
chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The
Chosen-plaintext_attack
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
[viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different Caesar cipher, whose increment is determined
Vigenère_cipher
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
(plaintexts) corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts (ciphertexts) of their own choosing. Adaptive chosen-plaintext: like a chosen-plaintext attack
Cryptanalysis
Method of encryption
changing the characters themselves. Transposition ciphers reorder units of plaintext (typically characters or groups of characters) according to a regular
Transposition_cipher
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
encrypting that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input) in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may
Substitution_cipher
Simple and widely known encryption technique
cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions along the alphabet
Caesar_cipher
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
effectively synonymous with encryption, converting readable information (plaintext) to unintelligible nonsense text (ciphertext), which can only be read
Cryptography
Type of symmetric key cipher
key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted
Stream_cipher
The Plaintext Players were an online performance group founded by Antoinette LaFarge in 1994. Consisting mainly of artists and writers, they engaged in
Plaintext_Players
Encrypted sculpture by American artist Jim Sanborn
sculpture visually balanced". There are also three misspelled words in the plaintext of the deciphered first three passages, which Sanborn has claimed was
Kryptos
Input to a cryptographic primitive
first plaintext block before subsequent encryption. In turn, the ciphertext produced in the first encryption step is added to the second plaintext block
Initialization_vector
Encryption algorithm
known-plaintext attack, since plaintext ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } ciphertext = key. It is also trivial to flip arbitrary bits in the decrypted plaintext by
XOR_cipher
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
information is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext. The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message, but is
Cipher
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from the message in some automated
Autokey_cipher
German cipher machine during World War II
press. If plaintext is entered, the illuminated letters are the ciphertext. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into readable plaintext. The rotor
Enigma_machine
Crash in New York City with no survivors
March 2, 1962. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2009.[permanent dead link] (plaintext) "95 Are Believed Dead in Crash of Jet Airliner" (PDF). The Free-Lance
American Airlines Flight 1 (1962)
American_Airlines_Flight_1_(1962)
Property of some cryptosystems
message they encrypt. The property of indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack is considered a basic requirement for most provably secure public
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
Password cracking dataset
authentication, passwords are stored either as plaintext or hashes. Since passwords stored as plaintext are easily stolen if database access is compromised
Rainbow_table
American cryptographer (1890–1960)
encipher plaintext to ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext: Plaintext ⊕ Key = Ciphertext and: Ciphertext ⊕ Key = Plaintext If
Gilbert_Vernam
Early block substitution cipher
apply the following 4 rules, in order, to each pair of letters in the plaintext: If both letters are the same (or only one letter is left), add an "X"
Playfair_cipher
Encryption method
Encryption Input: plaintext, key, and optionally a header (also known as additional authenticated data, AAD, or associated data, AD) in plaintext that will not
Authenticated_encryption
Algorithm
cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Block cipher
attack requiring 100–10000 chosen plaintexts, and Sean Murphy (1990) found an improvement that needs only 20 chosen plaintexts. Murphy and den Boer's methods
FEAL
Block cipher
and encrypt each block twice: E K 2 ( E K 1 ( plaintext ) ) {\displaystyle E_{K2}(E_{K1}({\textrm {plaintext}}))} . If the original key length is n {\displaystyle
Triple_DES
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
substitution cipher, each letter of the plaintext is replaced with another, and any particular letter in the plaintext will always be transformed into the
Frequency_analysis
Length of ciphertext needed to unambiguously break a cipher
above we see only upper case English characters, so if we assume that the plaintext has this form, then there are 26 possible letters for each position in
Unicity_distance
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
used both to encipher plaintext to produce the ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext: plaintext ⊕ key = ciphertext and:
Lorenz_cipher
Type of cipher
(plaintexts) corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts (ciphertexts) of their own choosing. Adaptive chosen-plaintext: like a chosen-plaintext attack
Block_cipher
Software for editing plain text documents
A text editor is interactive software that allows a user to edit plain text, such as Notepad. As with any software, a text editor can be installed onto
Text_editor
Property of some cryptographic algorithms
another ciphertext which decrypts to a related plaintext. That is, given an encryption of a plaintext m {\displaystyle m} , it is possible to generate
Malleability_(cryptography)
Cipher method
discussions of the deciphered plaintexts and the solution to Byrne's challenge. Given left and right disks, enciphering a plaintext character consists of five
Chaocipher
Cryptography attack
cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext. In cryptography, variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the
Padding_oracle_attack
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
attacker can successfully launch a chosen plaintext attack against the cryptosystem, by encrypting likely plaintexts under the public key and test whether
RSA_cryptosystem
Fundamental tool in cryptography
to find the corresponding plaintext letter: E. Data is encrypted in the opposite fashion, by first locating each plaintext letter of the message in the
Tabula_recta
Properties of the operation of a secure cipher
the input (plaintext), and output (ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by
Confusion_and_diffusion
Encryption techniques where an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists
message is deniable in the sense that an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists. The users may convincingly deny that a given piece of data
Deniable_encryption
Cryptographic cipher
Aristocrat Cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters, numbers
Aristocrat_Cipher
Type of in security engineering
the use of adaptive data compression on a mixture of chosen plaintext and unknown plaintext can result in content-sensitive changes in the length of the
Oracle_attack
Stream cipher
seconds. Originally, the weaknesses were passive attacks using the known plaintext assumption. In 2003, more serious weaknesses were identified which can
A5/1
century to describe a manually operated cipher equipment that converted the plaintext into ciphertext or vice versa. A similar term, cipher machine, was used
Cipher_device
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Despite its goal, encryption
Encryption
Method used to encrypt a message
Security Agency defined a code as "A substitution cryptosystem in which the plaintext elements are primarily words, phrases, or sentences, and the code equivalents
Code_(cryptography)
Cipher design construction
PRESENT, SAFER, SHARK, and Square. Such a network takes a block of the plaintext and the key as inputs, and applies several alternating rounds or layers
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Concept in cryptography
stream of random or pseudorandom characters that are combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext). The "characters"
Keystream
Stream cipher
WAKE's design allows for effective chosen plaintext attacks, where an attacker can choose arbitrary plaintexts to be encrypted and analyze the resulting
WAKE_(cipher)
Cryptographic attack
content of an RSA encrypted message. Under this padding function, padded plaintexts have a fixed format that it should follow. If the decryption device (e
Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack
Adaptive_chosen-ciphertext_attack
Cipher system attributed to Thomas Jefferson
down any row of text on the disks other than the one that contains the plaintext message. The recipient has to arrange the disks in the agreed-upon order
Jefferson_disk
Form of cryptanalysis
1994). The attack on DES is not generally practical, requiring 247 known plaintexts. A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested, including
Linear_cryptanalysis
Use of randomness in key code generation
observes a ciphertext, and suspects that the plaintext is either "YES" or "NO", or has a hunch that the plaintext might be "ATTACK AT CALAIS". When a deterministic
Probabilistic_encryption
Cryptographic method
In cryptography, Russian copulation is a method of rearranging plaintext before encryption so as to conceal stereotyped headers, salutations, introductions
Russian_copulation
Standard for multi-factor authentication
U2F Shared secret Plaintext or QR code transmission of shared secret between server and user Shared secret may be stored in plaintext on server Transmission
Universal_2nd_Factor
Type of transposition cipher
to a fence built with horizontal rails. In the rail fence cipher, the plaintext is written downwards diagonally on successive "rails" of an imaginary
Rail_fence_cipher
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
and plugboard settings) using a suitable crib: a fragment of probable plaintext. For each possible setting of the rotors (which had on the order of 1019
Alan_Turing
for encrypted data should not be significantly larger than the size of plaintext). The first property requires defining an adversary from whom the data
Disk_encryption_theory
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
Polybius square using a mixed alphabet. This is used to convert both the plaintext and a keyword to a series of two digit numbers. These numbers are then
Nihilist_cipher
Symmetric encryption cipher
to fit). In general, the upper-left and lower-right matrices are the "plaintext squares" and each contain a standard alphabet. The upper-right and lower-left
Four-square_cipher
Classification of cryptographic attack
cryptography, a sending party uses a cipher to encrypt (transform) a secret plaintext into a ciphertext, which is sent over an insecure communication channel
Attack_model
Cryptography method
secure cryptosystem is one where only negligible information about the plaintext can be feasibly extracted from the ciphertext. Specifically, any probabilistic
Semantic_security
Scheme often used with RSA encryption
Feistel network which uses a pair of random oracles G and H to process the plaintext prior to asymmetric encryption. When combined with any secure trapdoor
Optimal asymmetric encryption padding
Optimal_asymmetric_encryption_padding
1962 aircraft disappearance west of Guam
September 24, 2019. (plaintext) "Ship Reports Bright Flash" (PDF). Eugene Register-Guard. AP. March 19, 1962. p. 4. (plaintext) "2 State Soldiers On
Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_739
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
consecutive ciphertext blocks C0, C1 can test if the plaintext block P1 is equal to x by choosing the next plaintext block P2 = x ⊕ C0 ⊕ C1; as per CBC operation
Transport_Layer_Security
Schemes to entice the Germans to include known plaintext during World War II
cryptanalysis, gardening is the act of encouraging a target to use known plaintext in an encrypted message, typically by performing some action the target
Gardening_(cryptanalysis)
Block cipher
collisions, plaintexts that give equal intermediate values in the encryption process. He presented both a chosen-plaintext attack and a known-plaintext attack;
Ladder-DES
Software that uses cryptography
products provide encryption. Encryption software uses a cipher to transform plaintext into ciphertext. One way to classify this type of software is the type
Encryption_software
Attack model in cryptanalysis
access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has some knowledge of the plaintext. For instance
Ciphertext-only_attack
Encryption system
using the square: In this way, each ciphertext character depends on two plaintext characters, so the bifid is a digraphic cipher, like the Playfair cipher
Bifid_cipher
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
known plaintext that aids in breaking the encryption. Random length padding also prevents an attacker from knowing the exact length of the plaintext message
Padding_(cryptography)
Cryptographic network protocol
(rsh) and the related rlogin and rexec protocols, which all use insecure, plaintext methods of authentication, such as passwords. Since mechanisms like Telnet
Secure_Shell
Process of encrypting message one or more times
ciphertexts are the plaintexts used by the second cipher, the second cipher may be rendered vulnerable to attacks based on known plaintext properties (see
Multiple_encryption
Cipher used by the UK in World War II
numbers are then used as a key for a transposition cipher to conceal the plaintext of the message, often by double transposition. To indicate to the receiver
Poem_code
Open-source email and news software
possible to receive HTML mail using Sylpheed. The password is stored in plaintext in the Sylpheed configuration file, which by default is only readable
Sylpheed
Text used for user authentication to prove identity
engineering. Passwords entered into certain computer systems are saved in plaintext, which means they are not encrypted or protected in any way. The system
Password
Type of data encryption
to see any given plaintext, most plaintexts are extremely unlikely to be legitimate i.e. the distribution of legitimate plaintexts is non-uniform. Honey
Honey_encryption
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
with associated data (AEAD) methods. Given a key K {\displaystyle K} , plaintext P {\displaystyle P} , and associated data A D {\displaystyle AD} , GCM
Galois/Counter_Mode
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
process of key exchange. The key is what is used to encrypt data from plaintext to ciphertext. There are different methods for utilizing keys and encryption
Key_(cryptography)
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
archetypal block cipher—an algorithm that takes a fixed-length string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of complicated operations into
Data_Encryption_Standard
first time, a polyalphabetic cipher with multiple substitutions for each plaintext letter (later called homophonic substitution). Also traced to Ibn al-Durayhim
History_of_cryptography
Technique for Internet censorship circumvention
request for one resource (say, a website), concealed behind an unencrypted (plaintext) request for another resource whose DNS records are stored in the same
Domain_fronting
Encryption and decryption method
A book cipher is a cipher in which each word or letter in the plaintext of a message is replaced by some code that locates it in another text, the key
Book_cipher
Lithuanian web hosting company
2015, a security researcher discovered a collection of 13 million leaked plaintext passwords belonging to users of 000Webhost. 000Webhost addressed the breach
Hostinger
Codebreaking device created at Bletchley Park (United Kingdom)
lampboard implement a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, which turns plaintext into ciphertext and back again. The Enigma's scrambler contains rotors
Bombe
Type of cipher used in World War I
letter is associated with five plaintext letters. In the example above, the "side" letter "D" is associated with the plaintext letters "d h o z k", and the
ADFGVX_cipher
Aspect of WWII Allied intelligence gathering
stream cipher (using the exclusive or (XOR) function) to encrypt the plaintext bits by combining them with the key bits to produce the ciphertext at
Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher
Encryption algorithm used by DVB television standard
recalculated. This allows for possible known-plaintext attacks when combined with knowledge of the underlying plaintext structure. As the first three bytes of
Common_Scrambling_Algorithm
Method in cryptography
that the output (the ciphertext) is in the same format as the input (the plaintext). The meaning of "format" varies. Typically only finite sets of characters
Format-preserving_encryption
Proxy server acting as an intermediary between client and server
terminating the tunnel. TLS termination proxies can be used to: secure plaintext communications over untrusted networks by tunnelling them in (D)TLS, allow
TLS_termination_proxy
Deprecated security algorithm for wireless networks
must never be used twice. The purpose of an IV, which is transmitted as plaintext, is to prevent any repetition, but a 24-bit IV is not long enough to ensure
Wired_Equivalent_Privacy
Hiding messages in other messages
steganography output may be in the form of printed documents. A message, the plaintext, may be first encrypted by traditional means, producing a ciphertext.
Steganography
Polyalphabetic substitution encryption and decryption system
into 24 equal cells. The outer ring contains one uppercase alphabet for plaintext and the inner ring has a lowercase mixed alphabet for ciphertext. The
Alberti_cipher
Block cipher
1980s. DES-X augments DES by XORing an extra 64 bits of key (K1) to the plaintext before applying DES, and then XORing another 64 bits of key (K2) after
DES-X
Book for ciphers
Codebooks come in two forms, one-part or two-part: In one-part codes, the plaintext words and phrases and the corresponding code words are in the same alphabetical
Codebook
U.S. government cryptographic standard
encryption Harvest now, decrypt later Information-theoretic security Plaintext Codetext Ciphertext Shared secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping
FIPS_140-3
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
encryption Harvest now, decrypt later Information-theoretic security Plaintext Codetext Ciphertext Shared secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping
Joan_Clarke
Algorithm for public key cryptography
Homomorphic multiplication of plaintexts A ciphertext raised to the power of a plaintext will decrypt to the product of the two plaintexts, D ( E ( m 1 , r 1 )
Paillier_cryptosystem
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Girl/Female
Indian
Not Greedy
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Powerful
Boy/Male
Tamil
Shaswin | ஷாஸà¯à®µà¯€à®¨
Reputed
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Earl, EARLE means "nobleman, prince, warrior."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Jithisha | ஜீதீஷாÂ
Winning girl
Boy/Male
Tamil
Long lived
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Good
Boy/Male
British, English
Welsh Friend
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ratnabali | ரதà¯à®¨à®¾à®ªà®²à¯€
String of pearls
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
A companion of the Prophet (S.A.W)
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