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Hypothetical reconstructed proto-language
Proto-Cushitic is the reconstructed proto-language common ancestor of the Cushitic language family. Its words and roots are not directly attested in any
Proto-Cushitic_language
Reconstructed ancestor of the East Cushitic languages
Proto-East-Cushitic is the reconstructed proto-language common ancestor of the Eastern branch of the Cushitic language family. Its words and roots are
Proto-East-Cushitic_language
Branch of Afroasiatic native to East Africa
The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic
Cushitic_languages
Branch of the Cushitic languages of Tanzania
South Cushitic languages). The hunter-gatherers who preceded the Southern Cushites in East Africa were not without effect on their successors. The proto-Southern
South_Cushitic_languages
Branch of Cushitic native to the Horn of Africa and Kenya
The East Cushitic languages are a branch of Cushitic within the Afroasiatic phylum. Prominent East Cushitic languages include Afar, Oromo, and Somali
East_Cushitic_languages
Language family of Ethiopia and Sudan
the name Gonga (including the Ometo languages) and treated them as "Hamitic (today Berber and Cushitic) languages of Great Damot". Later classifications
Omotic_languages
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
Proto-Southern Cushitic languages and the East African Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (5,000 years ago), and archaeological evidence associates the Proto-Cushitic
Afroasiatic_languages
Cushitic language of Northeast Africa
Beja (Bidhaawyeet or Tubdhaawi) is an Afroasiatic language of the Cushitic branch spoken on the western coast of the Red Sea by the Beja people. Its speakers
Beja_language
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns. Ehret, Christopher (1987). "Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction". Sprache
Chadic_languages
Collection of ethnic groups residing in East Africa
minorities speaking Cushitic languages in southeastern Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania. Donald N. Levine held that Proto-Cushitic was spoken on the Ethiopian
Cushitic-speaking_peoples
Afroasiatic language branch of Ethiopia
Highland East Cushitic or Burji-Sidamo is a branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in south-central Ethiopia. They are often grouped with Lowland
Highland East Cushitic languages
Highland_East_Cushitic_languages
Hypothetical linguistic homeland
of Proto-Southern Cushitic languages and the East African Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (3000 BC), and archaeological evidence associates the Proto-Cushitic
Proto-Afroasiatic_homeland
Language family
Somaloid languages, or (in the conception of Bernd Heine, who does not include Baiso) Sam languages, are a branch of the Lowland East Cushitic languages. They
Macro-Somali_languages
Branch of the Afroasiatic languages
Wiktionary appendix List of Proto-Semitic stems. There are six fairly uncontroversial nodes within the Semitic languages: East Semitic, Northwest Semitic
Semitic_languages
Northwest Semitic language
the inscription was "proto-Canaanite" but cautioned that "[t]he differentiation between the scripts, and between the languages themselves in that period
Hebrew_language
Ethio-Semitic language
the sole official language of Ethiopia. Early Afro-Asiatic populations speaking proto-Semitic, proto-Cushitic and proto-Omotic languages would have diverged
Amharic
Subgroup of the Nilotic language family
Cushitic and Proto-East Cushitic forms from Sasse (1979): Languages of Kenya Languages of Tanzania Languages of Uganda Serengeti-Dorobo language, of which
Southern_Nilotic_languages
Ethnolinguistic group in Africa
southernmost extension of the range of Cushitic speakers. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded: Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the
Bantu_peoples
Group of African language families with click consonants
speaking a Cushitic language; if so, the pre-Dahalo language may have been something like Hadza or Sandawe. Damin is an invented ritual language, and has
Khoisan_languages
Subgroup of Great Lakes Bantu languages spoken in Kenya and Tanzania
The East Nyanza languages form a subgroup of the Great Lakes Bantu languages spoken in Kenya and Tanzania. Proto-East Nyanza speakers migrated into the
East_Nyanza_languages
Group of South Semitic languages of Arabia and Socotra
original Cushitic neighbours to the south who did not later emigrate to the Horn of Africa. He argues that the Levant would thus have been the Proto-Afro-Asiatic
Modern_South_Arabian
Collection of ethnic groups indigenous to Nile Valley in East Africa
rustlers. The Maasai and other groups in East Africa have adopted customs and practices from neighbouring Cushitic-speaking groups, including the age-set
Nilotic_peoples
Family of languages spoken in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan
smaller languages. A similar but shorter innovative form *ʔat- has arisen in languages other than Ge'ez, and it is possible that *ʔasta- was a Proto-Ethio-Semitic
Ethio-Semitic_languages
Branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family
implosives is also reconstructed in the East Cushitic languages, specifically in Somaloid. Many obscure ancient languages or peoples have been postulated by scholars
Nakh_languages
Group of Lowland East Cushitic languages of East Africa
Afroasiatic Semitic languages, Ancient Egyptian, etc. Cushitic Beja, Agaw languages, etc. East Cushitic Highland East Cushitic Lowland East Cushitic Oromo, Afar
Somali_languages
The Rendille–Boni languages is a proposed subgroup of the Macro-Somali languages, belonging to the Cushitic family. The languages are spoken in Kenya
Rendille–Boni_languages
Family of languages
influences from Cushitic languages, and more recently Eastern Nilotic languages, are observable in the vocabulary and phonology of Kuliak languages. Blench notes
Kuliak_languages
Proposed language family
nearby certainly or likely unrelated languages suggests that these similarities might be partly areal. Omotic and Cushitic, in particular, are nearby head-final
Eastern_Sudanic_languages
East Rift language spoken in Tanzania
Kwʼadza (Qwadza), or Ngomvia, is an extinct South Cushitic language formerly spoken in Tanzania in the Bahi District. The last speaker died sometime between
Kwʼadza_language
Archaic name for God in Cushitic languages such as Oromo and Somali
Cushitic languages, including the Oromo and Somali languages. Waaqa (Oromo pronunciation: [waːkʼa]) still means 'God' in the present Oromo language.
Waaq
Residents of the ancient Near East until the end of antiquity
Semitic-speaking peoples or Proto-Semitic people were speakers of Semitic languages who lived throughout the ancient Near East and North Africa, including
Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples
American historian and linguist
reconstruction of proto-Cushitic and proto-Eastern Cushitic; and, with Mohamed Nuuh Ali, on the classification of the Somali languages. Ehret contributed
Christopher_Ehret
Semitic language spoken in the Horn of Africa
Ethio-Semitic language spoken in the Horn of Africa, primarily by the Tigre people of Eritrea. It is believed to be the most closely related living language to Ge'ez
Tigre_language
Dialect of Middle Aramaic
Classical Syriac as a Standard Language: The Syriac Version of Eusebius of Caesarea's Ecclesiastical History". Semitic and Cushitic studies. Wiesbaden: Otto
Syriac_language
Region
from Arabic and other languages in the trade region. The Horn of Africa is home to Cushitic-speaking peoples. In some parts of East Africa, especially in
East_Africa
Extinct language in Egypt
consonants, as in many Semitic languages, or one of aspirated and ejective consonants, as in many Cushitic languages. Since vowels were not written until
Egyptian_language
Lowland East Cushitic language of eastern Kenya
Aweer (Aweera), also known as Boni (Bon, Bonta), is a Cushitic language of Eastern Kenya. The Aweer people, known by the arguably derogatory exonym Boni
Aweer_language
Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa
Somalis or Somali people, are a Cushitic ethnic group and nation native to the Somali Peninsula. The Somali language is the shared mother tongue of ethnic
Somalis
Indigenous Bantu language
contributing languages, including Persian, Hindustani, Portuguese, and Malay. The South Cushitic languages preceded the Bantu languages in today's Tanzania
Swahili
Semitic language of Ethiopia
languages such as Amharic, Tigrinya and Geʽez. Siltʼe has the set of five short and five long vowels that are typical of the nearby Eastern Cushitic languages
Siltʼe_language
West Germanic language spoken by Ashkenazi Jews
in 1960 to indicate the descendent diaphonemes of the Proto-Yiddish stressed vowels. Each Proto-Yiddish vowel is given a unique two-digit identifier,
Yiddish
Family of languages and dialects Indigenous to North Africa
have no lexical tones, unlike the Cushitic and Omotic languages. either have no lexical stress (Northern Berber languages) or have grammatically significant
Berber_languages
Niger–Congo languages are also tonal. Tonal languages are also found in the Omotic, Chadic and South & East Cushitic branches of Afroasiatic. The most common
Languages_of_Africa
Language family
hunter-gatherers who spoke Cushitic languages, and the Mukogodo-Maasai (Yaaku), former bee-keepers and hunter-gatherers (Eastern Cushitic). The Okiek of northern
Maa_languages
Postulated millennia-long series of migrations
independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language. Prior to the arrival of Bantu speakers in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the
Bantu_expansion
Occurrence and people throughout Ethiopian prehistory
southwestern Ethiopia. The split between proto-Cushitic and proto-Omotic began by the fourth or fifth millennium BC, and proto-Semitic separated to Asia Minor
Prehistoric_Ethiopia
Writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant
Phoenician, Hebrew, and other Semitic proto-alphabets classified within the family of scripts used to write West Semitic languages. According to the formulations
Abjad
Ethnolinguistic group native to northern Sudan and southern Egypt
number of key pastoralism related loanwords that are of Berber or proto-Highland East Cushitic origin, including the terms for sheep/goatskin, hen/cock, livestock
Nubians
Ethnic group
which belongs to the broader Oromo language group, a member of the Lowland East Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. This linguistic affiliation
Gabra_people
Proposed language family
Starostin, Sergei. Etruscan as an East Caucasian language. In Vitaly Shevoroshkin (ed.), Protolanguages and proto-cultures, Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1990
Alarodian_languages
American linguist
that what had up to then been known as the "Western Cushitic" language family was not a part of Cushitic at all, but instead makes up a sixth primary branch
Harold_C._Fleming
Standard form of the Hebrew language
Hebrew language spoken today. It is the only extant Canaanite language of the Semitic language family, as well as one of the oldest attested languages to
Modern_Hebrew
Semitic language of eastern Ethiopia
Leslau, Sidama is the substratum language of Harari and influenced the vocabulary greatly. He identified unique Cushitic loanwords found only in Harari
Harari_language
Afro-Asiatic language of Ethiopia
Baiso or Bayso is an East Cushitic language belonging to the Omo–Tana subgroup, and is spoken in Ethiopia, in the region around Lake Abaya. Alternative
Baiso_language
Language isolate of north-central Tanzania
an extinct language of hunter-gatherers who may have had recently shifted to Cushitic. (Higher numerals were borrowed in both languages.)[citation needed]
Hadza_language
People of Ethiopia
different languages and ethnic groups. Ethiopians speak Afro-Asiatic languages (Semitic, Cushitic, and Omotic) and Nilo-Saharan languages. The Oromo
Ethiopians
Ethnic group from Arusha Region, Tanzania
possibly cultivated sorghum and finger millet, lived next to an Eastern Cushitic speaking community with whom they had significant cultural interaction
Datooga_people
Millennium between 5000 BC and 4000 BC
2500 BC, a single dialect called Proto-Indo-European (PIE) existed as the forerunner of all modern Indo-European languages, but it left no written texts
5th_millennium_BC
Romance language historically spoken by Sephardi Jews
Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragonese language, Old Catalan, Asturleonese, Galician-Portuguese, and Andalusi Romance. The language has been
Judaeo-Spanish
Language influencing or influenced by another through contact
linguistics Language shift Language transfer Trans-cultural diffusion Pre-Greek substrate Graziadio Isaia Ascoli Creole language Relexification Proto-Indo-European
Stratum_(linguistics)
Ancient Sudanese kingdom
contains a number of key pastoralism related loanwords that are of proto-Highland East Cushitic origin, including the terms for sheep/goatskin, hen/cock, livestock
Kerma_culture
Archaic form of the Hebrew language
morphology, took place between Proto-Semitic and Proto-Central-Semitic, the language at the root of the Central Semitic languages. The phonemic system was inherited
Biblical_Hebrew
Gurage language spoken in Ethiopia
dialect of it) is a Gurage language spoken by a quarter million people in southern Ethiopia. It is an Ethiopian Semitic language of the Northern Gurage subfamily
Soddo_language
Afro-Asiatic language of Ethiopia
pronouns to subject function, thereby replacing the earlier Proto-Lowland East Cushitic forms, e.g. 2nd personal pronouns, e.g., 2nd person singular
Arbore_language
as a second or foreign language. (See English language in Europe.) The Indo-European language family is descended from Proto-Indo-European, which is
Languages_of_Europe
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
Berber, Egyptian, and most Cushitic) branches. All three Khoisan language families—Khoe, Kxʼa and Tuu—are tonal. Most languages of the Nilo-Saharan family
Tone_(linguistics)
Berber languages. Perhaps eight millennia ago, already there were prior peoples established here, among whom the proto-Berbers (coming from the east) mingled
History_of_early_Tunisia
Former province in eastern Ethiopia
Cross-Rift people, expanded to the east into the Hararge region and absorbed the local North Lowland Eastern Cushitic speaking populations that preceded
Hararghe
Kenyan citizens and residents of Somali descent
ancient Cushitic populations that emerged in the Horn of Africa thousands of years ago. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests Cushitic groups
Somalis_in_Kenya
Ethnic group of Kenya
the Great Lakes region of East Africa, including speakers of Central Sudanic, East Sahelian, and Southern Cushitic languages, evidenced by loanwords in
Gusii_people
undeciphered Bronze Age records: the Proto-Elamite script the Indus script (speculated to record a "Harappan language") Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A (encoding
List of languages by first written account
List_of_languages_by_first_written_account
populations which included Cushitic, Egyptian and Berber groups, in contrast Semitic speakers showed a decline in frequency going west to east in the Levantine-Syria
Genetic history of the Middle East
Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East
Language isolate of central Tanzania
and Khoe, the numeral haka 'four', is also found in the neighboring Cushitic languages Aasax and Kwʼadza, and was perhaps borrowed into them from Sandawe
Sandawe_language
Language of southwestern Ethiopia
approximate. The number "iŋki" ("one") has been compared to Lowland East Cushitic "tneki" and Saho "inik". The consonants are: Consonants in parentheses
Shabo_language
Sixteenth letter of many Semitic alphabets
much of the Afroasiatic language family, such as in the Egyptian language, the Cushitic languages and the Semitic languages. The Arabic letter ﻉ ﻋَﻴْﻦْ
Ayin
Languages similar by contact, not origin
and Arabic in West Asia Ethiopian language area, which includes the Ethio-Semitic, Omotic and most Cushitic languages Bantu Shimaore and Malayo-Polynesian
Sprachbund
Dialect of the Russian language spoken in Odesa, Ukraine
язык, romanized: Odessky yazyk, lit. 'Odesan language') is a vernacular contact variety of the Russian language that originated in and around the city of
Odesan_Russian
Feature of language
Basque Burushaski Cherokee Cushitic languages (Afar, Beja, Bilen, Oromo, Saho, Sidama, Somali) Dakota Dravidian languages (Brahvi, Duruwa, Gondi, Kannada
Subject–object–verb word order
Subject–object–verb_word_order
languages List of proto-languages List of Mayan languages List of pidgins, creoles, mixed languages and cants based on Indo-European languages List of lesser-known
Index_of_language_articles
Somali clan
dialects. It belongs to the same lowland branch of the East Cushitic languages as the Somali-type languages, but internal differentiation within this branch
Garre
Variety of Aramaic used in the Hebrew Bible
Aramaic became the main language of public life and administration. Darius the Great declared Imperial Aramaic to be the official language of the western half
Biblical_Aramaic
Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialect of Jews in Kurdistan
alphabet Aramaic language Jewish languages Hulaulá at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) (Endangered Languages of) The Middle East and North
Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic
Speech sounds in several African languages
Khoekhoe words. Three languages in East Africa use clicks: Sandawe and Hadza of Tanzania, and Dahalo, an endangered South Cushitic language of Kenya that has
Click_consonant
Dialects of Fars spoken by Jews of Shiraz, Iran
a number of dialects spoken to the south, southeast, and east of Shiraz, is rooted in proto-Iranian *tswiš(ā)-, Judeo-Shirazi tanȷ-̌ "drink" must correspond
Judeo-Shirazi
Group of Berber-language varieties
Judeo-Berber is the language and dialects formed in Berber Jewish communities of central and southern Morocco where Berber dialects were common. Judeo-Berber
Judeo-Berber_language
Varieties of the Yiddish language
(1960) to indicate the descendent diaphonemes of the Proto-Yiddish stressed vowels. Each Proto-Yiddish vowel is given a unique two-digit identifier,
Yiddish_dialects
Ethnic group
history is defined by significant cultural interaction with Southern/Eastern Cushitic-speaking communities, from whom the Kalenjin adopted key social institutions
Kalenjin_people
Outdated grouping of human beings
appellation Hamitic was applied to the Berber, Cushitic, and Egyptian branches of the Afroasiatic language family, which, together with the Semitic branch
Hamites
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
wealth of ancient artifacts: decorated ossuaries which some claim is the proto Israelite Burial, burial offerings, jars, stone tools. We find that the
Haplogroup_T-L206
evidenced by the semitic language domination over the oromo language, part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. Others believe that
History_of_East_Africa
Polity in Africa and Arabia before 960
early as 2000 BC, bringing their 'proto-Ethiopic' language, ancestor of Geʽez and the other Ethiopian Semitic languages, with them; and these and other
Kingdom_of_Aksum
Belief that there is only one God
and Datooga have substantial Cushitic ancestry from the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic communities believed to be of Cushitic origin. Waaq is the name of a
Monotheism
Script used for languages in Ethiopia and Eritrea
Phoenician, and may thus be assumed for the Proto-Sinaitic script. Two writing systems were used to write the Geʽez language: an abjad and, later, an abugida. The
Geʽez_script
Consonant articulated through the pharynx
world: the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa, in the Semitic, Berber (mostly in borrowings from Arabic) and Cushitic branches of the Afroasiatic
Pharyngeal_consonant
Berber language of central Morocco
number of languages in North Africa and Southwest Asia including the Semitic languages, the Egyptian language, and the Chadic and Cushitic languages. Along
Central_Atlas_Tamazight
difference in prehistoric forms of worship among Low-land Cushitic Horners, and that of the ancient proto-Somali Waaqists. Whereas pre-historic archeological
Religion_in_Somalia
Country in the Horn of Africa
three working languages. Most residents speak languages from the Afroasiatic family, either from the Ethiopian Semitic languages or Cushitic branches. In
Eritrea
Semitic-speaking ethnic group in Ethiopia
the time, the Cushitic Agaw adopted the South Semitic language and mixed with the Semitic population. Amharic thus developed with a Cushitic substratum and
Amhara_people
Country in East Africa
in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches. The former includes the Oromo language, spoken by the Oromo, and Somali
Ethiopia
Ethnic group in West Africa
Blench, Roger (2008). Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge. The World's major languages. Internet Archive. New York : Oxford
Hausa_people
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PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : variant of Newsome.English (East Anglia) : patronymic from New 1.
Female
Egyptian
, Child of Bast.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Midlands)
English (East Midlands) : possibly a variant of Rawdon.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Gul - Flowers; Mast - Excitement
Surname or Lastname
English (East Midlands)
English (East Midlands) : unexplained; possibly a variant of Marrin.
Surname or Lastname
English (east midlands)
English (east midlands) : habitational name from Fritchley in Derbyshire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in the eastern part of a town or settlement, or outside it to the east, or a regional name for someone who had migrated from the east of a place. As an American family name, this surname has absorbed various other European names with similar meaning.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Yorkshire)
English (East Yorkshire) : perhaps from a pet form Ace.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : derivative of Goff.English (East Anglia) : variant of Coward.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : patronymic from Blower 1.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : metonymic occupational name for a cobbler, or perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a maker of cobblers’ lasts (see Laster).German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a porter, from Middle High German last; German Last or Yiddish last ‘burden’, ‘load’.Dutch : metonymic occupational name as in 2, from Middle Dutch last ‘load’, ‘burden’; or a nickname for an awkward character, from Dutch last ‘trouble’, ‘nuisance’.French : habitational name from a place so named in Puy-de-Dôme.
Surname or Lastname
German
German : probably a habitational name from Haste near Wunstorf or Osnabrück.Dutch : nickname from Middle Dutch haest ‘hasty’.Swedish : soldier’s name, from hast ‘haste’, ‘hurry’.English (Lancashire and Yorkshire) : reduced form of Hayhurst.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Midlands)
English (East Midlands) : variant of Bayes.
Biblical
which is before or in front of a person
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : derivative of the Scandinavian personal name Harald (see Harold).English (East Anglia) : variant of Harwood.English (East Anglia) : variant of Herrod 1.
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : variant of Jobe.
PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
PROTO EAST-CUSHITIC-LANGUAGE
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