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Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the exploiting of quantum-mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem, and
Quantum_cryptography
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms
Post-quantum_cryptography
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
applied quantum theory to cryptography protocols and demonstrated that quantum key distribution could enhance information security. Quantum algorithms
Quantum_computing
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization is a program and competition by NIST to update their standards to include post-quantum cryptography. It was announced
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
exchange, RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman), ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), and Post-quantum cryptography. Secure symmetric algorithms include the commonly used
Cryptography
Secure communication method
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that implements a cryptographic protocol based on the laws of quantum mechanics, specifically
Quantum_key_distribution
Concept in cryptography
functions. It is of interest as a type of post-quantum cryptography. So far, hash-based cryptography is used to construct digital signatures schemes
Hash-based_cryptography
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
would all be cracked quickly with a powerful quantum computer. "The keys used in public key cryptography have some mathematical structure. For example
Key_(cryptography)
Relativistic quantum cryptography is a sub-field of quantum cryptography, in which in addition to exploiting the principles of quantum physics, the no-superluminal
Relativistic quantum cryptography
Relativistic_quantum_cryptography
Algorithm
symmetric-key algorithms appear to be resistant to the threat of post-quantum cryptography. Quantum computers would exponentially increase the speed at which these
Symmetric-key_algorithm
Cryptographic primitives that involve lattices
Lattice-based constructions support important standards of post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such as the
Lattice-based_cryptography
Approach to public-key cryptography
Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Book by Simon Singh
The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography is a book by Simon Singh, published in 1999 by Fourth Estate and Doubleday
The_Code_Book
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a
Public-key_cryptography
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
In cryptography, encryption (more specifically, encoding) is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can
Encryption
Placeholder characters
common archetypes in many scientific and engineering fields, such as quantum cryptography, game theory and physics. As the use of Alice and Bob became more
Alice_and_Bob
Information held in the state of a quantum system
interdisciplinary field that involves quantum mechanics, computer science, information theory, philosophy and cryptography among other fields. Its study is
Quantum_information
Encryption technique
independent. Quantum cryptography and post-quantum cryptography involve studying the impact of quantum computers on information security. Quantum computers
One-time_pad
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher). Key length defines
Key_size
Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing
era. Glossary of quantum computing Information theory Quantum mechanics Quantum computing Quantum error correction Quantum cryptography and its generalization
Quantum_information_science
Field of asymmetric cryptographic primitives
are often considered to be good candidates for post-quantum cryptography. Multivariate cryptography has been very productive in terms of design and cryptanalysis
Multivariate_cryptography
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
known to the recipient. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions
Digital_signature
Surveillance strategy
concerns about the need to urgently deploy post-quantum cryptography; even though no practical quantum attacks yet exist, some data stored now may still
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Cryptography practises of the USA's National Security Agency
of cryptographic algorithms promulgated by the National Security Agency as a replacement for NSA Suite B Cryptography until post-quantum cryptography standards
NSA_cryptography
British-Polish physicist (born 1961)
professor of quantum physics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, professorial fellow in quantum physics and cryptography at Merton College
Artur_Ekert
American physicist, information theorist, and IBM Research fellow
realm of quantum computation, but also in cellular automata and reversible computing. He co-developed the first practical quantum cryptography protocol
Charles H. Bennett (physicist)
Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)
A quantum cryptographic protocol is device-independent if its security does not rely on trusting that the quantum devices used are truthful. Thus the
Device-independent quantum cryptography
Device-independent_quantum_cryptography
Ability to easily switch cryptographic primitives
if its cryptographic algorithms or parameters can be replaced with ease and is at least partly automated. The impending arrival of a quantum computer
Cryptographic_agility
List of academic journals related to quantum computing
as quantum algorithms, quantum information theory, quantum cryptography, and quantum hardware. ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing Advanced Quantum Technologies
List of quantum computing journals
List_of_quantum_computing_journals
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
cryptosystem) such as RSAES-OAEP, and public-key key encapsulation. In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt
RSA_cryptosystem
Projected date when quantum computers could break modern encryption
of this topic, people will mention it as an extension of the post-quantum cryptography (PQC). The whole awaraness traces back to a single paper published
Quantum_Threat
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
trapdoor function. It won the NIST competition for the first post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standard. and was subsequently standardized as FIPS 203. The
ML-KEM
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend
Salt_(cryptography)
Free and open-source end-to-end encrypted email software and host
statement, and Tuta repudiated the claim. Tuta Mail has integrated post-quantum cryptography features through its protocol, TutaCrypt, replacing standard encryption
Tuta_(email)
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel and was one of the first protocols as conceived
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
development of quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensing. Quantum computing and communication are two sub-fields of quantum information
List of companies involved in quantum computing, communication or sensing
List_of_companies_involved_in_quantum_computing,_communication_or_sensing
Proposed design of bank notes
A quantum money scheme is a quantum cryptographic protocol that creates and verifies banknotes that are resistant to forgery. It is based on the principle
Quantum_money
Cryptographic key management algorithm
In cryptography, the Double Ratchet Algorithm (previously referred to as the Axolotl Ratchet) is a key management algorithm that was developed by Trevor
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Quantum key distribution protocol
party (e.g., Bob) measures them. The BB84 QKD scheme is the first quantum cryptography protocol, and has become one of the most well-studied QKD protocols
BB84
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating
Message_authentication_code
Quantum-mechanical version of computer memory
function is the use of the laws of quantum physics to protect data from theft, through quantum computing and quantum cryptography unconditionally guaranteed communication
Quantum_memory
Canadian computer scientist (born 1955)
the field of cryptography with John Hopcroft as his advisor. Brassard is best known for his fundamental work in quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation
Gilles_Brassard
authenticated public classical channel. E91 protocol (1991) is a quantum cryptography method that uses entangled pairs of photons to generate keys for
List of quantum key distribution protocols
List_of_quantum_key_distribution_protocols
Measure of cryptographic strength
post-quantum cryptography considers the security level of cryptographic algorithms in the face of a hypothetical attacker possessing a quantum computer
Security_level
Cryptographic technique
Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (pictures, text, etc.) to be encrypted in such a way that the decrypted
Visual_cryptography
Networks connecting quantum processors
only very modest quantum processors. For most quantum internet protocols, such as quantum key distribution in quantum cryptography, it is sufficient
Quantum_network
High-dimensional quantum key distribution KMB09 protocol MSZ96 SARG04 Six-state protocol Falcon Hash-based cryptography Lattice-based cryptography McEliece cryptosystem
List of cryptographic software
List_of_cryptographic_software
Class of cipher
In the history of cryptography, a grille cipher was a technique for encrypting a plaintext by writing it onto a sheet of paper through a pierced sheet
Grille_(cryptography)
Quantum mechanics idea
entanglement; a Bell state measurement projects a quantum state onto this basis set. In the field of quantum cryptography, it helps secure communication channels
Entanglement_swapping
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
the cryptographic base to protect US National Security Systems information up to the TOP SECRET level. Two versions of CNSA exist: the pre-quantum 1.0
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a very
Strong_cryptography
British theoretical physicist
Theoretical Physics. His research focuses on quantum foundations, quantum information science, and quantum cryptography. In 1999 he published the first
Adrian_Kent
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
are secure from quantum computers, collectively called post-quantum cryptography (PQC). As of 2026, the high error rates of quantum computers and limited
Shor's_algorithm
Physics phenomenon
down-conversion to develop entanglement swapping and demonstrate quantum cryptography with entangled photons. In 2022, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded
Quantum_entanglement
The three-stage quantum cryptography protocol, also known as Kak's three-stage protocol is a method of data encryption that uses random polarization rotations
Three-stage quantum cryptography protocol
Three-stage_quantum_cryptography_protocol
Post-quantum digital signature scheme
is a post quantum digital signature scheme that is based on cryptographic hash functions. As a part of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
SPHINCS+
Post-quantum cryptographic protocol
In cryptography, Post-Quantum Extended Diffie–Hellman (PQXDH) is a Kyber-based post-quantum key exchange method based on Diffie–Hellman key exchange. It
Post-Quantum Extended Diffie–Hellman
Post-Quantum_Extended_Diffie–Hellman
American mathematician, cryptologist and computer scientist (born 1971)
(FSB) hash function. He is one of the editors of the 2009 book Post-Quantum Cryptography. In 2022, Bernstein filed a second lawsuit against the U.S. government
Daniel_J._Bernstein
Research institute
operates in the areas of artificial intelligence, quantum computing, autonomous robotics, cryptography, advanced materials, digital science, directed energy
Technology Innovation Institute
Technology_Innovation_Institute
Computer scientist and quantum computing researcher
of blind quantum computing. Her work has included contributions to quantum cryptography, verification of quantum computing, and cloud quantum computing
Elham_Kashefi
Chinese block cipher
商密4) (formerly SMS4) is a block cipher, standardised for commercial cryptography in China. It is used in the Chinese National Standard for Wireless LAN
SM4_(cipher)
Secure Communication based on Quantum Cryptography (SECOQC) is a project that aims to develop quantum cryptography (see there for further details). The
Secure Communication based on Quantum Cryptography
Secure_Communication_based_on_Quantum_Cryptography
Basic unit of quantum information
In quantum computing, a qubit (/ˈkjuːbɪt/) or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information, the quantum version of the classic binary bit. A qubit
Qubit
Cryptographic attack
In cryptography, a timing attack is a side-channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute
Timing_attack
Aspect of cryptography
Protocols Open Repository Comparison of cryptography libraries Quantum cryptographic protocol "Cryptographic Protocol Overview" (PDF). 2015-10-23. Archived
Cryptographic_protocol
Quantum search algorithm
In quantum computing, Grover's algorithm, also known as the quantum search algorithm, is a quantum algorithm for unstructured search that finds with high
Grover's_algorithm
Sub-field of quantum physics and optics
topic in quantum optics. Usage of the term overlapped early work on the quantum Hall effect and quantum cellular automata. Quantum Cryptography (QKD) –
Quantum_optics
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
protocol was cryptographically sound. Another audit of the protocol was published in 2017. In 2023, Signal introduced PQXDH, a post-quantum extension of
Signal_Protocol
Branch of cryptography
Neural cryptography is a branch of cryptography dedicated to analyzing the application of stochastic algorithms, especially artificial neural network algorithms
Neural_cryptography
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Field of robotics, physics
protocols, and applications. These include their roles in QKD, quantum cryptography, entanglement, and teleportation. The terms "Alice Robot" and "Bob
Quantum_robotics
German cipher machine during World War II
2011). The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-307-78784-2
Enigma_machine
Theories, models and concepts that go back to the quantum hypothesis of Max Planck
information. An inherent advantage yielded by quantum cryptography when compared to classical cryptography is the detection of passive eavesdropping. This
Applications of quantum mechanics
Applications_of_quantum_mechanics
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography. Developed in the early 1970s at IBM and based on an earlier design by
Data_Encryption_Standard
Basic circuit in quantum computing
In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum logic gate (or simply quantum gate) is a basic quantum circuit
Quantum_logic_gate
Encryption method in quantum mechanics
in cryptography. Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of quantum mechanics to encrypt messages for secure communication. It is a cryptographic primitive
Quantum_coin_flipping
Property of computational resources needed
In quantum information theory, magic is a property that quantifies the computational resources needed to describe quantum states beyond stabilizer states
Magic_(quantum_information)
Quantum states of two qubits
recovers the original quantum state. The following quantum circuit describes teleportation: Quantum cryptography is the use of quantum mechanical properties
Bell_state
Batch cryptography Chaotic cryptology Multivariate cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Quantum cryptography Steganography Visual cryptography Japanese
Outline_of_cryptography
Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical
History_of_cryptography
Elementary particle or quantum of light
studied as elements of quantum computers, and for applications in optical imaging and optical communication such as quantum cryptography. The photon has no
Photon
Quantum key distribution network
infrastructure. "Building the quantum network", Chip Elliott, in New Journal of Physics, July 2002. "Quantum cryptography in practice", Chip Elliott, David
DARPA_Quantum_Network
Basic cryptographic algorithm used to build cryptographic protocols
Cryptographic primitives are well-established, low-level cryptographic algorithms that are frequently used to build cryptographic protocols for computer
Cryptographic_primitive
Change of basis applied in quantum computing
In quantum computing, the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is a linear transformation on quantum bits, and is the quantum analogue of the discrete Fourier
Quantum_Fourier_transform
Group of public-key cryptography standards
Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) are a group of public-key cryptography intervendor standards first developed by RSA Security, with involvement
PKCS
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
and AES-128 has 64 bits of strength against quantum attacks, making them both insecure. The Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) is operated
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Computational problem possibly useful for post-quantum cryptography
In post-quantum cryptography, ring learning with errors (RLWE) is a computational problem which serves as the foundation of new cryptographic algorithms
Ring_learning_with_errors
Simple and widely known encryption technique
of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques used in cryptography. It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext
Caesar_cipher
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cryptographic key is unknown. In
Cryptanalysis
Computer programming for quantum computers
Quantum programming refers to the process of designing and implementing algorithms that operate on quantum systems, typically using quantum circuits composed
Quantum_programming
such computers are implemented. RLWE-KEX is one of a set of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms which are based on the difficulty of solving certain
Ring learning with errors key exchange
Ring_learning_with_errors_key_exchange
Computer communications authentication algorithm
In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific
HMAC
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from
Pepper_(cryptography)
Set of cryptographic hash functions
MD5-like structure of SHA-1 and SHA-2. SHA-3 is a subset of the broader cryptographic primitive family Keccak (/ˈkɛtʃæk/ or /ˈkɛtʃɑːk/), designed by Guido
SHA-3
System that regulates the formation of blocks on a blockchain
work (also written as proof-of-work, and abbreviated PoW) is a form of cryptographic proof in which one party (the prover) proves to others (the verifiers)
Proof_of_work
Canadian mathematician
research in quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum information. As of July 2024, she holds the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Quantum Communications
Anne_Broadbent
Implementations of Advanced Encryption Standard
Crypto Library PyCrypto – The Python Cryptography Toolkit PyCrypto, extended in PyCryptoDome keyczar – Cryptography Toolkit keyczar M2Crypto – M2Crypto
AES_implementations
Aspect of quantum information science
Quantum energy teleportation (QET) is an application of quantum information science. It is a variation of the quantum teleportation protocol. Quantum
Quantum_energy_teleportation
Continuous (non-quantized) quantities in quantum information science
continuous quantum variables. Continuous-variable quantum systems can be used for quantum cryptography, and in particular, quantum key distribution. Quantum computing
Continuous-variable quantum information
Continuous-variable_quantum_information
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Norman baronial name Cuinchy, a derivative of Roman Quintus, QUINCY means "fifth."
Girl/Female
Biblical
Fourth.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the personal name Horace, Latin Horatius, a Roman family name of unknown origin, associated chiefly with the name of the poet Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65–8 bc).
Boy/Male
Danish, Finnish, French, German, Latin, Shakespearean, Swedish
Born Fifth
Surname or Lastname
South German
South German : occupational name for an official in charge of the legal auction of property confiscated in default of a fine; such a sale was known in Middle High German as a gant (from Italian incanto, a derivative of Late Latin inquantare ‘to auction’, from the phrase In quantum? ‘To how much (is the price raised)?’).German : metonymic occupational name for a cooper, from Middle High German ganter, kanter ‘barrel rack’.German : variant of Gander 3.English : occupational name for a glover, from Old French gantier, an agent derivative of gant ‘glove’ (see Gant).
Boy/Male
Latin Biblical
Born fourth.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Calm
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from any of several places in France deriving their names from the Gallo-Roman personal name Quintus, meaning ‘fifth(-born)’ + the locative suffix -acum. The earliest bearers of the name in England were from Cuinchy in Pas-de-Calais, but other stocks may be from Quincy-sous-Sénard in Seine-et-Oise or Quincy-Voisins in Seine-et-Marne.The American Quincy family were established in MA by Edmund Quincy in 1633. Fifth in descent was Josiah Quincy (1744–75), a leading patriot, who was sent to England to argue the colonists’ case in 1774. His son Josiah (1772–1864) was a powerful opponent of slavery, president of Harvard, and mayor of Boston, a post also held by several of his descendants. The traditional pronunciation is “Quinzyâ€.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English cointe, quointe ‘known’ (via Old French, from Latin cognitus ‘known’). The Middle English word was used in various senses, any of which could have given rise to the surname: ‘cunning’, ‘crafty’, ‘knowledgeable’ (especially about dress, hence ‘elegant’), ‘attractive’. The sense development continued with ‘odd’ or ‘unusual’, the normal meaning of the modern English word ‘quaint’.German and Dutch : variant of Quandt.
Biblical
fourth
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
Girl/Female
British, English
Controller
Boy/Male
Sikh
Meaning sacred water, Amrit (1)
Boy/Male
Tamil
Krishaan | கà¯à®°à¯€à®·à®¾à®¨
Lord Krishna
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old French personal name Asceline, a pet form of the personal name Asse (see Asselin).Swedish (Åslin) : topographic or ornamental name from ås ‘ridge’, with the addition of -lin, a suffix of Swedish family names.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Indonesian, Netherlands, Sanskrit
Meaningful
Female
Czechoslovakian
, messenger of peace.
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Latin, Swedish
Pearl
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Lord of the Earth
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian, Telugu
Lightning
Female
Hindi/Indian
(गोपीनाथ) Hindi myth name GOPINATH means "leader of the gopis."
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
n.
A quantic of the sixth degree.
n.
The art of writing in cipher, or in characters which are not intelligible except to persons who have the key; cryptography.
n.
A punting pole with a broad flange near the end to prevent it from sinking into the mud; a setting pole.
n.
A quantic of the seventh degree.
n.
Quantity; amount.
n.
A quantic of the eighth degree.
n.
A homogeneous algebraic function of two or more variables, in general containing only positive integral powers of the variables, and called quadric, cubic, quartic, etc., according as it is of the second, third, fourth, fifth, or a higher degree. These are further called binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., according as they contain two, three, four, or more variables; thus, the quantic / is a binary cubic.
n.
A quantic of the fifth degree. See Quantic.
n.
A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion; a quant fancy; an unnatural or affected conception; a witty thought or turn of expression; a fanciful device; a whim; a quip.
a.
Pertaining to cryptography; cryptographical.
a.
Of, pertaining to, or in the manner of, the Roman general, Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; cautious; dilatory; avoiding a decisive contest.
n.
Part or proportion; quota.
n.
A quantic of the fourth degree. See Quantic.
n.
One of the variables of a quantic as distinguished from a coefficient.
n.
A function involving the coefficients and the variables of a quantic, and such that when the quantic is lineally transformed the same function of the new variables and coefficients shall be equal to the old function multiplied by a factor. An invariant is a like function involving only the coefficients of the quantic.
pl.
of Quantum
n.
A quantic of the second degree. See Quantic.
a.
Relating to cryptography; written in secret characters or in cipher, or with sympathetic ink.
n.
The act or art of writing in secret characters; also, secret characters, or cipher.
n.
A definite portion of a manifoldness, limited by a mark or by a boundary.