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Unencrypted information
In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually
Plaintext
Attack model for cryptanalysis with access to both plaintext and ciphertext
The known-plaintext attack (KPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker has access to both the plaintext (called a crib) and its encrypted
Known-plaintext_attack
Cryptography algorithm
used to ensure that distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times independently with the same key. Block ciphers
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Plaintext-awareness is a notion of security for public-key encryption. A cryptosystem is plaintext-aware if it is difficult for any efficient algorithm
Plaintext-aware_encryption
Attack model for cryptanalysis with presumed access to ciphertexts for chosen plaintexts
chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker can obtain the ciphertexts for arbitrary plaintexts. The
Chosen-plaintext_attack
Encrypted information
cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known as encrypted
Ciphertext
Method of encryption
changing the characters themselves. Transposition ciphers reorder units of plaintext (typically characters or groups of characters) according to a regular
Transposition_cipher
Simple type of polyalphabetic encryption system
[viʒnɛːʁ]) is a method of encrypting alphabetic text where each letter of the plaintext is encoded with a different Caesar cipher, whose increment is determined
Vigenère_cipher
Encryption technique
technique, a plaintext is paired with a random secret key (also referred to as a one-time pad). Then, each bit or character of the plaintext is encrypted
One-time_pad
Classic polyalphabet encryption system
the autoclave cipher) is a cipher that incorporates the message (the plaintext) into the key. The key is generated from the message in some automated
Autokey_cipher
The Plaintext Players were an online performance group founded by Antoinette LaFarge in 1994. Consisting mainly of artists and writers, they engaged in
Plaintext_Players
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
encrypting that creates the ciphertext (its output) by replacing units of the plaintext (its input) in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may
Substitution_cipher
Type of symmetric key cipher
key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted
Stream_cipher
Simple and widely known encryption technique
cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions along the alphabet
Caesar_cipher
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
(plaintexts) corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts (ciphertexts) of their own choosing. Adaptive chosen-plaintext: like a chosen-plaintext attack
Cryptanalysis
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
used both to encipher plaintext to produce the ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext: plaintext ⊕ key = ciphertext and:
Lorenz_cipher
Cipher method
the plaintext (right) disk. The plaintext letter is highlighted in Figure 2. While the disks are engaged, rotate the right disk to bring the plaintext letter
Chaocipher
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
information is known as plaintext, and the encrypted form as ciphertext. The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message, but is
Cipher
American cryptographer (1890–1960)
encipher plaintext to ciphertext and to decipher ciphertext to yield the original plaintext: Plaintext ⊕ Key = Ciphertext and: Ciphertext ⊕ Key = Plaintext If
Gilbert_Vernam
Property of some cryptosystems
that they encrypt. The property of indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack is considered a basic requirement for most provably secure public
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
Encryption algorithm
known-plaintext attack, since plaintext ⊕ {\displaystyle \oplus } ciphertext = key. It is also trivial to flip arbitrary bits in the decrypted plaintext by
XOR_cipher
Encrypted sculpture by American artist Jim Sanborn
sculpture visually balanced". There are also three misspelled words in the plaintext of the deciphered first three passages, which Sanborn has claimed was
Kryptos
Type of cipher
(plaintexts) corresponding to an arbitrary set of plaintexts (ciphertexts) of their own choosing. Adaptive chosen-plaintext: like a chosen-plaintext attack
Block_cipher
Input to a cryptographic primitive
first plaintext block before subsequent encryption. In turn, the ciphertext produced in the first encryption step is added to the second plaintext block
Initialization_vector
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
effectively synonymous with encryption, converting readable information (plaintext) to unintelligible nonsense text (ciphertext), which can only be read
Cryptography
Aspect of WWII Allied intelligence gathering
stream cipher (using the exclusive or (XOR) function) to encrypt the plaintext bits by combining them with the key bits to produce the ciphertext at
Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher
Block cipher
attack requiring 100–10000 chosen plaintexts, and Sean Murphy (1990) found an improvement that needs only 20 chosen plaintexts. Murphy and den Boer's methods
FEAL
German cipher machine during World War II
press. If plaintext is entered, the illuminated letters are the ciphertext. Entering ciphertext transforms it back into readable plaintext. The rotor
Enigma_machine
Password cracking dataset
authentication, passwords are stored either as plaintext or hashes. Since passwords stored as plaintext are easily stolen if database access is compromised
Rainbow_table
Cryptographic cipher
Aristocrat Cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters, numbers
Aristocrat_Cipher
Early block substitution cipher
apply the following 4 rules, in order, to each pair of letters in the plaintext: If both letters are the same (or only one letter is left), add an "X"
Playfair_cipher
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
process converts the original representation of the information, known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as ciphertext. Encryption does not itself
Encryption
Study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext
substitution cipher, each letter of the plaintext is replaced with another, and any particular letter in the plaintext will always be transformed into the
Frequency_analysis
Cryptographic algorithm
cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of ciphertext. The keys may be identical, or there
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Encryption method
Encryption Input: plaintext, key, and optionally a header (also known as additional authenticated data, AAD, or associated data, AD) in plaintext that will not
Authenticated_encryption
Crash in New York City with no survivors
March 2, 1962. p. 1. Retrieved November 22, 2009.[permanent dead link] (plaintext) "95 Are Believed Dead in Crash of Jet Airliner" (PDF). The Free-Lance
American Airlines Flight 1 (1962)
American_Airlines_Flight_1_(1962)
Cryptographic instrument
century to describe a manually operated cipher equipment that converted the plaintext into ciphertext or vice versa. A similar term, cipher machine, was used
Cipher_device
Software for editing plain text documents
A text editor is interactive software that allows a user to edit plain text, such as Notepad. As with any software, a text editor can be installed onto
Text_editor
Type of cipher used in World War I
letter is associated with five plaintext letters. In the example above, the "side" letter "D" is associated with the plaintext letters "d h o z k", and the
ADFGVX_cipher
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
with associated data (AEAD) methods. Given a key K {\displaystyle K} , plaintext P {\displaystyle P} , and associated data A D {\displaystyle AD} , GCM
Galois/Counter_Mode
Cipher system attributed to Thomas Jefferson
down any row of text on the disks other than the one that contains the plaintext message. The recipient has to arrange the disks in the agreed-upon order
Jefferson_disk
Encryption where existence of a plaintext is difficult to proof
message is deniable in the sense that an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists. The users may convincingly deny that a given piece of data
Deniable_encryption
Type of transposition cipher
to a fence built with horizontal rails. In the rail fence cipher, the plaintext is written downwards diagonally on successive "rails" of an imaginary
Rail_fence_cipher
Classification of cryptographic attack
cryptography, a sending party uses a cipher to encrypt (transform) a secret plaintext into a ciphertext, which is sent over an insecure communication channel
Attack_model
for encrypted data should not be significantly larger than the size of plaintext). The first property requires defining an adversary from whom the data
Disk_encryption_theory
Standard for multi-factor authentication
U2F Shared secret Plaintext or QR code transmission of shared secret between server and user Shared secret may be stored in plaintext on server Transmission
Universal_2nd_Factor
1962 aircraft disappearance west of Guam
September 24, 2019. (plaintext) "Ship Reports Bright Flash" (PDF). Eugene Register-Guard. AP. March 19, 1962. p. 4. (plaintext) "2 State Soldiers On
Flying_Tiger_Line_Flight_739
Manually operated symmetric encryption cipher
Polybius square using a mixed alphabet. This is used to convert both the plaintext and a keyword to a series of two digit numbers. These numbers are then
Nihilist_cipher
Cryptographic algorithm
encrypting plaintext using a block cipher, without padding the message to a multiple of the block size, so the ciphertext is the same size as the plaintext. It
Ciphertext_stealing
Cryptography attack
cryptographic message to decrypt the ciphertext. In cryptography, variable-length plaintext messages often have to be padded (expanded) to be compatible with the
Padding_oracle_attack
Length of ciphertext needed to unambiguously break a cipher
above we see only upper case English characters, so if we assume that the plaintext has this form, then there are 26 possible letters for each position in
Unicity_distance
Encryption system
using the square: In this way, each ciphertext character depends on two plaintext characters, so the bifid is a digraphic cipher, like the Playfair cipher
Bifid_cipher
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
attacker can successfully launch a chosen plaintext attack against the cryptosystem, by encrypting likely plaintexts under the public key and test whether
RSA_cryptosystem
Properties of the operation of a secure cipher
the input (plaintext), and output (ciphertext) by varying the application of the key to the data, while diffusion is hiding the plaintext statistics by
Confusion_and_diffusion
Type of in security engineering
the use of adaptive data compression on a mixture of chosen plaintext and unknown plaintext can result in content-sensitive changes in the length of the
Oracle_attack
Block cipher
and encrypt each block twice: E K 2 ( E K 1 ( plaintext ) ) {\displaystyle E_{K2}(E_{K1}({\textrm {plaintext}}))} . If the original key length is n {\displaystyle
Triple_DES
Cryptographic network protocol
(rsh) and the related rlogin and rexec protocols, which all use insecure, plaintext methods of authentication, such as passwords. Since mechanisms like Telnet
Secure_Shell
Property of some cryptographic algorithms
another ciphertext which decrypts to a related plaintext. That is, given an encryption of a plaintext m {\displaystyle m} , it is possible to generate
Malleability_(cryptography)
Decryption of World War II cipher
place in both the ciphertext and the putative piece of plaintext. Comparing the possible plaintext Keine besonderen Ereignisse (literally, 'no special occurrences'
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma
Fundamental tool in cryptography
find the corresponding plaintext letter: E. The word DATA is encrypted in the opposite fashion, by first locating each plaintext letter of the message
Tabula_recta
Stream cipher
seconds. Originally, the weaknesses were passive attacks using the known plaintext assumption. In 2003, more serious weaknesses were identified which can
A5/1
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
the number of transformation rounds that convert the input, called the plaintext, into the final output, called the ciphertext. The number of rounds are
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Process of encrypting message one or more times
ciphertexts are the plaintexts used by the second cipher, the second cipher may be rendered vulnerable to attacks based on known plaintext properties (see
Multiple_encryption
Cryptographic method
In cryptography, Russian copulation is a method of rearranging plaintext before encryption to conceal stereotyped headers, salutations, introductions
Russian_copulation
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
known plaintext that aids in breaking the encryption. Random length padding also prevents an attacker from knowing the exact length of the plaintext message
Padding_(cryptography)
Type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher
Programming Language (1978 edition), and the tabula recta is the tableau. The plaintext here is "Flee at once". Page 63, line 1 is selected as the running key:
Running_key_cipher
Form of cryptanalysis
1994). The attack on DES is not generally practical, requiring 247 known plaintexts. A variety of refinements to the attack have been suggested, including
Linear_cryptanalysis
Cryptographic attack
content of an RSA encrypted message. Under this padding function, padded plaintexts have a fixed format that it should follow. If the decryption device (e
Adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack
Adaptive_chosen-ciphertext_attack
Concept in cryptography
stream of random or pseudorandom characters that are combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext). The "characters"
Keystream
Schemes to entice the Germans to include known plaintext during World War II
cryptanalysis, gardening is the act of encouraging a target to use known plaintext in an encrypted message, typically by performing some action the target
Gardening_(cryptanalysis)
Technique for Internet censorship circumvention
request for one resource (say, a website), concealed behind an unencrypted (plaintext) request for another resource whose DNS records are stored in the same
Domain_fronting
Type of substitution cipher
1. It then uses modular arithmetic to transform the integer that each plaintext letter corresponds to into another integer that correspond to a ciphertext
Affine_cipher
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
archetypal block cipher—an algorithm that takes a fixed-length string of plaintext bits and transforms it through a series of complicated operations into
Data_Encryption_Standard
Method used to encrypt a message
Security Agency defined a code as "A substitution cryptosystem in which the plaintext elements are primarily words, phrases, or sentences, and the code equivalents
Code_(cryptography)
How often identical letters appear in the same position in two texts
natural-language plaintext and in the analysis of ciphertext (cryptanalysis). Even when only ciphertext is available for testing and plaintext letter identities
Index_of_coincidence
Cipher design construction
PRESENT, SAFER, SHARK, and Square. Such a network takes a block of the plaintext and the key as inputs, and applies several alternating rounds or layers
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Encryption and decryption method
A book cipher is a cipher in which each word or letter in the plaintext of a message is replaced by some code that locates it in another text, the key
Book_cipher
Codebreaking device created at Bletchley Park (United Kingdom)
lampboard implement a polyalphabetic substitution cipher, which turns plaintext into ciphertext and back again. The Enigma's scrambler contains rotors
Bombe
Encryption tool used to perform a transposition cipher
letters around in a circle and five letters down the side of it. The plaintext could be: Meet us at the park today. To encrypt, one simply writes across
Scytale
Book for ciphers
Codebooks come in two forms, one-part or two-part: In one-part codes, the plaintext words and phrases and the corresponding code words are in the same alphabetical
Codebook
Type of data encryption
to see any given plaintext, most plaintexts are extremely unlikely to be legitimate i.e. the distribution of legitimate plaintexts is non-uniform. Honey
Honey_encryption
Attack model in cryptanalysis
access to the plaintext prior to encryption, in all practical ciphertext-only attacks, the attacker still has some knowledge of the plaintext. For instance
Ciphertext-only_attack
Use of randomness in key code generation
observes a ciphertext, and suspects that the plaintext is either "YES" or "NO", or has a hunch that the plaintext might be "ATTACK AT CALAIS". When a deterministic
Probabilistic_encryption
Disused cipher that was used historically
decoy letters. A null cipher could be plaintext words with nulls placed in designated areas or even a plaintext message broken up in different positions
Classical_cipher
Stream cipher
of K[0], K[1], ... which are XORed with the plaintext to obtain the ciphertext. So ciphertext[l] = plaintext[l] ⊕ K[l]. Several operating systems include
RC4
Identifier for authenticating with an API
when using API keys: Developers may write scripts that contain keys in plaintext. Developers may hard-code keys into source code, and forget that when
API_key
Cryptography method
secure cryptosystem is one where only negligible information about the plaintext can be feasibly extracted from the ciphertext. Specifically, any probabilistic
Semantic_security
in a datastore (1:many identify) without storing, sending or receiving plaintext biometric data within or between computing devices or any other entity
Private_biometrics
Third planet from the Sun
(15). 9 April 2015. Archived from the original (.DAT file (displays as plaintext in browser)) on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015. Seidelmann, P
Earth
Block cipher
dialled digit), there is a known-plaintext attack using 40 to 80 known plaintexts. For 2-byte blocks, 4 known plaintexts suffice. The "improved" CMEA, CMEA-I
Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
Cellular_Message_Encryption_Algorithm
Class of cipher
history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet (of paper
Grille_(cryptography)
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
consecutive ciphertext blocks C0, C1 can test if the plaintext block P1 is equal to x by choosing the next plaintext block P2 = x ⊕ C0 ⊕ C1; as per CBC operation
Transport_Layer_Security
Symmetric encryption cipher
to fit). In general, the upper-left and lower-right matrices are the "plaintext squares" and each contain a standard alphabet. The upper-right and lower-left
Four-square_cipher
Scheme often used with RSA encryption
Feistel network which uses a pair of random oracles G and H to process the plaintext prior to asymmetric encryption. When combined with any secure trapdoor
Optimal asymmetric encryption padding
Optimal_asymmetric_encryption_padding
Type of code
historian and scholar Polybius. The device is used for fractionating plaintext characters so that they can be represented by a smaller set of symbols
Polybius_square
Fractionated cipher
three letters of the plaintext and up to three letters of the key. The trifid cipher uses a table to fractionate each plaintext letter into a trigram
Trifid_cipher
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
encryption Harvest now, decrypt later Information-theoretic security Plaintext Codetext Ciphertext Shared secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping
Joan_Clarke
Lithuanian web hosting company
2015, a security researcher discovered a collection of 13 million leaked plaintext passwords belonging to users of 000Webhost. 000Webhost addressed the breach
Hostinger
Block cipher
1980s. DES-X augments DES by XORing an extra 64 bits of key (K1) to the plaintext before applying DES, and then XORing another 64 bits of key (K2) after
DES-X
15th-century codex in an unknown script
system may make use of a "verbose cipher", where single letters in a plaintext get enciphered into groups of fake letters. For example, the first two
Voynich_manuscript
travel, tourism, insurance
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