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Clouds occurring in the stratosphere in high-latitude regions
A polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) is a cloud that forms in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes from 15,000 to 25,000 m (49,000 to 82,000 ft). They
Polar_stratospheric_cloud
Second epoch of the Paleogene Period
producing the warm polar temperatures were polar stratospheric clouds. Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds that occur in the lower stratosphere at very low
Eocene
Optical phenomenon
cirrus clouds. They sometimes appear as bands parallel to the edge of the clouds. Iridescence is also seen in the much rarer polar stratospheric clouds, also
Cloud_iridescence
NLCs Night Shining Clouds
Noctilucent clouds (NLCs), or night shining clouds, are tenuous cloud-like phenomena in the upper atmosphere. When viewed from space, they are called polar mesospheric
Noctilucent_cloud
Fata Morgana) Monochrome Rainbow Moon dog Moonbow Nacreous cloud/Polar stratospheric cloud Rainbow Sprite (lightning) STEVE Subsun Sun dog Tangent arc
List of atmospheric optical phenomena
List_of_atmospheric_optical_phenomena
large-scale ring structures. Polar stratospheric clouds form at very high altitudes in polar regions of the stratosphere. Those that show mother-of-pearl
List_of_cloud_types
Persistent cold-core low-pressure area that circles one of the poles
distinct phenomena; the stratospheric polar vortex, and the tropospheric polar vortex. The stratospheric and tropospheric polar vortices both rotate in
Polar_vortex
Genus of atmospheric cloud
troposphere. Clouds resembling cirrostratus occasionally form in the lower stratosphere over the polar regions of Earth. Polar stratospheric clouds can take
Cirrostratus_cloud
Layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
mesosphere. Stratospheric temperatures also vary within the stratosphere as the seasons change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the polar night (winter)
Stratosphere
Atmospheric phenomenon
in the presence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). These polar stratospheric clouds form during winter, in the extreme cold. Polar winters are dark,
Ozone_depletion
Visible mass of particles suspended in the atmosphere
cirrus clouds believed to be composed largely of methane. The Cassini–Huygens Saturn mission uncovered evidence of polar stratospheric clouds. Some planets
Cloud
Type of solar radiation modification
described a potential field experiment, the Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx), using stratospheric calcium carbonate injection, but as
Stratospheric aerosol injection
Stratospheric_aerosol_injection
American atmospheric chemist
atmospheric chemistry, in particular polar stratospheric clouds and planetary atmospheres. She co-authored the book "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion" with Ann M
Margaret_A._Tolbert
Optical characteristics of the atmosphere
different colors at different angles. Halos, afterglows, coronas, polar stratospheric clouds, and sun dogs. These are from scattering, or refraction, by ice
Atmospheric_optics
short-term rainfall. Morning Glory cloud mudflow murus See wall cloud. nacreous cloud A rare type of polar stratospheric cloud that forms at altitudes of 24–30
Glossary_of_meteorology
Fata Morgana) Monochrome Rainbow Moon dog Moonbow Nacreous cloud/Polar stratospheric cloud Rainbow Sprite (lightning) STEVE Subsun Sun dog Tangent arc
List_of_natural_phenomena
Topics referred to by the same term
a 1999 novel by Melinda Haynes Mother-of-pearl cloud, another name for a polar stratospheric cloud "Mother of Pearl" (Frankie Drake Mysteries), a 2017
Mother of pearl (disambiguation)
Mother_of_pearl_(disambiguation)
Genus of atmospheric cloud
elevations usually in the tropics and the lower elevations in more polar regions. Cirrus clouds can form from the tops of thunderstorms and tropical cyclones
Cirrus_cloud
Topics referred to by the same term
(constellation), a zodialcal constellation Pluripotent stem cell Polar stratospheric cloud Posterior subcapsular cataract Postsynaptic current Premature
PSC
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
red, and purple. When observed in high-latitude regions they are called polar lights and aurora polaris. In the Arctic they are called the northern lights
Aurora
Proposed cloud-seeding technique
meteorological variables—when designing cloud brightening interventions. Again unlike stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening might be able to
Marine_cloud_brightening
Large scale rotating air mass
1175/1520-0469(1993)050<4058:LSOAMI>2.0.CO;2. James E. Kloeppel (2001-12-01). "Stratospheric polar vortex influences winter freezing, researchers say". University of
Cyclone
Study of the physical processes in atmospheric clouds
of Earth. Polar stratospheric clouds are seen but rarely in winter at altitudes of 18 to 30 kilometers, while in summer, noctilucent clouds occasionally
Cloud_physics
Infrared telescope mounted on a converted Boeing 747 SP (2010–2022)
The Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) was an 80/20 joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) to construct and
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy
Optical property
Polk County, Arkansas Polished labradorite Polar stratospheric clouds displaying a nacreous iridescence Cloud iridescence Pearlescent paint job on a Toyota
Iridescence
Optical phenomenon
Cavite. Halo (optical phenomenon) Sundogs Cloud iridescence Circumzenithal arc Polar stratospheric cloud "OPOD - Moonlight Circumhorizon Arc". Tape,
Circumhorizontal_arc
Cloud pattern on the planet Saturn
wave pattern. Multiple hypotheses for the hexagonal cloud pattern have been developed. Saturn's polar hexagon was discovered by David Godfrey in 1987 from
Saturn's_hexagon
Proposed climate interventions to slow glacier and ice sheet loss
Specific strategies under investigation are stratospheric aerosol injection focused on polar regions, marine cloud brightening, surface albedo modification
Glacial_geoengineering
Fast-flowing atmospheric air current
some states suffering up to 20% losses. A 2021 study found that a stratospheric polar vortex disruption is linked with extreme cold winter weather across
Jet_stream
Third planet from the Sun
the polar regions. Water vapor generated through surface evaporation forms clouds and is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. Clouds cover
Earth
Boundary between troposphere and stratosphere
stratosphere – which occurs approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) above the equatorial regions, and approximately 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) above the polar
Tropopause
Large-scale methods to reflect sunlight and cool Earth
reflectivity (the basis for stratospheric aerosol injection) and by increasing' clouds' reflectivity (the basis for marine cloud brightening). As regulation
Solar_radiation_modification
southern polar cloud had been observed at the wavelength 2.2 micrometres, which is sensitive to the methane absorption, whereas northern clouds have been
Climate_of_Uranus
Observable events that result from the interaction of light and matter
Fata Morgana) Monochrome Rainbow Moon dog Moonbow Nacreous cloud/Polar stratospheric cloud Rainbow Sprite (lightning) STEVE Subsun Sun dog Tangent arc
Optical_phenomenon
Biogeochemical cycle of bromine
stratosphere. In polar areas, decreasing sea ice due to melting releases bromine and at the Arctic and Antarctic boundary layer. Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Bromine_cycle
Gas layer surrounding Earth
Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Large cloud
tall cumulonimbus cloud that is capable of precipitation but has not yet reached the tropopause, which is the height of stratospheric stability at which
Cumulonimbus_calvus
Short-term state of the atmosphere
place and time, typically described in terms of temperature, humidity, cloud cover, and stability. On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest
Weather
Gas layer surrounding Uranus
highly transparent and lacking thick stratospheric and tropospheric hazes. Only a limited number of discrete clouds were observed. In the 1990s and 2000s
Atmosphere_of_Uranus
Climate effect
oscillation Climate of the Arctic Polar vortex Sudden stratospheric warming Lee, Sukyoung (January 2014). "A theory for polar amplification from a general
Polar_amplification
Working fluid in a refrigeration cycle
removed from the stratosphere. The unusually severe Antarctic depletion resulted from chemical reactions on polar stratospheric clouds that form seasonally
Refrigerant
Earth's southernmost continent
gases. The extreme cold conditions of Antarctica allow polar stratospheric clouds to form. The clouds act as catalysts for chemical reactions, which eventually
Antarctica
noctilucent cloud polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) polar night polar region (polar reversal) magnetic polarity reversal polar stratospheric cloud (PSC)
Index_of_meteorology_articles
Seventh planet from the Sun
its peak wind speed of 900 km/h (560 mph), variations in its polar cap, and its erratic cloud formation. The planet also has very low internal heat compared
Uranus
European/Japanese Earth research satellite
On 13 January 2025, EarthCARE observed a rare band of type II polar stratospheric clouds stretching cca 3,000 km from Latvia to Greenland at heights of
EarthCARE
Type of Earth observation from space
detection to measure near-surface temperature. Stratospheric temperature measurements are made from the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) instruments, which are
Satellite temperature measurement
Satellite_temperature_measurement
Gas layer surrounding the moon Titan
Methane rain, haze precipitation, and varying cloud layers occur in the troposphere. The stratosphere consists of about 98.4% nitrogen, making Titan
Atmosphere_of_Titan
NASA satellite to observe ice sheets, clouds, and land (2003–2010)
ice sheet mass balance as well as cloud property information, especially for stratospheric clouds common over polar areas. It provides topography and
ICESat
Sixth planet from the Sun
series of cloud features found in northern latitudes, nicknamed the "String of Pearls". These features are cloud clearings that reside in deeper cloud layers
Saturn
Daily falling of the Sun below the horizon
colors, while volcanic ejecta that is instead lofted into the stratosphere (as thin clouds of tiny sulfuric acid droplets), can yield beautiful post-sunset
Sunset
Earth Observation Satellite (1984-2023)
industrialized countries. It also created an aerosol data record on polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) which was crucial to understanding the ozone hole process
Earth Radiation Budget Satellite
Earth_Radiation_Budget_Satellite
suggest that Titan's clouds cluster at preferred locations and that cloud cover varies with altitude and latitude. In the polar regions above 60 degrees
Climate_of_Titan
Storm characterized by lightning
associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice, suggesting a mechanism similar to that on Earth. (Water is a polar molecule that
Thunderstorm
noctilucent cloud (NLC) and/or polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) layer at 83–84 km. The usual instrument for observing PMSE is a VHF Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere
Polar mesospheric summer echoes
Polar_mesospheric_summer_echoes
Hypothetical class of extreme tropical cyclone
allowing more hypercanes to form. A hypercane's clouds would reach 30 to 40 km (20 to 25 mi) into the stratosphere. Such an intense storm would also damage the
Hypercane
Largest moon of Saturn
information, including the discovery of liquid hydrocarbon lakes in Titan's polar regions and the discovery of its atmospheric super-rotation. The geologically
Titan_(moon)
Google Doodle games
possessed by ghosts such as a giant golden-crowned flying fox, polar stratospheric clouds, red sprites and constellations. Before the final stage, Momo
Magic_Cat_Academy
NASA-operated orbital observatory (1991-2011)
amount of ozone in the stratospheric ozone layer. It also made extensive observations of volcanic aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds in the middle atmosphere
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite
Gaseous phase of water
Myhre, Gunnar; et al. (January 9, 2007). "Radiative forcing due to stratospheric water vapour from CH4 oxidation". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (1)
Water_vapor
American high altitude research organization
the stratospheric polar night jet was the principal factor enabling the propagation of standing mountain waves high into the middle stratosphere. At this
Perlan_Project
Research institute
studies the Earth's stratosphere by looking at ozone depletion and related key parameters like volcanic aerosols, polar stratospheric clouds and halogenated
Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy
Royal_Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy
Norwegian meteorologist (1913–1985)
as 1952 he associated low ozone levels in the stratosphere to the presence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). Kaare Langlo was named Knight, First Class
Kaare_Langlo
Gas layer surrounding Jupiter
tropospheric (at 200–500 mbar) and stratospheric (at 10–100 mbar) haze layers reside above the main cloud layers. The stratospheric haze layers are made from condensed
Atmosphere_of_Jupiter
Catastrophic volcanic eruption in Indonesia in 1815
wind nor rainfall dispersed the "fog". It was later identified as a stratospheric sulfate aerosol veil. In the summer of 1816, countries in the Northern
1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora
Lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere
in the stratosphere the air temperature initially is constant, and then increases with altitude. The increase of air temperature at stratospheric altitudes
Troposphere
Type of snowstorm
usually form when the jet stream dips far to the south, allowing cold, dry polar air from the north to clash with warm, humid air moving up from the south
Blizzard
titled Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Rates Derived from Ozone Sounding Data of the EASOE Campaign, marked the beginning of his research on the polar ozone
Markus_Rex
Type of precipitation
fluctuations in tropopause, associated with hydration of the lower stratosphere and stratospheric cooling, can be related to their formation. A detailed micro-Raman
Megacryometeor
Deliberate and large-scale intervention in Earth's climate system
Specific strategies under investigation are stratospheric aerosol injection focused on polar regions, marine cloud brightening, surface albedo modification
Geoengineering
Area of astronomical research
It is also the only planet with a warm polar vortex, and is the only planet other than Earth where eyewall clouds have been observed in hurricane-like structures
Extraterrestrial_atmosphere
Unidentified volcanic eruption
stratosphere, with significant impact on atmospheric chemistry and potential consequence for global climate. The reconstructed volcanic stratospheric
1452/1453_mystery_eruption
American physicist and academic
1029/JD093iD04p03825. Lubin, D.; Jensen, E. H. (1995). "Effects of clouds and stratospheric ozone depletion on ultraviolet radiation trends". Nature. 377 (6551):
Dan_Lubin
Influencing a planet's global environments
some aspects to address. Examples of SRM include stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) and marine cloud brightening (MCB). When a volcano erupts, small
Planetary_engineering
Faint emission of light by a planetary atmosphere
broad red band of airglow. Earthlight Ionized-air glow Optical phenomena Polar aurora Zodiacal light M. G. J. Minnaert, De natuurkunde van 't vrije veld
Airglow
Instrument installed on meteorological satellites
temperature profiles in the upper atmosphere (especially the stratosphere) and to provide a cloud-filtering capability for tropospheric temperature observations
Advanced microwave sounding unit
Advanced_microwave_sounding_unit
Inertial wave in rotating fluids
wave – mathematical treatment Harmonic Kelvin wave Polar vortex Rossby whistle Sudden stratospheric warming "What is a Rossby wave?". National Oceanic
Rossby_wave
Sub-field of physics dealing with the atmosphere's structure, composition, and motion
physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation models, cloud physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics which are highly mathematical
Atmospheric_physics
Temperature anomaly event caused by a volcanic eruption
radiative effect. Volcanic stratospheric aerosols cool the surface by reflecting solar radiation and warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation
Volcanic_winter
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
(2021-07-19). "Equatorial ionization anomaly response to lunar phase and stratospheric sudden warming". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 14695. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94326-x
Ionosphere
Eighth planet from the Sun
above the cloud deck. These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs, the troposphere. Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere
Neptune
Gas layer surrounding Mars
not have a persistent stratosphere due to the lack of shortwave-absorbing species in its middle atmosphere (e.g. stratospheric ozone in Earth's atmosphere
Atmosphere_of_Mars
High intensity conflagration
troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). It is also important to accurately characterize this transport process so that cloud, chemistry, and climate
Firestorm
Whirlwind induced by and often composed of fire
cumuliform cloud above. Fire whirls are not usually classifiable as tornadoes as the vortex in most cases does not extend from the surface to cloud base. Also
Fire_whirl
Thunderstorm that is characterized by the presence of a mesocyclone
circulates into the warm, moisture laden inflow, the cloud base will frequently form a wall, and the cloud base often experiences a lowering, which, in extreme
Supercell
American professor at the University of Colorado Boulder
hole", reacting in the Austral spring with HCl on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds to produce catalytic forms of chlorine. The Birks group also was
John_W._Birks
Comet that collided with Jupiter
impacts were seismic waves travelling across the planet, an increase in stratospheric haze on the planet due to dust from the impacts, and an increase in
Comet_Shoemaker–Levy_9
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
States and Europe. Finally, the polar easterlies moves polar air from east to west. Both Jupiter and Saturn display banded cloud formations. These are associated
Atmosphere
Social movement
"Particle microphysics and chemistry in remotely observed mountain polar stratospheric clouds" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 103 (D5):
Environmental_justice
American planetary scientist
discovery of a chemically new, high-altitude ice cloud residing in Titan's south polar stratosphere during Titan's early southern winter season, chemically
Carrie_Anderson
Balloon released into the stratosphere, most commonly weather balloons
past) altitudes on the order of 30,000 m (98,000 ft), providing easy stratospheric access for scientific and educational purposes. These amateur balloon
High-altitude_balloon
Dramatic increase in a tropical cyclone's strength
offsets the entrainment of drier and more stable air from the lower stratosphere, but whether bursts of deep convection induce rapid intensification or
Rapid_intensification
Periodic change in the Sun's activity
caused higher ozone production, leading to stratospheric heating and to poleward displacements in the stratospheric and tropospheric wind systems. With a temperature
Solar_cycle
Climatic effect causing a planet's atmosphere to trap heat and prevent cooling
"our understanding of the dynamics, thermodynamics, radiative transfer and cloud physics of hot and steamy atmospheres is weak," and that we "cannot therefore
Runaway_greenhouse_effect
Bulgarian human spaceflight programme
observations of the rapidly changing optical signatures of polar aurorae, polar stratospheric clouds and lightning. Terma consisted of an optical receiver
Bulgarian_cosmonaut_program
Largest moon of Neptune
from Neptune's orbital plane, hence as Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one
Triton_(moon)
Iranian geophysicist and author
to work on polar stratospheric clouds and their role in stratospheric chemistry. Her work showed that denitrification in the stratosphere was an essential
Azadeh_Tabazadeh
variation - Space sunshade - Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering - Stratospheric sulfur aerosols - Stratospheric sulfur aerosols (geoengineering)
Index of climate change articles
Index_of_climate_change_articles
Vortex on non-Earth planets with atmospheres
detected by the Hubble Space Telescope in the northern polar region of Mars. It consisted of three cloud bands wrapped around a massive 320 km (200 mi) diameter
Extraterrestrial_vortex
Research institute
brown cloud, and climate change resulting from emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. Other areas of research include stratospheric ozone depletion
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
Cooperative_Institute_for_Research_in_Environmental_Sciences
Telescope carried by a balloon
sub-orbital astronomical telescope that is suspended below one or more stratospheric balloons, allowing it to be lifted above the lower, dense part of the
Balloon-borne_telescope
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POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
POLAR STRATOSPHERIC-CLOUD
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