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Condition where cells have more than two sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than two paired sets of (homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei
Polyploidy
Number of sets of chromosomes of a cell
all grasses are polyploid. Many animals are uniformly diploid, though polyploidy is common in invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians. In some species
Ploidy
Evolutionary process
ongoing discussion. Rapid sympatric speciation can take place through polyploidy, such as by doubling of chromosome number; the result is progeny which
Speciation
Subfamily of coniferous trees (redwoods)
investigate the origin of a peculiar genetic component in Sequoioideae, the polyploidy of Sequoia—and generated a notable exception that calls into question
Sequoioideae
Species of wheat
Spelt (Triticum spelta), also known as dinkel wheat, is a species of wheat. It is a relict crop, eaten in Central Europe and northern Spain. It is high
Spelt
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
gene transfer; new species can arise rapidly through hybridisation and polyploidy; and species may become extinct for a variety of reasons, with several
Species
Edible fruit
original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024. Ranney, Thomas G. "Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement". Proceedings of the 11th
Apple
Species of plant
meiosis which is sometimes called permanent odd polyploidy, although it can also occur with even polyploidy (e.g. in tetraploids or hexaploids). Regardless
Rosa_canina
Species of flowering plant in the laurel family
Sequencing of its genome showed that the evolution of avocados was shaped by polyploidy events and that commercial varieties have a hybrid origin. Avocado trees
Avocado
Medication mainly used to treat gout
2 million prescriptions. Colchicine is used in plant breeding to induce polyploidy, in which the number of chromosomes in plant cells are doubled. This helps
Colchicine
Reduced fitness as a result of inbreeding
themselves growing in a novel environment with no conspecifics present. Polyploidy (having more than two paired sets of each chromosome), which is prevalent
Inbreeding_depression
Duplication of a gene sequence within a genome
recombination, replication slippage, retrotransposition event, aneuploidy, and polyploidy. Duplications arise from an event termed unequal crossing-over that occurs
Gene_duplication
Offspring of cross-species reproduction
lamarckiana, was central to early genetics research into mutationism and polyploidy. It is also more occasionally done in the livestock and pet trades; some
Hybrid_(biology)
Selective breeding of plants and animals to serve humans
lima bean. In wheat, domestication involved repeated hybridization and polyploidy. These steps are large and essentially instantaneous changes to the genome
Domestication
Photographic display of total chromosome complement in a cell
70%. Polyploidy in lower plants (ferns, horsetails and psilotales) is also common, and some species of ferns have reached levels of polyploidy far in
Karyotype
Species of strawberry
Fragaria iturupensis, the Iturup strawberry, is a species of wild strawberry, endemic to Iturup in the Kuril Islands. It is noted to have relatively large
Fragaria_iturupensis
Species of flowering plant
Balduina uniflora, commonly called oneflower honeycombhead, savannah honeycombhead or oneflower balduina, is a North American species of plants in the
Balduina_uniflora
Indian academic (1922-1981)
and biochemistry. He is known for his research at Oxford University on polyploidy, cloning, nuclear transfer and later for his many other researches such
Har_Swarup
American botanist and geneticist (1906-2000)
He also researched and wrote widely on the role of hybridization and polyploidy in speciation and plant evolution; his work in this area has had a lasting
G._Ledyard_Stebbins
Species of plant
the species has also been introduced to the Ontario province in Canada. Polyploidy is when the cells in an organism have multiple sets of chromosomes as
Tragopogon_mirus
Principle in genetics
simple derivation above can be generalized for more than two alleles and polyploidy. Consider an extra allele frequency, r. The two-allele case is the binomial
Hardy–Weinberg_principle
Subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants
asexually much more easily than most animals. They are also capable of polyploidy – where more than two chromosome sets are inherited from the parents.
Plant_evolution
Replication of the nuclear genome without mitosis
absence of mitosis, which leads to elevated nuclear gene content and polyploidy. Endoreduplication can be understood simply as a variant form of the mitotic
Endoreduplication
Genus of ferns
with 120 or up to 720 chromosomes possible in intervals of 120 due to polyploidy (multiple possible copies of chromosomes). It has almost 1260 number of
Ophioglossum
Family of rodents
some evidence that evolution within the family may have resulted from polyploidy. The red viscacha rat, Tympanoctomys barrerae, has been proposed to be
Octodontidae
Species of plant
Taro (/ˈtɑːroʊ, ˈtær-/; Colocasia esculenta) is a root vegetable. It is the most widely cultivated species of several plants in the family Araceae that
Taro
Taxonomic rank above species and below family
Zhu, Xun-Ge; Gao, Li-Zhi (13 March 2023). "Genome size variation and polyploidy prevalence in the genus Eragrostis are associated with the global dispersal
Genus
Species of fern
sun, and requires little, if any, humidity. Asplenium ceterach exhibits polyploidy within the species with populations in different regions possessing various
Asplenium_ceterach
State of species being unique to a location
reproductive isolation or through hybridization[citation needed] and polyploidy in plants, and have not dispersed beyond a limited range. Paleoendemism
Endemism
Surgical removal of the clitoris
inversion Chromosomal translocation Numerical alterations Aneuploidy Euploidy Polyploidy Paleopolyploidy Polyploidization Structures Telomere: Telomere-binding
Clitoridectomy
Asexual reproduction in frogs and salamanders
unisexual species of Ambystoma share no nuclear DNA with Ambystoma barbouri. Polyploidy, a numerical change in the number of chromosomes, is common in parthenogenic
Parthenogenesis_in_amphibians
Species of seed-bearing shrub
Leitch, Ilia J. (June 2020). "Polyploidy in gymnosperms – Insights into the genomic and evolutionary consequences of polyploidy in Ephedra". Molecular Phylogenetics
Ephedra_antisyphilitica
through divergence and reproductive isolation or through hybridization and polyploidy in plants. The first part of the word, paleo, comes from the Greek word
Paleoendemism
Edible fruit
the Rosaceae family was determined by chloroplast genomics in 2021. The polyploidy (number of sets of chromosomes) is shown as "2N" etc. by each species
Strawberry
Species of plant
between Poa supina and Poa infirma. Major chromosomal rearrangements after polyploidy have contributed to variation in genome size in Poa annua. It has a slightly
Poa_annua
Chemical compound
of certain hematological malignancies has been explored in the clinic. Polyploidy induction by noscapine has been observed in vitro in human lymphocytes
Noscapine
Genus of strawberry plants
They all have seven basic types of chromosomes, but exhibit different polyploidy. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14
Fragaria
Indian agronomist (1925–2023)
degree in 1952 for his thesis "Species Differentiation, and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the genus Solanum – section Tuberarium". The following
M._S._Swaminathan
Mass extinction event about 66 million years ago
abundant late-Maastrichtian pollen record and the post-boundary fern spike. Polyploidy appears to have enhanced the ability of flowering plants to survive the
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event
American evolutionary biologist and botanist
biologist and botanist known for his research on plant genome evolution, polyploidy, and the genetics and evolution of cotton (Gossypium). He is Distinguished
Jonathan_F._Wendel
Sudden and large mutational change
saltationist, implying large discontinuous jumps. Speciation, such as by polyploidy in plants, can sometimes be achieved in a single and in evolutionary terms
Saltation_(biology)
Species of fruit and plant
The musk strawberry or hautbois strawberry (Fragaria moschata), is a species of strawberry native to Europe. Its French name hautbois strawberry may be
Musk_strawberry
Genus of grass cultivated for grain
hybridisation makes resolution difficult. Markings like "6N" indicate the polyploidy of each species: During 10,000 years of cultivation, numerous forms of
Wheat
Species of flowering plant
in many areas, although it is gradually replaced by hybridisation and polyploidy breeding. The most important characteristics that need improvement are:
Sea_buckthorn
Group of interrelated and interbreeding species that also have differing levels of ploidy
Species of Crepis: their interrelationships and distribution as affected by polyploidy and apomixis. In Crepis and some other perennial plant species, a polyploid
Polyploid_complex
Asexual reproduction without fertilization
R. Jack (November–December 1969). "Hybridization, unisexuality, and polyploidy in the teleost Poeciliopsis (Poeciliidae) and other vertebrates". The
Parthenogenesis
Species of reptile
vegetation. Axilla groin distance is higher in females than in males. Polyploidy results in morphological differences among lizards of different ploidy
Liolaemus_chiliensis
Family of flowering plants
2n=24 chromosomes, but the number may be a higher multiple of 12 due to polyploidy. Wild potatoes, of which there are about 200, are predominantly diploid
Solanaceae
Organism that produces both male and female gametes
and the accumulation of deleterious alleles (inbreeding depression). Polyploidy and the Alternation of generations is another mechanism of plant reproduction
Hermaphrodite
random environmental fluctuations. There is a possible connection between polyploidy (having more than two copies of one's chromosomes) and perenniality. One
Annual vs. perennial plant evolution
Annual_vs._perennial_plant_evolution
Species of flowering plant
; Rubio De Casas, R.; Treier, U. A.; Galland, N.; Vargas, P. (2008). "Polyploidy in the Olive Complex (Olea europaea): Evidence from Flow Cytometry and
Olea_europaea
State of having undergone whole genome duplication in deep evolutionary time
but not the most common cultivar of rice, sorghum or foxtail millet. A polyploidy event 160 million years ago is theorized to have created the ancestral
Paleopolyploidy
Genus of plants
(Fraxinus sect. Melioides) of east-central North America: Taxonomic concepts and polyploidy" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2017–28: 1–36. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Fraxinus
Group of closely related similar organisms
aggregate Used for a species complex, especially in plant taxa where polyploidy and apomixis are common. Historical synonyms are species collectiva [la]
Species_complex
Species of flowering plant in the spurge family
variety within this species can be explained by the breeding system and the polyploidy. There are no known hybrids with other species. In most of Europe, M. annua
Mercurialis_annua
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
PMID 10732993. Mendell JE, Clements KD, Choat JH, Angert ER (May 2008). "Extreme polyploidy in a large bacterium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Chromosome
Chemical compound
blocking anisotropic growth of plant cells. It can also be used to induce polyploidy in plants as an alternative to colchicine. Oryzalin's mode of action is
Oryzalin
Species of banana native to Southeast Asia
plantain cultivars are derived from permutations of hybridization and polyploidy of the two. M. acuminata is one of several banana species cultivated as
Musa_acuminata
Species of cactus
Cota-Sánchez, J. Hugo & Bomfim-Patrício, Márcia C. (2010), "Seed morphology, polyploidy and the evolutionary history of the epiphytic cactus Rhipsalis baccifera
Rhipsalis_baccifera
Fusion of natural selection with Mendelian inheritance
hybridization and polyploidy in plants in his 1950 book Variation and Evolution in Plants. These permitted evolution to proceed rapidly at times, polyploidy in particular
Modern synthesis (20th century)
Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)
Classification of wheat
1920s, that wheat was divided into 3 ploidy levels. As with many grasses, polyploidy is common in wheat. There are two wild diploid (non-polyploid) wheats
Taxonomy_of_wheat
Species of grass
high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in individual plants, and the polyploidy of many species, breeding programmes for timothy are accompanied by some
Timothy_(grass)
Order of monocotyledonous flowering plants
resolves the backbone of Poales and identifies signals of hybridization and polyploidy". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 200 108184. Bibcode:2024MolPE
Poales
Genus of coniferous trees
335–349. ISBN 1-4020-2631-5. M. R. Ahuja & D. B. Neale (2002). "Origins of polyploidy in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and relationship of coast redwood
Sequoia_(genus)
Species of flowering plant in the mallow family
species with four pairs of chromosomes (totaling 52 chromosomes) via polyploidy. The original native range of Gossyypium hirsutum centers on the Yucatán
Gossypium_hirsutum
Species of hawthorn
Acad. Sci. 4:94. 1903 Nadia Talent and Timothy A. Dickinson (2005). "Polyploidy in Crataegus and Mespilus (Rosaceae, Maloideae): evolutionary inferences
Crataegus_persimilis
Hybrid species of flowering plant
characteristic known as polyploidy, a condition in which there are more than two complete sets of chromosomes. A result of polyploidy is that the phenotype
Hibiscus_×_rosa-sinensis
Process by which a genome changes in structure or size over time
the study of genomic parasites, gene and ancient genome duplications, polyploidy, and comparative genomics. Genome evolution is a constantly changing and
Genome_evolution
Plants that reproduce with seeds
Wickett, Norman J.; Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj; et al. (2011). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature09916. Gerrienne
Seed_plant
Union of opposite-sex gametes in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
produce haploid eggs. Canina meiosis: (sometimes called "permanent odd polyploidy") one genome is transmitted in the Mendelian fashion, others are transmitted
Fertilisation
Family of freshwater fish
Retrieved 11 December 2024. Lei Yang; et al. (2015). "Phylogeny and polyploidy: Resolving the classification of cyprinine fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)"
Cyprinidae
Genus of flowering plants in the mallow family
RC, et al. (2003). "Rate variation among nuclear genes and the age of polyploidy in Gossypium". Mol. Biol. Evol. 20 (4): 633–643. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg065
Gossypium
Species of plant
Kovarik, A., Tate, J. A., & Mavrodiev, E. (2004). Recent and recurrent polyploidy in Tragopogon (Asteraceae): cytogenetic, genomic and genetic comparisons
Tragopogon_miscellus
Subfamily of legumes
1094/MPMI-05-11-0114. PMID 21995796. Doyle JJ (2012). "Polyploidy in legumes". In Soltis PS, Soltis DE (eds.). Polyploidy and genome evolution. Berlin, Heidelberg:
Caesalpinioideae
Family of ray-finned fishes
genome of E. driftwoodensis cannot be sequenced, it cannot be confirmed if polyploidy was present in this animal at this point in time. Given a lack of earlier
Salmonidae
American journalist
Raven), Columbia Univ. Press, N.Y. Polyploidy, plants, and electrophoresis (with B. Carr), 1980. In Polyploidy (W. Lewis, Ed.), Academic Press, N.Y
George_B._Johnson
Genus of plants
peltate indusium. The stipes have prominent scales. Hybridization and polyploidy are well-known phenomena in this group, with many species formed via these
Dryopteris
1937 book by Theodosius Dobzhansky
selectionism of Fisher. In the seventh chapter, Dobzhansky discusses polyploidy, a condition (common in plants) where an organism has more than two complete
Genetics and the Origin of Species
Genetics_and_the_Origin_of_Species
Species of lily
Jae Min; Kim, Ki-Joong; Park, Seon Joo; Chung, Myong Gi (2015-05-01). "Polyploidy in Lilium lancifolium: Evidence of autotriploidy and no niche divergence
Lilium_lancifolium
Difference in DNA among individuals or populations
alleles can be favored by natural selection. Polyploidy is an example of chromosomal mutation. Polyploidy is a condition wherein organisms have three or
Genetic_variation
American botanist (1874–1954)
artificial polyploids and aneuploids, and studying the phenotypic effects of polyploidy and of individual chromosomes. Blakeslee was a leading figure in the genetics
Albert_Francis_Blakeslee
Palm family of flowering plants
; Ge, X. J.; Zhang, Y.; Antonelli, A.; Bacon, C. D. (2019). "Ancient Polyploidy and Genome Evolution in Palms". Genome Biology and Evolution. 11 (5):
Arecaceae
Species of tree
Redwoods. Island Press. pp. 56–58. Ahuja, MR; Neale, DB (2002). "Origins of Polyploidy in Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Relationship of Coast Redwood
Sequoia_sempervirens
American botanist (1928–2008)
as Ray Jackson, noted "for his work in cytogenetics, particularly on polyploidy, and for his discovery of low chromosome numbers in angiosperms." After
Raymond_Carl_Jackson
Species of plant in the heather family
coexistence of hermaphroditic and dioecious plants is associated with polyploidy and gender dimorphism in Dasiphora fruticosa". Plant Diversity. 41 (5):
Empetrum_nigrum
Family of flowering plants
in which chromosomes have been counted have eight sets (n=8). Due to polyploidy, some species may have up to 256 individual chromosomes, with some very
Brassicaceae
American biologist
Curators' Professor at University of Missouri where he studies gene dosage, polyploidy, and cytogenetics in both maize and drosophila. In 2002 he was named a
James_Birchler
Passing of traits to offspring from the species' parents or ancestor
populations are reproductively isolated has been much debated. In plants, polyploidy must be included in any view of speciation. Formulations such as 'evolution
Heredity
Family of annelid worms
155–161. doi:10.1007/s003740050414. S2CID 12479260. "Parthenogenesis, polyploidy and reproductive seasonality in the Taiwanese mountain earthworm Amynthas
Megascolecidae
Property of a group not united by common ancestry
species are a common phenomenon in nature, particularly in plants where polyploidy allows for rapid speciation. Some cladist authors do not consider species
Polyphyly
Family of legume flowering plants
for nodulation is that they were recruited from other pathways after a polyploidy event. Several different pathways have been implicated as donating duplicated
Fabaceae
Species of plant
extinct. Hieracium is known for producing short-lived microspecies via polyploidy and apomixis. "Reviews of recent publications by the Botanical Society
Hieracium_cambricogothicum
Service berry
major source of complexity comes from the occurrence of hybridization, polyploidy, and apomixis (asexual seed production), making species difficult to characterize
Amelanchier
Largest known bacteria species
from 1.8 to 4.8 microns). The size of this bacterium and its extreme polyploidy[clarification needed][this refers back to a topic that has not been introduced]
Thiomargarita_magnifica
Clade of non-flowering, naked-seeded vascular plants
Haiying; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E. (2011-04-10). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms". Nature. 473 (7345): 97–100. Bibcode:2011Natur
Gymnosperm
Genus of flowering plants
pink, white and purple. Sidalcea is generally diploid (2n = 20), but polyploidy (4n, 6n) also occurs. Annuality appears to have evolved multiple times
Sidalcea
Division of plant life
; Coleman, A. W. (1986). "A Novel Pattern of Apical Cell Polyploidy, Sequential Polyploidy Reduction and Intercellular Nuclear Transfer in the Red Alga
Red_algae
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
such multiplicative phenomena dominate the distribution of gene lengths. Polyploidy, duplication of entire sets of chromosomes, potentially resulting in a
Mutation
Area of agricultural science
through radiation was the process used to produce ruby red grapefruits. Polyploidy can be induced to modify the number of chromosomes in a crop in order
Agricultural_biotechnology
Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
haploid human genome is 3180 Mb and hexaploid Triticum wheat is 16 000 Mb). Polyploidy or polyteny may account for this large cellular DNA content, but earlier
Dinoflagellate
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