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Subfield of quantum cryptography
Quantum authentication is the sub-field of quantum cryptography that aims to apply quantum information theory for the purpose of authentication of quantum
Quantum_authentication
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
using only classical (i.e., non-quantum) communication. Furthermore, quantum cryptography affords the authentication of messages, which allows the legitimate
Quantum_cryptography
Secure communication method
example a Quantum random number generator). The classical communication channel must be authenticated using an unconditionally secure authentication scheme
Quantum_key_distribution
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating and integrity-checking
Message_authentication_code
emulation. Quantum readout of PUFs achieves Hands-off object authentication without trusted hardware at the side of the object. Authentication of a quantum communication
Quantum_readout
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms
Post-quantum_cryptography
System to verify the source and or authenticity of a message
In information security, message authentication or data origin authentication is a property that a message has not been modified while in transit (data
Message_authentication
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
Encryption is also the basis for digital signatures and authentication mechanisms. Quantum computing may be sufficiently more powerful that difficult
Quantum_computing
Act of proving an assertion
indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity. Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art
Authentication
Two parties authenticating each other at the same time
Mutual authentication or two-way authentication is the simultaneous and reciprocal authentication of two parties. It is part of authentication protocols
Mutual_authentication
Encryption technique
There also exists a quantum analogue of the one time pad, which can be used to exchange quantum states along a one-way quantum channel with perfect secrecy
One-time_pad
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
verification of a message authentication code (MAC) or a digital signature usually done by a hashing algorithm or a PGP signature. Authenticated encryption algorithms
Encryption
Form of message tampering
attacks can be prevented or detected by two means: authentication and tamper detection. Authentication provides some degree of certainty that a given message
Man-in-the-middle_attack
Concept in cryptography
on the security of hash functions. It is of interest as a type of post-quantum cryptography. So far, hash-based cryptography is used to construct digital
Hash-based_cryptography
Computer communications authentication algorithm
either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving
HMAC
American foundation
Sciences at the 2024 STEM for Britain competition for his work on quantum authentication methods. The institute is best known for establishing the Millennium
Clay_Mathematics_Institute
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
field GF(2128) to compute the authentication tag, hence its name. Galois Message Authentication Code (GMAC) is an authentication-only variant of GCM that can
Galois/Counter_Mode
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
additional password authentication, see e.g. US patent "Advanced modular handshake for key agreement and optional authentication". X3DH was initially
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
Encryption method
Output: ciphertext and authentication tag (message authentication code or MAC). Decryption Input: ciphertext, key, authentication tag, and optionally a
Authenticated_encryption
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
encryption, Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), End-to-End Encryption (E2EE), and Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKP). Estimates suggest that a quantum computer could reduce
Cryptography
Surveillance strategy
concerns about the need to urgently deploy post-quantum cryptography; even though no practical quantum attacks yet exist, some data stored now may still
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Function computed by two parties that emulates a random oracle
attempt. The recovered key may then be used for authentication (e.g. performing a PKI-based authentication using a digital certificate and private key),
Oblivious pseudorandom function
Oblivious_pseudorandom_function
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
designed to be resistant to cryptanalytic attacks with future powerful quantum computers that was standardized in 2024. It is used to establish a shared
ML-KEM
Interactive key creation in cryptography
Protocol for TLS Authentication". RFC Editor. doi:10.17487/rfc5054. RFC 5054. Harkins, D.; Zorn, G. (August 2010). "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
Password-authenticated key agreement
Password-authenticated_key_agreement
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization is a program and competition by NIST to update their standards to include post-quantum cryptography. It was
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Cryptography practises of the USA's National Security Agency
algorithms that is intended for highly sensitive communication and critical authentication systems. A set of NSA endorsed cryptographic algorithms for use as an
NSA_cryptography
Two-step verification app
Google Authenticator is a software-based authenticator by Google. It implements multi-factor authentication services using the time-based one-time password
Google_Authenticator
Measure of cryptographic strength
post-quantum cryptography considers the security level of cryptographic algorithms in the face of a hypothetical attacker possessing a quantum computer
Security_level
Cryptography algorithm
chaining message authentication code (counter with CBC-MAC; CCM) is an authenticated encryption algorithm designed to provide both authentication and confidentiality
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
proof. Lattice-based constructions support important standards of post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such
Lattice-based_cryptography
Cryptographic key management algorithm
(ECDH) with Curve25519, for message authentication codes (MAC, authentication) Keyed-hash message authentication code (HMAC) based on SHA-256, for symmetric
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Authenticated encryption with associated data algorithm
an authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) algorithm, that combines the ChaCha20 stream cipher with the Poly1305 message authentication code
ChaCha20-Poly1305
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
Double Ratchet with the Sparse Post-Quantum Ratchet (SPQR). The protocol provides confidentiality, integrity, authentication, participant consistency, destination
Signal_Protocol
Key/Config-authentication is used to solve the problem of authenticating the keys of a person (say "person A") that some other person ("person B") is
Key_authentication
distinguish are not orthogonal and an authenticated public classical channel. E91 protocol (1991) is a quantum cryptography method that uses entangled
List of quantum key distribution protocols
List_of_quantum_key_distribution_protocols
Password cracking dataset
authentication system – can learn a password merely by looking at the value stored in the database. When a user enters a password for authentication,
Rainbow_table
Cryptographic method
Password-authenticated key agreement algorithms can perform a cryptographic key exchange utilizing knowledge of a user's password. Quantum key distribution
Key_exchange
verifiers to authenticate the location of a prover with unconditional security. This is because for any quantum location authentication protocol, a set
Relativistic quantum cryptography
Relativistic_quantum_cryptography
Password that can only be used once
traditional (static) password-based authentication; a number of implementations also incorporate two-factor authentication by ensuring that the one-time password
One-time_password
Quantum key distribution network
The DARPA Quantum Network (2002–2007) was the world's first quantum key distribution (QKD) network, operating 10 optical nodes across Boston and Cambridge
DARPA_Quantum_Network
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
certificate authentication, typically employed when logging on at a web server. The latter is designated as client certificate authentication, for instance
Public_key_infrastructure
the compared states are the same Message authentication codes (MACs) mainly aim at data origin authentication, but they can also provide non-repudiation
Quantum_digital_signature
Key derivation function based on an HMAC
multi-purpose key derivation function (KDF) based on the HMAC message authentication code. HKDF follows "extract-then-expand" paradigm, where the KDF logically
HKDF
British theoretical physicist
is a co-inventor of quantum tagging, or quantum position authentication, providing the first schemes for position-based quantum cryptography. In 2005
Adrian_Kent
Aspect of cryptography
or establishment Entity authentication, perhaps using an authentication protocol Symmetric encryption and message authentication key material construction
Cryptographic_protocol
Post-quantum cryptographic protocol
elliptic curve cryptography for authentication. PQXDH combines elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) with a post-quantum key encapsulation mechanism (PQ-KEM)
Post-Quantum Extended Diffie–Hellman
Post-Quantum_Extended_Diffie–Hellman
Attack model against cryptographic hash functions
example is the use of hashes to store password validation data for authentication. Rather than store the plaintext of user passwords, an access control
Preimage_attack
NTRU public-key cryptography digital signature algorithm
GGH signature scheme. The original version of NTRUSign was Polynomial Authentication and Signature Scheme (PASS), and was published at CrypTEC'99. The improved
NTRUSign
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
Cryptographic key types Diceware EKMS Group key Keyed hash algorithm Key authentication Key derivation function Key distribution center Key escrow Key exchange
Key_(cryptography)
Algorithm
message authentication code is added to a ciphertext to ensure that changes to the ciphertext will be noted by the receiver. Message authentication codes
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Industry consortium for authentication
strong authentication for the web. At its core, FIDO2 consists of the W3C Web Authentication (WebAuthn) standard and the FIDO Client to Authenticator Protocol
FIDO_Alliance
Digital signature scheme
attacks by quantum computers. The traditional public key algorithms, such as RSA and ElGamal would become insecure if an effective quantum computer could
Merkle_signature_scheme
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
a quantum computer capable of running Grover's algorithm would be able to search the possible keys more efficiently. If a suitably sized quantum computer
Key_size
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
attacks weaken or break RC4 used in SSL/TLS. Authentication only, no encryption. A message authentication code (MAC) is used for data integrity. HMAC is
Transport_Layer_Security
Hash functions
secure pseudorandom function and can also be used as a secure message authentication code (MAC). SipHash, however, is not a general purpose key-less hash
SipHash
Topics referred to by the same term
refer to: Digital read out, type of electronic display Quantum readout, cryptographic authentication technique Read Out!, Canadian television series Readout
Readout
IEEE network security standard
fields: Security Tag, which is an extension of the EtherType Message authentication code (Integrity Check Value, ICV) Secure Connectivity Associations that
IEEE_802.1AE
Message authentication code algorithm
a cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) is a technique for constructing a message authentication code (MAC) from a block cipher.
CBC-MAC
Method to set encryption keys
the method is called WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK, and also in the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), where it is known as EAP-PSK. In all these cases, both
Pre-shared_key
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
(SRP) authentication in Python. Verified compatible libraries. Meteor web framework's Accounts system implements SRP for password authentication. srp-rb
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
Set of cryptographic hash functions
more; it would have been cut in half, making it vulnerable to advances in quantum computing, which effectively would cut it in half once more. In September
SHA-3
Approach to public-key cryptography
suite due to concerns about quantum computing attacks on ECC. NSA later published CNSA 2.0 guidance for a transition to quantum-resistant algorithms for
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Universal hash family used for message authentication in cryptography
hash family, Poly1305 can be used as a one-time message authentication code to authenticate a single message using a secret key shared between sender
Poly1305
Quantum key distribution protocol
prepare-and-measure quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, in which, one party (e.g. Alice) performs the encoding by preparing the quantum states, and the
BB84
Field of asymmetric cryptographic primitives
NP-complete. Those schemes are often considered to be good candidates for post-quantum cryptography. Multivariate cryptography has been very productive in terms
Multivariate_cryptography
Type of cryptographic attack
the same probability. There is a general (though disputed) result that quantum computers can perform birthday attacks, thus breaking collision resistance
Birthday_attack
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
applications, notably in digital signatures, message authentication codes (MACs), and other forms of authentication. They can also be used as ordinary hash functions
Cryptographic_hash_function
Authenticated encryption mode for block ciphers
block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) for authentication. These two primitives are applied in an "authenticate-then-encrypt" manner: CBC-MAC
CCM_mode
Type of data structure
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
Merkle_tree
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
enable a fraudulent party to fake a valid signature. Note that these authentication, non-repudiation etc. properties rely on the secret key not having been
Digital_signature
English cryptanalyst (1917–1996)
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
Joan_Clarke
Archive file format for cryptography objects
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
PKCS_12
Deleting data by deleting encryption keys
technology such as quantum computing increases the potential to allow brute-force attacks to become more efficient in the future. However, quantum computing is
Crypto-shredding
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
increased opportunities for interception, bugging, side channel attacks, and quantum computers as replacements for the traditional means of cryptanalysis. In
Cryptanalysis
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
is considered to be quantum resistant, as it has similar quantum resistance to AES-128's resistance against traditional, non-quantum, attacks at 128 bits
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Password-based key derivation function
bcrypt for run times less than 1 second (i.e., for common password authentication). Argon2 does not match or surpass bcrypt's strength until exceeding
Bcrypt
Key derivation function
PBKDF2 applies a pseudorandom function, such as hash-based message authentication code (HMAC), to the input password or passphrase along with a salt value
PBKDF2
Type of substitution cipher
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
Pigpen_cipher
Implementation of TLS protocols
dual-algorithm authentication. wolfSSL supports the following Secure Elements: STMicroelectronics STSAFE Microchip CryptoAuthentication ATECC508A Microchip
WolfSSL
Messaging protocol
include message confidentiality, message integrity and authentication, membership authentication, asynchronicity, forward secrecy, post-compromise security
Messaging_Layer_Security
2015 password-based key derivation function
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
Argon2
Cryptographic hash function
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
SHA-1
Projected date when quantum computers could break modern encryption
(also Q Day and sometimes as Y2Q, or simply the quantum threat) refers to the theoretical date when quantum computers have reached the point where they can
Quantum_Threat
Attack against cryptographical hash functions
of message1. This is problematic when the hash is used as a message authentication code with construction Hash(secret ‖ message), and message and the length
Length_extension_attack
that possesses a quantum computer. This is important because some public key algorithms in use today will be easily broken by a quantum computer if such
Ring learning with errors key exchange
Ring_learning_with_errors_key_exchange
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
Standards and Technology (NIST) issued a new revision of their digital authentication guidelines, NIST SP 800-63B-3, stating that: "Verifiers SHALL store
Key_derivation_function
Open competition to select password hash functions
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
Password_Hashing_Competition
Algorithm for encrypting and decrypting information
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
Cipher
Collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle
collisions. Constructing deterministic, memoryless authentication schemes (message authentication code based) which are provably secure against chosen
Pseudorandom_function_family
Short sequence of bytes used to authenticate or look up a longer public key
when automating the exchange or storage of key authentication data. For example, if key authentication data needs to be transmitted through a protocol
Public_key_fingerprint
Message authentication code algorithm
One-key MAC (OMAC) is a family of message authentication codes constructed from a block cipher much like the CBC-MAC algorithm. It may be used to provide
One-key_MAC
Internet protocol
analyze the flow (RFC 5840). Mutual EAP authentication: support for EAP-only (i.e., certificate-less) authentication of both of the IKE peers; the goal is
Internet_Key_Exchange
Key agreement protocol
not necessarily authenticated, so if authentication is desired, authenticity assurances must be obtained by other means. Authentication is necessary to
Elliptic-curve_Diffie–Hellman
International standard
used by cryptographic schemes and protocols to digitally sign, digest, authenticate or encrypt any form of digital data. CMS is based on the syntax of PKCS
Cryptographic_Message_Syntax
Free and open-source disk encryption utility
partition or (in Microsoft Windows) the entire storage device with pre-boot authentication. VeraCrypt is a fork of the discontinued TrueCrypt project. It was initially
VeraCrypt
Standard in public cryptography
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
PKCS_11
Cryptographic attack
algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code
Collision_attack
Techniques to protect against brute-force attack
an encryption key from a password, and not necessarily for password authentication. PBKDF2 can be used for both if the number of output bits is less than
Key_stretching
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
management) can be trusted by all involved. A web of trust decentralizes authentication by using individual endorsements of links between a user and their public
Public-key_cryptography
U.S. government cryptographic standard
specific conditions are met, and strengthened the requirements on user authentication and integrity testing. The FIPS 140 standard established the Cryptographic
FIPS_140-3
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from any of several places in France deriving their names from the Gallo-Roman personal name Quintus, meaning ‘fifth(-born)’ + the locative suffix -acum. The earliest bearers of the name in England were from Cuinchy in Pas-de-Calais, but other stocks may be from Quincy-sous-Sénard in Seine-et-Oise or Quincy-Voisins in Seine-et-Marne.The American Quincy family were established in MA by Edmund Quincy in 1633. Fifth in descent was Josiah Quincy (1744–75), a leading patriot, who was sent to England to argue the colonists’ case in 1774. His son Josiah (1772–1864) was a powerful opponent of slavery, president of Harvard, and mayor of Boston, a post also held by several of his descendants. The traditional pronunciation is “Quinzyâ€.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Calm
Biblical
fourth
Girl/Female
Biblical
Fourth.
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Norman baronial name Cuinchy, a derivative of Roman Quintus, QUINCY means "fifth."
Boy/Male
Danish, Finnish, French, German, Latin, Shakespearean, Swedish
Born Fifth
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English cointe, quointe ‘known’ (via Old French, from Latin cognitus ‘known’). The Middle English word was used in various senses, any of which could have given rise to the surname: ‘cunning’, ‘crafty’, ‘knowledgeable’ (especially about dress, hence ‘elegant’), ‘attractive’. The sense development continued with ‘odd’ or ‘unusual’, the normal meaning of the modern English word ‘quaint’.German and Dutch : variant of Quandt.
Boy/Male
Latin Biblical
Born fourth.
Surname or Lastname
South German
South German : occupational name for an official in charge of the legal auction of property confiscated in default of a fine; such a sale was known in Middle High German as a gant (from Italian incanto, a derivative of Late Latin inquantare ‘to auction’, from the phrase In quantum? ‘To how much (is the price raised)?’).German : metonymic occupational name for a cooper, from Middle High German ganter, kanter ‘barrel rack’.German : variant of Gander 3.English : occupational name for a glover, from Old French gantier, an agent derivative of gant ‘glove’ (see Gant).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the personal name Horace, Latin Horatius, a Roman family name of unknown origin, associated chiefly with the name of the poet Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65–8 bc).
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
Boy/Male
American, British, English
From the Long Estate
Boy/Male
Muslim
Happy. Lucky.
Girl/Female
Australian, British, Danish, English, French, German, Latin, Swedish
Illumination; Roman Goddess of Childbirth; Giver of First Light to Newborns; Light; Grove; Bringer of Light
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Embryo; Pregnancy; Womb
Boy/Male
Indian
Cool
Girl/Female
Indian
Worshipper
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
Lovely; Dawn; Wife of Lord Sun
Boy/Male
Greek
People's victory.
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Forehead
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Slave of the Extremely Pure
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
QUANTUM AUTHENTICATION
n.
A quantic of the fourth degree. See Quantic.
n.
A quantic of the eighth degree.
n.
A quantic of the seventh degree.
n.
A punting pole with a broad flange near the end to prevent it from sinking into the mud; a setting pole.
n.
A definite portion of a manifoldness, limited by a mark or by a boundary.
n.
The act of verifying, or the state of being verified; confirmation; authentication.
n.
A quantic of the fifth degree. See Quantic.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or in the manner of, the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; cautious; dilatory; avoiding a decisive contest.
n.
An engraved or inscribed stamp, used for marking an impression in wax or other soft substance, to be attached to a document, or otherwise used by way of authentication or security.
n.
A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion; a quant fancy; an unnatural or affected conception; a witty thought or turn of expression; a fanciful device; a whim; a quip.
n.
A quantic of the second degree. See Quantic.
pl.
of Quantum
n.
Quantity; amount.
n.
One of the variables of a quantic as distinguished from a coefficient.
n.
A homogeneous algebraic function of two or more variables, in general containing only positive integral powers of the variables, and called quadric, cubic, quartic, etc., according as it is of the second, third, fourth, fifth, or a higher degree. These are further called binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., according as they contain two, three, four, or more variables; thus, the quantic / is a binary cubic.
n.
A quantic of the sixth degree.
n.
Part or proportion; quota.
a.
Arriving or received without due authentication or evidence; as, a premature report.
n.
A function involving the coefficients and the variables of a quantic, and such that when the quantic is lineally transformed the same function of the new variables and coefficients shall be equal to the old function multiplied by a factor. An invariant is a like function involving only the coefficients of the quantic.