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Encryption algorithm
In cryptography, the simple XOR cipher is a type of additive cipher, an encryption algorithm that operates according to the principles: A ⊕ {\displaystyle
XOR_cipher
True when either but not both inputs are true
value Propositional calculus Rule 90 XOR cipher XOR gate XOR linked list Germundsson, Roger; Weisstein, Eric. "XOR". MathWorld. Wolfram Research. Retrieved
Exclusive_or
Methods to break a stream cipher
Stream ciphers, where plaintext bits are combined with a cipher bit stream by an exclusive-or operation (xor), can be secure if used properly.[citation
Stream_cipher_attacks
Block cipher
Blowfish is a symmetric-key block cipher, designed in 1993 by Bruce Schneier and included in many cipher suites and encryption products. Blowfish provides
Blowfish_(cipher)
Block cypher operating mode
The xor–encrypt–xor (XEX) is a (tweakable) mode of operation of a block cipher. In tweaked-codebook mode with ciphertext stealing (XTS mode), it is one
Xor–encrypt–xor
Cryptographic algorithm
polyalphabetic cipher which is self-reciprocal. Purple cipher RC4 ROT13 XOR cipher Vatsyayana cipher The majority of all modern ciphers can be classified
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Type of cipher
used to build block ciphers. Examples of such block ciphers are BEAR and LION. Cipher security summary Topics in cryptography XOR cipher Cusick, Thomas W
Block_cipher
Cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II
The Lorenz SZ40, SZ42a, and SZ42b were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II. They were developed by C. Lorenz
Lorenz_cipher
Binary arithmetic algorithm
result in X Y := X XOR Y; // XOR the values and store the result in Y X := Y XOR X; // XOR the values and store the result in X Since XOR is a commutative
XOR_swap_algorithm
World War II German cipher machine and teleprinter
the T52 is not just a pseudorandom number generator-and-XOR cipher. For example, if a cipher clerk erred and sent two different messages using exactly
Siemens_and_Halske_T52
Stream ciphers
architectures. Both ciphers are built on a pseudorandom function based on add–rotate–XOR (ARX) operations — 32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation
Salsa20
Aspect of WWII Allied intelligence gathering
cryptanalytic science. The Lorenz SZ cipher attachments implemented a Vernam stream cipher (using the exclusive or (XOR) function) to encrypt the plaintext
Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher
Type of symmetric key cipher
of the cipher, it is also known as state cipher. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and the combining operation is an exclusive-or (XOR). The pseudorandom
Stream_cipher
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
(or "E") for the eavesdropping adversary. Since the development of rotor cipher machines in World War I and the advent of computers in World War II, cryptography
Cryptography
Family of block ciphers
implementations. Speck is an add–rotate–xor (ARX) cipher. The NSA began working on the Simon and Speck ciphers in 2011. The agency anticipated some agencies
Speck_(cipher)
Block cipher
9979-0020. Like M6, M8 is a Feistel cipher with a block size of 64 bits. The round function can include 32-bit rotations, XORs, and modular addition, making
M8_(cipher)
Cryptography algorithm
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
of the subkey using bitwise XOR. On systems with 32-bit or larger words, it is possible to speed up execution of this cipher by combining the SubBytes and
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
System to replace plaintext with ciphertext
substitution cipher only from an unusual perspective; typically, the plaintext letter is combined (not substituted) in some manner (e.g. XOR) with the key
Substitution_cipher
Topics referred to by the same term
also refer to: XOR cipher, an encryption algorithm XOR gate, a digital logic gate bitwise XOR, an operator used in computer programming XOR (video game)
XOR_(disambiguation)
Stream cipher
to implement the cipher. The mixing function uses a g-function based on arithmetical squaring, and the ARX operations – logical XOR, bit-wise rotation
Rabbit_(cipher)
Family of lightweight block ciphers
attacks. Still, rotational-XOR cryptanalysis has been used to find distinguishers against reduced-round versions of related ciphers like Speck. Though the
Simon_(cipher)
Input to a cryptographic primitive
either P1 or P2 reveals the other plaintext since C1 xor C2 = (P1 xor K) xor (P2 xor K) = P1 xor P2. Many schemes require the IV to be unpredictable by
Initialization_vector
Cryptography construction
cryptography, a Feistel cipher (also known as Luby–Rackoff block cipher) is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the
Feistel_cipher
Simple encryption method
00101010 (decimal 42) using the exclusive or (XOR) operation. This effects a simple XOR cipher. Like ROT13, XOR (and therefore memfrob()) is self-reciprocal
ROT13
Encryption technique
0, the identity element of XOR) p 1 ⊕ p 2 {\displaystyle p_{1}\oplus p_{2}} is then the equivalent of a running key cipher.[citation needed] If both plaintexts
One-time_pad
Cryptographic algorithm
cryptography, ciphertext stealing (CTS) is a general method of using a block cipher mode of operation that allows for processing of messages that are not evenly
Ciphertext_stealing
Block cipher
Serpent is a symmetric key block cipher that was a finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest, in which it ranked second to Rijndael. Serpent
Serpent_(cipher)
Family of authenticated ciphers
Ascon is a family of lightweight authenticated ciphers and hash functions that have been selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology
Ascon_(cipher)
Earliest civilian block ciphers
Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM. Lucifer was a direct
Lucifer_(cipher)
American cryptographer (1890–1960)
additive polyalphabetic stream cipher and later co-invented an automated one-time pad cipher. Vernam proposed a teleprinter cipher in which a previously prepared
Gilbert_Vernam
Stream cipher
Trivium is a synchronous stream cipher designed to provide a flexible trade-off between speed and gate count in hardware, and reasonably efficient software
Trivium_(cipher)
Symmetric-key block cipher
Improved Proposed Encryption Standard (IPES), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described
International Data Encryption Algorithm
International_Data_Encryption_Algorithm
Form of cryptanalysis
combined with the exclusive-or (XOR) operation. For example, the following equation, from a hypothetical cipher, states the XOR sum of the first and third
Linear_cryptanalysis
Block cipher designed in 2000 by Chang-Hyi Lee
Feistel network structure with key whitening. The round function uses only XORs and S-box lookups. There are two 8×8-bit S-boxes: one based on the discrete
Zodiac_(cipher)
The Tor traffic is wrapped in a WebSocket format and disguised with an XOR cipher. A free software implementation of flash proxies is available. It uses
Flash_proxy
Cryptanalytic attacks using a system of multivariate equations
decryption in cryptography using XOR cipher is as follows with an example : P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} (10011) XOR K {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}}
Algebraic_attack
Technique to increase the security of an iterated block cipher
iterated block cipher. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key. The most common form of key whitening is xor–encrypt–xor – using
Key_whitening
Block cipher
confusion and diffusion means." The cipher was designed for efficiency, and the only operations it uses are XORs and modular multiplications. The main
Xmx
Set of cryptographic hash functions
rightrotate 7) xor (w[i-15] rightrotate 18) xor (w[i-15] rightshift 3) s1 := (w[i-2] rightrotate 17) xor (w[i-2] rightrotate 19) xor (w[i-2] rightshift
SHA-2
Block cipher
block cipher. It XORs a key byte with the rightmost byte, and rotates the other two as one block. The rotation varies with the output of the XOR. Then
Madryga
Early British cryptanalysis computer
codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to perform Boolean and counting
Colossus_computer
Stream cipher
The Pike stream cipher was invented by Ross Anderson to be a "leaner and meaner" version of FISH after he broke FISH in 1994. Its name is supposed to be
Pike_(cipher)
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
design elements, a relatively short key length of the symmetric-key block cipher design, and the involvement of the NSA, raising suspicions about a backdoor
Data_Encryption_Standard
British-Canadian codebreaker and mathematician (1917–2002)
remarkably gifted cryptanalyst, to deduce that it was a Vernam cipher which uses the Exclusive Or (XOR) function (symbolised by "⊕"), and to extract the two messages
W._T._Tutte
encryption mode, XEX (xor–encrypt–xor), was designed by Rogaway to allow efficient processing of consecutive blocks (with respect to the cipher used) within one
Disk_encryption_theory
Block cipher
cryptography, XTEA (eXtended TEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in TEA. The cipher's designers were David Wheeler and Roger Needham
XTEA
Cryptographic hash function
and (b xor c)) (alternative 2) (40 ≤ i ≤ 59): f = (b and c) xor (d and (b xor c)) (alternative 3) (40 ≤ i ≤ 59): f = (b and c) xor (b and d) xor (c and
SHA-1
Block cipher
except that it is a block cipher with a 64-bit block size and 64-bit key length. According to the academic study of the cipher cited below and quoted in
Red_Pike_(cipher)
Block ciphers
In cryptography, Khufu and Khafre are two block ciphers designed by Ralph Merkle in 1989 while working at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. Along with
Khufu_and_Khafre
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic block ciphers. The proposal was first published in 2007. The GCM algorithm belongs to
Galois/Counter_Mode
Family of stream ciphers
SNOW is a family of word-based synchronous stream ciphers developed by Thomas Johansson and Patrik Ekdahl at Lund University. They have a 512-bit linear
SNOW
Substitution box used in the Rijndael cipher
Rijndael S-box is a substitution box (lookup table) used in the Rijndael cipher, on which the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptographic algorithm
Rijndael_S-box
Block cipher
(alternatively CAST5) is a symmetric-key block cipher used in a number of products, notably as the default cipher in some versions of GPG and PGP. It has also
CAST-128
Block cipher
In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5. It was designed by Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw, Ray Sidney, and Yiqun Lisa Yin to meet
RC6
Stream cipher
a stream cipher used in the Bluetooth protocol. It generates a sequence of pseudorandom numbers and combines it with the data using the XOR operator.
E0_(cipher)
Topics referred to by the same term
City XEX-FM, 101.7 MHz in Mexico Cityll Xor–encrypt–xor (XEX), a (tweakable) mode of operation of a block cipher. Morimoto XEX, the Michelin Star-winning
XEX
Password-based key derivation function
designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières. It is based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999. Besides incorporating a salt to protect
Bcrypt
Cipher design construction
XOR. A single typical S-box or a single P-box alone does not have much cryptographic strength: an S-box could be thought of as a substitution cipher,
Substitution–permutation network
Substitution–permutation_network
Family of block ciphers
algorithms, is itself an SPN, consisting of a subkey XOR, an S-box lookup, a linear diffusion, another subkey XOR, and another S-box lookup. The diffusion operations
Hierocrypt
Disk encryption software for Microsoft Windows
the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) or "xor–encrypt–xor (XEX)-based tweaked codebook mode with ciphertext stealing"
BitLocker
Block cipher
In cryptography, E2 is a symmetric block cipher which was created in 1998 by NTT and submitted to the AES competition. Like other AES candidates, E2 operates
E2_(cipher)
Stream cipher
scan cells and the actual variables of a cipher is what drove the previous single-feedback and Double-Feedback XOR-Chain schemes. As this is also falling
MICKEY
Block cipher
is a variant on the DES (Data Encryption Standard) symmetric-key block cipher intended to increase the complexity of a brute-force attack. The technique
DES-X
Type of cryptanalytic attack
necessarily has an XOR sum of 0, and the XOR sums of the corresponding sets of ciphertexts provide information about the cipher's operation. This contrast
Integral_cryptanalysis
Block cipher
In cryptography, NUSH is a block cipher invented by Anatoly Lebedev and Alexey Volchkov for the Russian company LAN Crypto. It was submitted to the NESSIE
NUSH
Manual codebreaking method
was for use in cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher produced by the SZ40 and SZ42 teleprinter rotor stream cipher machines, one of the Germans' Geheimschreiber
Turingery
Fast 8-bit hash function
is a CBC-MAC that uses an 8-bit substitution cipher implemented via the substitution table. An 8-bit cipher has negligible cryptographic security, so the
Pearson_hashing
2011 computer trojan
algorithm used for this changed over time: prior to June 2013, GOZ used a XOR cipher, but new bots after June 2013 used RC4, which made infiltrating the botnet
Gameover_ZeuS
Type of cryptanalytic attack
S-boxes or small S-boxes. In addition to AND and XOR operations. Differential Cryptanalysis KN-Cipher Cube attack Lai, Xuejia (1994). "Higher Order Derivatives
Higher-order differential cryptanalysis
Higher-order_differential_cryptanalysis
Type of shift register in computing
of single bits is exclusive-or (XOR). Thus, an LFSR is most often a shift register whose input bit is driven by the XOR of some bits of the overall shift
Linear-feedback shift register
Linear-feedback_shift_register
churning cipher, PON systems frequently use the "triple churning" technique, where the three churning operations are combined with two XORs with adjacent
Churning_(cipher)
Block cipher
In cryptography, CIPHERUNICORN-E is a block cipher created by NEC in 1998. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government
CIPHERUNICORN-E
Block cipher
MULTI2 is a block cipher, developed by Hitachi in 1988. Designed for general-purpose cryptography, its current use is encryption of high-definition television
MULTI2
binaries are used, the encryption between both endpoints is only a simple XOR cipher, which is completely trivial to decode. This type of build is not supported
VTun
Cryptographic hash function
cryptographic hash function based on Daniel J. Bernstein's ChaCha stream cipher, but a permuted copy of the input block, XORed with round constants, is
BLAKE_(hash_function)
Block cipher
LOKI97 is a block cipher which was a candidate in the Advanced Encryption Standard competition. It is a member of the LOKI family of ciphers, with earlier
LOKI97
Online slang and alternative orthography
rendered in leet is often characterized by distinctive, recurring forms. -xor suffix The meaning of this suffix is parallel with the English -er and -or
Leet
Set of cryptographic hash functions
a stream cipher, an authenticated encryption system, a "tree" hashing scheme for faster hashing on certain architectures, and AEAD ciphers Keyak and
SHA-3
Function that is its own inverse
are the bitwise NOT operation which is XOR with an all-ones value, and stream cipher encryption, which is an XOR with a secret keystream. This predates
Involution_(mathematics)
Cryptographic algorithm
DES cipher to that of 40-bit encryption, at the time a requirement of U.S. restrictions on export of cryptography. Rather than a separate cipher from
CDMF
Form of cryptanalysis
data encrypted by a cipher that allows an attacker to distinguish the encrypted data from random data. Modern symmetric-key ciphers are specifically designed
Distinguishing_attack
Process of encrypting message one or more times
Encrypt R using the first cipher and key. XOR the plaintext with the pad, then encrypt the result using the second cipher and a different (!) key. Concatenate
Multiple_encryption
Block cipher
KASUMI is a block cipher used in UMTS, GSM, and GPRS mobile communications systems. In UMTS, KASUMI is used in the confidentiality (f8) and integrity algorithms
KASUMI
Pseudorandom number generator
addition, subtraction, multiplication, or the bitwise exclusive-or operator (XOR). The theory of this type of generator is rather complex, and it may not
Lagged_Fibonacci_generator
Cryptographic primitive
block cipher uses a block size of 128 bits then the input and output hash values in each round is 128 bits. Variations of this method replace XOR with
One-way_compression_function
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense,
Differential_cryptanalysis
British codebreaking device of WW2
the Lorenz cipher. This achieved the decryption of messages in the German teleprinter cipher produced by the Lorenz SZ40/42 in-line cipher machine. Both
Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)
Heath_Robinson_(codebreaking_machine)
Attack against cryptographic algorithms
algorithms that rely on three operations: modular addition, rotation and XOR — ARX for short. Algorithms relying on these operations are popular because
Rotational_cryptanalysis
Block cipher
In cryptography, NewDES is a symmetric key block cipher. It was created in 1984–1985 by Robert Scott as a potential DES replacement. Despite its name,
NewDES
Cryptographic hash function
Whirlpool is a hash designed after the Square block cipher, and is considered to be in that family of block cipher functions. Whirlpool is a Miyaguchi–Preneel
Whirlpool_(hash_function)
• Simple public-key infrastructure • Simple XOR cipher • S/KEY • Skein (hash function) • Skipjack (cipher) • Slide attack • Slidex • Small subgroup confinement
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
(Fast Positive Hash) 64 or 128 bits product/rotation/XOR/add GxHash 32, 64 or 128 bits AES block cipher pHash fixed or variable see Perceptual hashing dhash
List_of_hash_functions
Cryptographic protocol for two-party computation
circuit out of 2-input XOR and AND gates. It is important that the generated circuit has the minimum number of AND gates (see Free XOR optimization). There
Garbled_circuit
Error-detecting code for detecting data changes
with a stream cipher that uses XOR as its combining operation (or mode of block cipher which effectively turns it into a stream cipher, such as OFB or
Cyclic_redundancy_check
Block cipher
finalist. Normally a block cipher applies a fixed sequence of primitive mathematical or logical operators (such as additions, XORs, etc.) on the plaintext
FROG
Key that is easy to break with a specific cipher
cryptography, a weak key is a key, which, used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way. Weak keys usually represent a very
Weak_key
Security feature in Microsoft Office
algorithm is used that converts a password to a 16-bit verifier and a 16-byte XOR obfuscation array key. Hacking software is now readily available to find
Microsoft Office password protection
Microsoft_Office_password_protection
Radio standard
radios. In Motorola Basic Encryption, AMBE frames are encrypted by simple XOR using one of 255 possible static keys. The Basic mode from other manufacturers
Digital_mobile_radio
Block cipher
In cryptography, RC5 is a symmetric-key block cipher notable for its simplicity. Designed by Ronald Rivest in 1994, According to Ron Rivest, RC stands
RC5
travel, tourism, insurance
XOR CIPHER
XOR CIPHER
XOR CIPHER
XOR CIPHER
XOR CIPHER
XOR CIPHER
XOR CIPHER
XOR CIPHER
XOR CIPHER
travel, tourism, insurance