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Local rate of change in potential with respect to displacement
biology, a potential gradient is the local rate of change of the potential with respect to displacement, i.e. spatial derivative, or gradient. This quantity
Potential_gradient
Gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane
electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two
Electrochemical_gradient
Electricity in planetary atmospheres
the convention is to refer to the potential gradient, which has the opposite sign (meaning the electrical potential increases with distance from the ground)
Atmospheric_electricity
Process of water movement through a plant
vapor will travel down the gradient and move from the leaf airspace to the atmosphere. This movement lowers the water potential in the leaf airspace and
Transpiration
Static membrane potential in biology
membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium
Resting_potential
When potential energy difference depends only on displacement
positive sign in front of the gradient to define the potential. Because of this definition of P in terms of the gradient, the direction of F at any point
Scalar_potential
Gradient whose components are spatial derivatives
regions Potential gradient, the difference in electric charge between two adjoining regions Fluid dynamics and earth science Density gradient Pressure
Spatial_gradient
Rise of voltage of local earth when a large current flows through an earth grid impedance
hazard to people or equipment. The change of voltage over distance (potential gradient) may be so high that a person could be injured due to the voltage
Earth_potential_rise
Electrochemical principle that enables cellular respiration
concentration gradient - all particles tend to diffuse from higher concentration to lower. Electrostatic force caused by electrical potential gradient - cations
Chemiosmosis
Chemical reaction
(non-physiological oxidants) in a direction against the chemical potential gradient as part of photosynthesis. Robin Hill discovered the reaction in 1937
Hill_reaction
Ionization of air around a high-voltage conductor
discharge occurs at locations where the strength of the electric field (potential gradient) around a conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the air. It
Corona_discharge
Device for prevention of corona discharge on high-voltage equipment
electric field (potential gradient) at the surface of conductors exceeds a critical value, the dielectric strength or disruptive potential gradient of air. Its
Corona_ring
charged surface. This force may consist of electric, pressure gradient, concentration gradient, gravity. In addition, the moving phase might be either the
Sedimentation_potential
Machine learning technique
Gradient boosting is a machine learning technique based on boosting in a functional space, where the target is pseudo-residuals instead of residuals as
Gradient_boosting
Absorption of liquid by a colloid
volume. Water surface potential movement takes place along a concentration gradient; some dry materials absorb water. A gradient between the absorbent
Imbibition
Vector field that is the gradient of some function
vector calculus, a conservative vector field is a vector field that is the gradient of some function. A conservative vector field has the property that its
Conservative_vector_field
Polymer matrix capable of ion conduction
transference number. Ionic transport is also controlled by the electrical potential gradient across the cell. Temperature dependence of electrolyte impacts performance
Polymer_electrolytes
Biochemical process in photosynthesis
electrons through an electron transport chain, storing potential energy in a proton gradient.[citation needed] The protons return across the membrane
Photophosphorylation
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
effect of a pH gradient and an electric potential gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Flow of protons down this potential gradient – that is
Adenosine_triphosphate
Mathematical concept in vector calculus
vector potential is a vector field whose curl is a given vector field. This is analogous to a scalar potential, which is a scalar field whose gradient is
Vector_potential
Energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects
the gradient of a certain scalar function, called a scalar potential. The potential energy is related to, and can be obtained from, this potential function
Potential_energy
Type of electron gun
at several kilovolts negative potential relative to a nearby electrode, so that there is sufficient potential gradient at the emitter surface to cause
Field_emission_gun
Membrane potential at which ionic current reverses
ionic species is involved. The voltage gradient at which this equilibrium is reached is the equilibrium potential for the ion and it can be calculated from
Reversal_potential
Evaluates a line integral through a gradient field using the original scalar field
The gradient theorem, also known as the fundamental theorem of calculus for line integrals, says that a line integral through a gradient field can be evaluated
Gradient_theorem
Observatory in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
electrometer for potential gradient measurements, changing to a radioactive polonium probe during the 1930s. The Eskdalemuir potential gradient was found to
Eskdalemuir_Observatory
Process in electrical breakdown
propagate by formation of electron avalanches created in the high potential gradient ahead of the streamers' advancing tips. Once begun, avalanches are
Electron_avalanche
condensed matter. Under a thermal drive such as temperature gradient or chemical potential gradient, spin-up and spin-down carriers can flow perpendicularly
Spin_Nernst_Effect
Elliptic partial differential equation
the electric field as the gradient of a scalar function φ (called the electric potential), since the curl of any gradient is zero. Thus we can write
Poisson's_equation
Region in space where every point is at the same potential
in space. The gradient of the scalar potential (and hence also its opposite, as in the case of a vector field with an associated potential field) is everywhere
Equipotential
Topics referred to by the same term
Fibonacci spiral, designed to tune terrestrial soil to the atmospheric potential gradient of the "planetary battery". Atoroidal Torus (disambiguation) Sacred
Toroidal
Electric charges present on the surface of a solid
equation and assuming that, at an infinitely great distance, the potential gradient is equal to 0, the Grahame equation is obtained: σ = 8 c 0 ε ε 0 k
Surface_charge
Aircraft obstacle avoidance systems
[citation needed] The first approach takes advantage of the high electric potential gradient around conductors. The second approach is based on Faraday's law of
Aviation_obstruction_lighting
Rhythmic electrophysiological event in the gastrointestinal tract
velocities in the stomach due to the existence of a gradient of resting membrane potential gradient, interstitial cells of Cajal distributions, and gastric
Slow-wave_potential
Fundamental study of potential theory
the massive object, is the negative gradient of the gravitational potential. Thus the negative of a negative gradient yields positive acceleration toward
Gravitational_potential
Type of semiconductor current
medium, and E = −dΦ/dx (Φ potential difference) is the electric field as the potential gradient of the electric potential. According to the Einstein
Diffusion_current
their mass to charge ratio. The ions gain velocity by an electrical potential gradient and are focused into a beam by electrostatic lenses. The ion beam
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry
Thermal_ionization_mass_spectrometry
Thermal motion of liquid or gas particles at temperatures above absolute zero
molecules taking place in the absence of concentration (or chemical potential) gradient. This type of diffusion can be followed using isotopic tracers, hence
Molecular_diffusion
Variation of the redox potential with distance (or depth)
A redox gradient is a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions sorted according to redox potential. The redox ladder displays the order in which
Redox_gradient
Line integral of the electric field
expressed as the gradient of the electrostatic potential, which is a scalar quantity denoted by V or occasionally φ, equal to the electric potential energy of
Electric_potential
highest potential (anode +η) and the other extreme having the lowest potential (cathode -η). Comparing to the electrolyte potential (Vs) gradient/drop;
Bipolar_electrochemistry
Force observed on an asymmetric capacitor
most effective distance between electrodes occurs at an electric potential gradient of about 10 kV/cm, which is just below the nominal breakdown voltage
Biefeld–Brown_effect
Chemical compound
potassium ions through lipid membranes "down" the electrochemical potential gradient. The stability constant K for the potassium-valinomycin complex is
Valinomycin
Velocity field as the gradient of a scalar function
hypothesis. Potential flow describes the velocity field as the gradient of a scalar function: the velocity potential. As a result, a potential flow is characterized
Potential_flow
Ionization of air characterized as writhing streamers and sparks
conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, the "disruptive potential gradient", roughly 30 kilovolts per centimeter. At that voltage, electrons
Brush_discharge
Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
allows ions to overcome the potential difference. For a selectively permeable membrane, this permits a net flow against the gradient. Although the entire cell
Membrane_potential
Theory of gravity
Newtonian gravity, the proposed Lagrangian is non-quadratic in the potential gradient | ∇ Φ | {\displaystyle |\nabla \Phi |} . The gravitational force law
AQUAL
Sustainable energy from sea and river water
Osmotic power, salinity gradient power or blue energy is the energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river
Osmotic_power
potential gradient; capillary osmosis, as motion of liquid in porous body under influence of the chemical potential gradient; sedimentation potential
Electrokinetic_phenomena
Type of electrochemical effect
viscosity of a fluid, η, can be expressed as a function of electric potential gradient (electric field), E → {\textstyle {\vec {E}}} , by an equation in
Electroviscous_effects
Optimization algorithm for artificial neural networks
In machine learning, backpropagation is a gradient computation method commonly used for training a neural network in computing parameter updates. It is
Backpropagation
Neuron communication by electric impulses
returning the electrochemical gradient to the resting state. Because few ions need to pass through to change the potential, the concentrations of ions on
Action_potential
Transport of dissolved species from the highest to the lowest concentration region
of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential. It is possible to diffuse "uphill" from a region
Diffusion
situation Nomenclature Equations Gravitational potential gradient and field U = gravitational potential C = curved path traversed by a mass in the field
List of equations in gravitation
List_of_equations_in_gravitation
Measure of the tendency of a substance to gain or lose electrons
Electrochemical potential Electrolytic cell Electromotive force Fermi level Galvanic cell Oxygen radical absorbance capacity Redox gradient Solvated electron
Reduction_potential
Semiconductor–semiconductor junction
the forward (+) direction be pointed against the diode's built-in potential gradient at equilibrium. Forward current ( J F {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{F}}
P–n_junction
Fishing method utilising electricity
cathode through the water. When a fish encounters a large enough potential gradient on this path, it becomes affected by the electricity. Usually pulsed
Electrofishing
Quantification of the electrical interactions between ions in solution
counterions compresses the double layer and increases the electrical potential gradient. Media of high ionic strength are used in stability constant determination
Ionic_strength
High-voltage electrical connection device
and insulating putty. By tapering the layers of tape carefully, the potential gradient from the inside of the cable to free air was reduced so as not to
Pothead
Pulse sequence during a medical test
imaging (MRI) is a particular setting of pulse sequences and pulsed field gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance. A multiparametric MRI is
MRI_pulse_sequence
Rate of temperature increase with depth in Earth's interior
Geothermal gradient is the rate of change in temperature with respect to increasing depth in Earth's interior. As a general rule, the crust temperature
Geothermal_gradient
Energy related to Earth's gravity
defined as the negative of the potential energy per unit mass, so that the gravity vector is obtained as the gradient of the geopotential, without the
Geopotential
British artificial intelligence company
Gradient Labs is a British startup company, founded in 2023. In 2025, Gradient Labs was considered one of Europe's 50 most promising seed-stage startups
Gradient_Labs
Continuous movement of charge carriers
in the Earth's circuit are significant. At sea level, the typical potential gradient in fair weather is 120 V/m. Nonetheless, since the conductivity of
Global atmospheric electrical circuit
Global_atmospheric_electrical_circuit
movement of water is the water potential gradient. The water potential gradient is defined by comparing the potential energy of water to pure water at
Hydraulic_signaling_in_plants
Rate of change of the electric field at an atomic nucleus
electrons and nuclei, ρ(r), generates an electrostatic potential V(r). The gradient of this potential is the negative of the electric field generated. The
Electric_field_gradient
Model of intermolecular interactions
Lennard-Jones potential (also termed the LJ potential or 12-6 potential; named for John Lennard-Jones) is an intermolecular pair potential. Out of all the
Lennard-Jones_potential
Class of membrane transport proteins
root by H+-ATPase. This change in both the pH and electrochemical potential gradient between the inside of the cell and the outside produces a proton-motive
Symporter
displayed by light emitting diodes (LED) and chemiluminescence, where potential gradients are used to create excited states that decay by light emission. "Highlights
Photoinduced electron transfer
Photoinduced_electron_transfer
Electrokinetic phenomena
electrochemistry. They are an electric current or potential which originates when an electrolyte is driven by a pressure gradient through a channel or porous plug with
Streaming_current
Substance-specific relation between two physical quantities
class of "constitutive relations" of the form stress rate = f (velocity gradient, stress, density) was the subject of Walter Noll's dissertation in 1954
Constitutive_equation
Hollow electrical insulator
semi-conducting glaze may be used to assist in equalizing the electrical potential gradient along the length of the bushing. The inside of the porcelain bushing
Bushing_(electrical)
Special arrangement of permanent magnets
conditions give at the inner boundary and at the outer boundary. The potential gradient has non-vanishing radial component β cos θ − M 0 ln r cos θ
Halbach_array
Boundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column
interface as a result of a number of gradients such as chemical potential gradients, pore water gradients, and oxygen gradients. The location of the top of the
Sediment–water_interface
low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the
Soil-plant-atmosphere continuum
Soil-plant-atmosphere_continuum
Reverse osmosis transport model
process. Ion transport through the RO membrane is driven by the gradient of chemical potential within the membrane. The solution-friction model describes this
Solution-friction_model
Enzyme
proteins that rotate relative to nearby stationary proteins, using a H+ potential gradient as an energy source. This link is tenuous, however, as the overall
ATP_synthase
Corrosion prevention technique
corrosive environment. The CP shielding phenomenon induces changes in the potential gradient of the CP system across the exterior coating, which are further pronounced
Cathodic_protection
Exchange of mass, energy, and momentum between observed and studied systems
must be low enough that the chemical potential gradient is accurately represented by the concentration gradient (thus, the analogy has limited application
Transport_phenomena
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
caused by a gradient of chemical potential – atoms move from an area of higher chemical potential to an area of lower chemical potential. The different
Sintering
bottom of the vessel. Diffusion takes place because there is a water potential gradient between water in the xylem vessel and the leaf (as water is transpiring
Transpiration_stream
science, a gradient network is a directed subnetwork of an undirected "substrate" network where each node has an associated scalar potential and one out-link
Gradient_network
Branch of astrophysics
to its potential, for example. Jeans Equation is a relation on how the pressure gradient of a system should be balancing the potential gradient for an
Stellar_dynamics
Method of protection from electric shock
concrete must be connected to the bonding system to ensure no dangerous potential gradients are produced during a fault. In a system with a grounded (earthed)
Electrical_bonding
environmental gradient, or climate gradient, is a change in abiotic (non-living) factors through space (or time). Environmental gradients can be related
Environmental_gradient
British meteorological observatory
phenomena. For nearly six decades, researchers recorded the hourly potential gradient (PG) measurements, providing valuable data on atmospheric electrical
Lerwick_Observatory
A plant adapted to a hot dry environment
concentration of water vapour is maintained, the external water vapour potential gradient near the stomata is reduced, thus, reducing transpiration. In a windier
Xerophyte
Ability of a body to store an electrical charge
Personnel. 1965. p. 197. Dawes, Chester L. (1973). "Capacitance and potential gradients of eccentric cylindrical condensers". Physics. 4 (2): 81–85. doi:10
Capacitance
Interaction potential
The Mie potential is an interaction potential describing the interactions between particles on the atomic level. It is mostly used for describing intermolecular
Mie_potential
Neurobiological terminology
concentration gradient out of the cell. However, if the voltage is below the threshold, the neuron does not fire, but the membrane potential still fluctuates
Subthreshold membrane potential oscillations
Subthreshold_membrane_potential_oscillations
Mass diffusivity of a chemical species without a chemical potential gradient
Mass diffusivity of a chemical species without a chemical potential gradient
Self-diffusion
Movement of molecules to lower concentration
shock Osmotic power Plasmolysis Reverse osmosis plant Salinity gradient power Water potential Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences Année 1748, published
Osmosis
Method of mass spectrometry
of the electric field: where Ep is potential energy, q is the charge of the particle, and U is the electric potential difference (also known as voltage)
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry
Biological process in the heart
membrane potential to increase slightly, activating the sodium channels and initiating an action potential in this cell. (A brief chemical gradient driven
Cardiac_action_potential
Concept in fluid dynamics
Since a conservative body force is the gradient of some potential function, it has the same effect as a gradient in fluid pressure. It is often convenient
Modified_pressure
Measurement of variations in Earth's gravitational field
gravity field via measurements of the spatial gradient of gravitational acceleration. The gravity gradient tensor is a 3 × 3 tensor; it is given in coordinates
Gravity_gradiometry
Condition when water is both anoxic and sulfidic
such as green sulfur bacteria take advantage of the strong redox potential gradient and minimal sunlight. The Black Sea is a commonly used modern model
Euxinia
SI units Dimension Electric field, field strength, flux density, potential gradient E E = F q {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\mathbf {F} \over q}\,\!} N
List of electromagnetism equations
List_of_electromagnetism_equations
Metabolic medical condition
water is translocated from the blood to the rumen along the osmotic potential gradient, resulting in dehydration which cannot be relieved by drinking, and
Lactic_acidosis
Production of new offspring in plants
to allow for germination. The plant was able to perceive a water potential gradient in the surroundings, and act by giving its seeds a better chance in
Plant_reproduction
Transverse osmotic pressure within the cells of a root system
accumulating interior to the endodermis in the xylem create a water potential gradient and by osmosis, water diffuses from the moist soil, across the cortex
Root_pressure
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