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Potassium selective electrodes are a type of ion selective electrode used in biochemical and biophysical research, where measurements of potassium concentration
Potassium_selective_electrode
Sensor of ion concentration in a solution
An ion-selective electrode (ISE), also known as a specific ion electrode (SIE), is a simple membrane-based potentiometric device which measures the activity
Ion-selective_electrode
Instrument measuring acidity or alkalinity of solutions
reference electrode to the surrounding potassium-chloride solution, through the ceramic membrane to the test solution, the hydrogen-ion-selective glass of
PH_meter
Electrode that is pH-sensitive
A glass electrode is a type of ion-selective electrode made of a doped glass membrane that is sensitive to a specific ion. The most common application
Glass_electrode
Prokaryotic potassium ion channel
KcsA (K channel of streptomyces A) is a prokaryotic potassium channel from the soil bacterium Streptomyces lividans that has been studied extensively
KcsA_potassium_channel
In biochemistry, the preference of ligands to bind with one receptor over another
of B and C (separate solution method). For example, a potassium ion-selective membrane electrode utilizes the naturally occurring macrocyclic antibiotic
Binding_selectivity
Substance whose dissolved ions conduct electricity
performed diagnostic procedure, performed via blood testing with ion-selective electrodes or urinalysis by medical technologists. The interpretation of these
Electrolyte
Chemical compound
isoforming agent in potassium selective electrodes. This ionophore is used to study membrane vesicles, where it may be selectively applied by experimental
Valinomycin
Type of electrical cell
battery, the negative electrode is zinc and the positive electrode is manganese dioxide (MnO2). The alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is
Alkaline_battery
Neuron communication by electric impulses
allowing this ion to selectively move out of the cell, down its concentration gradient. This concentration gradient along with potassium leak channels present
Action_potential
Technique in chemistry and manufacturing
reactions at the electrodes and decomposition of the materials. The main components required to achieve electrolysis are an electrolyte, electrodes, and an external
Electrolysis
Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
diagram ("Ion concentration gradients"), if the membrane is selectively permeable to potassium, these positively charged ions can diffuse down the concentration
Membrane_potential
Static membrane potential in biology
cells have potassium-selective ion channel proteins that remain open all the time. There will be net movement of positively charged potassium ions through
Resting_potential
Laboratory analysis method
Mark R.; Updegraff, Katie M.; Vorst, Keith L. (February 2023). "Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Method for Determination of Total Fluorine and Total Organic
TOP_Assay
Chemical compound
low solubility of both potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate, the latter of which may precipitate onto the electrodes and impede the current.
Potassium_perchlorate
Electrical properties of biological cells
electrophysiology techniques involve placing electrodes into various preparations of biological tissue. The principal types of electrodes are: Simple solid conductors
Electrophysiology
Chemical element with atomic number 11 (Na)
atomic absorption spectrophotometry or by potentiometry using ion-selective electrodes. Like the other alkali metals, sodium dissolves in ammonia and some
Sodium
Constants that describe stability of coordination complexes
The selectivity of macrocyclic ligands can be used as a basis for the construction of an ion selective electrode. For example, potassium selective electrodes
Stability constants of complexes
Stability_constants_of_complexes
Pore-forming membrane protein
The idea of the ionic selectivity for potassium channels was that the carbonyl oxygens of the protein backbones of the "selectivity filter" (named by Bertil
Ion_channel
Electricity-induced chemical reaction
is characterized by having two electrodes operating in a liquid alkaline electrolyte. Commonly, a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide
Electrolysis_of_water
Group of highly reactive chemical elements
alkali metals consist of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Together with hydrogen
Alkali_metal
Type of electrochemical cell
glass or styrofoam) dissolved in water were the active electrode material. The size-selective nanoporous membrane worked like a strainer and is produced
Flow_battery
Difference in quantities of cations and anions in blood or urine
range provided by any lab.[citation needed] Modern analyzers use ion-selective electrodes which give a normal anion gap as <11 mEq/L. Therefore, according
Anion_gap
Method of analyzing electrochemical reactions
a type of voltammetric measurement where the potential of the working electrode is ramped linearly versus time. Unlike in linear sweep voltammetry, after
Cyclic_voltammetry
Medical laboratory instrument
concentration of analyte present in the sample. The use of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) is another common analytical method that specifically measures
Automated_analyser
Chemical compound
popularized for the quantitative analysis of potassium. The potassium is selectively precipitated from solution as potassium hexachloroplatinate. Determinations
Chloroplatinic_acid
permeability of glial cell membranes to potassium ions is a result of expression of high densities of potassium-selective channels with high open-probability
Potassium_spatial_buffering
Laboratory method for determining the concentration of an analyte
with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ion present in the solution. (This is an example of an ion-selective electrode.) The pH
Titration
Electrochemical device to convert heat
kinetics behavior of AMTEC electrodes has been developed and used to fit and analyze the performance of a wide variety of electrodes, and to make predictions
Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter
Alkali-metal_thermal_to_electric_converter
Splitting of water using a semipermeable membrane
catalyst. Operation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) can improve not only the membrane ionic conductivity but also the electrode performance. Bubble detachment
Anion exchange membrane electrolysis
Anion_exchange_membrane_electrolysis
Chemical entity that reversibly binds ions
membranes, such as liquid polymeric membranes (carrier-based ion selective electrodes) or lipid bilayers found in the living cells or synthetic vesicles
Ionophore
Electric current produced in living cells
Trimarchi, James R (1999). "Self-referencing, non-invasive, ion selective electrode for single cell detection of trans-plasma membrane calcium flux"
Developmental_bioelectricity
Electrochemical process for coating with metal
make silver/silver-chloride (AgCl) electrodes. Electropolishing, a process that uses an electric current to selectively remove the outermost layer from the
Electroplating
Class of two-dimensional inorganic compounds
environmental applications, where MXene can selectively enhance positively charged molecules. Transparent conducting electrodes have been fabricated with titanium
MXenes
Chemical compound
as a tridentate ligand. Its use has been eclipsed by calcium-ion selective electrodes. Martin, Raymond L.; White, Allan H.; Willis, Anthony C. (1977).
Murexide
Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs)
has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium. It is pyrophoric and reacts with water even at −116 °C (−177 °F). It
Caesium
Finally, i electrode I = I electrode i A i {\displaystyle i_{\text{electrode}}^{I}={\frac {I_{\text{electrode}}^{i}}{A_{i}}}} A i = 2 π
Compartmental_neuron_models
Chemical elements containing sodium
atomic absorption spectrophotometry or by potentiometry using ion-selective electrodes. Like the other alkali metals, sodium dissolves in ammonia and some
Sodium_compounds
Polymer containing many ionic or ionizable functional groups
efficiency in these devices. In fuel cells, ionomers are used in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In the MEA, ionomers facilitate the transport of protons
Ionomer
Type of rechargeable battery
rechargeable battery Potassium-ion battery – Type of battery Alkaline earth metal-ion batteries: Calcium-ion battery – Battery with a calcium electrode Rechargeable
Sodium-ion_battery
Instrumental chemical analysis
detector can be used such as: spectrophotometer fluorimeter ion-selective electrode biosensors mass spectrometer Flow injection techniques have proven
Flow_injection_analysis
Industrial process for electrolysis of sodium chloride
chlorine result. When using calcium chloride or potassium chloride, the products contain calcium or potassium instead of sodium. Related processes are known
Chloralkali_process
Electrophysiology metric
stimulation through a macro-electrode, which in the case of humans is a 1.5 Â 1.2-mm DBS electrode. Data derived from micro-electrode stimulation and physiological
Chronaxie
Chemical compound
iodates, on a lead dioxide (PbO2) anode, with the following standard electrode potential: H5IO6 + H+ + 2e− → IO−3 + 3 H2O E° = 1.6 V Sodium metaperiodate
Sodium_periodate
Voltages associated with muscle fibre
nicotinic receptors (non-selective cation channels) on the muscle fiber. This allows for increased flow of sodium and potassium ions, causing depolarization
End-plate_potential
Chemical compound
Makotchenko, E. V.; Kokovkin, V. V. (2010). "Solid contact [AuCl4]−-selective electrode and its application for evaluation of gold(III) in solutions". Russian
Chloroauric_acid
Very small devices that incorporate moving components
bendable TiN beam above a TiN ground plate. Both can be driven as opposite electrodes of a capacitor, since the beam is fixed in electrically isolating side
MEMS
counter electrodes and silver/silver chloride ink as the reference electrode at the end of the microfluidic channel. Screen-printed electrodes on paper-based
Paper-based_microfluidics
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride. The nucleus of the lithium atom verges on instability, since
Lithium
Sleep disorder of unknown cause
for IH called Xywav, which is an oral solution of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates; in addition to several off-label treatments (primarily
Idiopathic_hypersomnia
Solar-cell architecture
so the TCO allows carriers to be transported from the selective contact to the metal electrodes. For destructive interference antireflection properties
Heterojunction_solar_cell
Chemical compound
ISBN 978-1-58890-376-1. Jefford, C. W.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y. "A Selective, Heterogeneous Oxidation using a Mixture of Potassium Permanganate and Cupric Sulfate: (3aS,7aR)-Hexahydro-(3S
Copper(II)_sulfate
Cellulose derivative grafted with carboxymethyl groups
and water retention agent.[citation needed] CMC is sometimes used as an electrode binder in advanced battery applications (i.e. lithium ion batteries),
Carboxymethyl_cellulose
Brand name for a chemical product
or use as polymeric binder in electrodes. By this process, Nafion can be used to generate composite films, coat electrodes, or repair damaged membranes
Nafion
Class of chemical substance
decent conductivities. This makes them a good choice to be tested as electrode material for evolution of hydrogen from water, oxygen reduction reactions
Metal–organic_framework
Compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
chemist Benjamin C. Brodie in 1859 by treating graphite with a mixture of potassium chlorate (KClO3) and fuming nitric acid (HNO3). He reported synthesis
Graphite_oxide
Chemical compound
especially high cation selectivity for potassium ions over sodium ions or rubidium ions, it exhibits the highest selectivity for ammonium ions and thallium
Nonactin
Molecule with a hydrogen bound to a more electropositive element or group
hydride: electrodes in cold fusion experiments lithium aluminium hydride: a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry sodium borohydride: selective specialty
Hydride
Chemical compound
of 2,4 dinitrophenol on carbon black-modified glassy carbon electrode and its selective recognition in cold beverages". Carbon Letters. 32 (4): 1017–1029
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Chemical compound
cathode and chloride ions are discharged at the anode (mixed metal oxide electrode is often used). The evolved chlorine does not escape as a gas but undergoes
Sodium_chlorate
Action potential generated in the dendrite of a neuron
be attributed to the presence of these voltage-gated potassium channels. Voltage-gated potassium channels inhibit the ability of dendrites to generate
Dendritic_spike
Main anion present in sea water
liquid flow in and out of cells. Other examples of ionic chlorides include potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
Chloride
(2002). "Determination of [Mg2+]i - an update on the use of Mg2+-selective electrodes". BioMetals. 15 (3): 237–249. doi:10.1023/A:1016074714951. PMID 12206390
Magnesium_in_biology
Naturally produced monosaccharide
2018. Kang W, Zhang Z (2020). "Selective Production of Acetic Acid via Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Hexoses over Potassium Salts". Catalysts. 10 (5): 502
Glucose
American plant scientist (1884–1949)
ability of giant kelp to absorb elements from seawater selectively and to accumulate potassium and iodide many times in excess of the concentrations found
Dennis_Robert_Hoagland
Neurological movement disorder
organism or a toxin, or autoimmune mechanisms. Malfunction of the sodium-potassium pump may be a factor in some dystonias. The Na+ -K+ pump has been shown
Dystonia
Chemical element with atomic number 81 (Tl)
ions are found geologically mostly in potassium-based ores and (when ingested) are handled in many ways like potassium ions (K+) by ion pumps in living cells
Thallium
Type of electrical stimulus in nerves
current stimulus variety and have been used to inhibit neural activity, selectively excite neurons, and increase the pain threshold associated with electrocutaneous
Depolarizing_prepulse
samples can lead to rapid degradation of the indicating barium ion selective electrode. A thermometric titration methodology which cannot be emulated using
Thermometric_titration
Quaternary ammonium surfactant and antiseptic agent
(30 °C) is c. 400 M-1. This value is calculated from Br− and CTA+ ion selective electrode measurements and conductometry data by using literature data for
Cetrimonium_bromide
Chemical compound and pharmaceutical drug
alternating current on the growth of Escherichia coli. Using platinum electrodes, he observed that cell growth was inhibited. Subsequent investigation
Cisplatin
Ni3(HITP)2 MOF film on glassy carbon electrode in their study showed a potential of 820 mV at 50 μA in 0.1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH). MOFs with high surface
Conductive metal−organic frameworks
Conductive_metal−organic_frameworks
Organic compound with a –C≡N functional group
methods include the use of potassium persulfate, Trichloroisocyanuric acid, or anodic electrosynthesis. In addition, several selective methods have been developed
Nitrile
Organometallic compound: Fe(II) sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl rings
saturated calomel electrode (SCE), becoming ferrocenium, often abbreviated Fc+. This reversible oxidation is used as a reference electrode and internal standard
Ferrocene
Type of synthetic microstructure
and the electrode to allow operation at low potentials. Gooding et al. demonstrated that shortened SWNTs can be aligned normal to an electrode by self-assembly
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays
Vertically_aligned_carbon_nanotube_arrays
Semiconductor light source
structure, i.e. the active layer (perovskite) is sandwiched between two electrodes. To achieve a high EQE, they not only reduced non-radiative recombination
Light-emitting_diode
Colorless gas with the formula NO
include electroanalysis (amperometric approach), where ·NO reacts with an electrode to induce a current or voltage change. The detection of NO radicals in
Nitric_oxide
Poisonous gas consisting of carbon and oxygen
potassium to give a mixture of an organometallic compound, potassium acetylenediolate 2K+·C2O2−2, potassium benzenehexolate 6K+·C6O6−6, and potassium
Carbon_monoxide
Water purified to uncommonly stringent specifications
water most commonly uses a glass membrane sodium ion-selective electrode and a reference electrode in an analyzer measuring a small continuously flowing
Ultrapure_water
Chemical compound or ion
weaker oxidizing agent. It is tetrahedral and diamagnetic. The standard electrode potential for TcO− 4/TcO 2 is only +0.738 V in acidic solution, as compared
Pertechnetate
Energy storing device powered by organic compounds
produce electrical energy through oxidation and reduction reactions at two electrodes using substances like glucose, bacteria, and enzymes. These enzymes present
Biobattery
tetrode, one starter electrode and a keep-alive (primer) electrode for ion availability TR – Trigger triode, one starter electrode only A digit group:
List_of_vacuum_tubes
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
layers. The silicon beneath the SiO 2 could be used as a "back gate" electrode to vary the charge density in the graphene over a wide range. This work
Graphene
Inorganic compound (SOCl2)
both the electrolyte and the positive electrode (in batteries: cathode) with lithium forming the negative electrode (anode). The overall discharge reaction
Thionyl_chloride
Chemical element with atomic number 48 (Cd)
positive nickel hydroxide electrode and a negative cadmium electrode plate separated by an alkaline electrolyte (potassium hydroxide). The European Union
Cadmium
Study of biological and neural mechanisma in behaviour
technique uses different types of electrodes for recording systems such as needle electrodes and saline-based electrodes. EEG allows for the investigation
Behavioral_neuroscience
Organic compound
Rondinone AJ (2016). "High-Selectivity Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol using a Copper Nanoparticle/N-Doped Graphene Electrode". ChemistrySelect.
Ethanol
Chemical element with atomic number 74 (W)
applications, including incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten's
Tungsten
Chemical compound
of technological and medical fields. Siloxene-based electrodes have been investigated for selective electrochemical detection of dopamine, a neurotransmitter
Siloxene
Process in neuroscience
are generally attributed to the opening of selective ion channels that allow either intracellular potassium to leave the postsynaptic cell or to allow
Summation_(neurophysiology)
Chemical element with atomic number 9 (F)
portal Argon fluoride laser Electrophilic fluorination Fluoride selective electrode, which measures fluoride concentration Fluorine absorption dating
Fluorine
Chemical element with atomic number 34 (Se)
Selenium trioxide is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of anhydrous potassium selenate (K2SeO4) and sulfur trioxide (SO3). Salts of selenous acid are
Selenium
Process of removing impurities from water
electrode and a negative electrode. Ion-exchange membranes allow only positive ions to migrate from the treated water toward the negative electrode and
Water_purification
Chemical element with atomic number 101 (Md)
with them. The status of the +1 oxidation state is still tentative. The electrode potential E°(Md4+→Md3+) was predicted in 1975 to be +5.4 V; 1967 experiments
Mendelevium
Component of the auditory system
rapid activation of an associated potassium channel. This channel, the apamin sensitive, small conductance SK2 potassium channel, is activated by calcium
Olivocochlear_system
Biochemical identification method
current between a probed metal electrode and an electrolyte containing the target analyte. A known potential to the electrode is then applied from a feedback
Fluorescent_tag
Stanley Whittingham in the early 1970s and used titanium and lithium as the electrodes. Applications for this battery were limited by the high prices of titanium
Environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries
Environmental_impacts_of_lithium-ion_batteries
Chemical element with atomic number 47 (Ag)
by strong oxidant such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), and in the presence of potassium bromide (KBr). These compounds
Silver
Branch of chemistry
area. The development of selective "host–guest" complexes in particular, in which a host molecule recognizes and selectively binds a certain guest, was
Supramolecular_chemistry
Negatively-charged molecule made of oxygen and iodine
iodates, on a lead dioxide (PbO2) anode, with the following standard electrode potential: H 5 IO 6 + H + + 2 e − ⟶ IO 3 − + 3 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce
Periodate
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