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Cryptography practises of the USA's National Security Agency
from time to time NSA participates in standards processes or otherwise publishes information about its cryptographic algorithms. The NSA has categorized
NSA_cryptography
Public cryptographic algorithms
NSA Suite B Cryptography was a set of cryptographic algorithms promulgated by the National Security Agency as part of its Cryptographic Modernization
NSA_Suite_B_Cryptography
Classified U.S. cryptographic algorithms
NSA Suite A Cryptography is NSA cryptography which "contains classified algorithms that will not be released". "Suite A will be used for the protection
NSA_Suite_A_Cryptography
Variable containing a public key in Windows NT 4.0
Microsoft, the key's symbol was "_NSAKEY" because the NSA was the review authority for U.S. cryptography export controls. Richard Purcell, Microsoft's Director
NSAKEY
NSA certification system
The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) used to rank cryptographic products or algorithms by a certification called product types. Product types were
NSA_product_types
Approach to public-key cryptography
Dual_EC_DRBG. In the wake of the exposure of Dual_EC_DRBG as "an NSA undercover operation", cryptography experts have also expressed concern over the security of
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
U.S. signals intelligence organization
Bobby Ray Inman's directorship. NSA was a major player in the debates of the 1990s regarding the export of cryptography in the United States. Restrictions
National_Security_Agency
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
Cryptography, or cryptology, is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior. More generally,
Cryptography
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms
Post-quantum_cryptography
Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher
is differently redacted than the version on the NSA website. Konheim. Computer Security and Cryptography. p. 301. Levy, Crypto, p. 55 Schneier, Bruce (2004-09-27)
Data_Encryption_Standard
Type of functions designed for being unsolvable by root-finding algorithms
it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG). Most cryptographic applications require random
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
(CNSA) is a set of cryptographic algorithms promulgated by the National Security Agency as a replacement for NSA Suite B Cryptography algorithms. It serves
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Number of standards related to cryptography
standard CRYPTREC Japanese Government's cryptography recommendations NSA cryptography Topics in cryptography E. Rescorla (August 2018). The Transport
Cryptography_standards
Application programming interface
Key Storage and Retrieval, Microsoft The Case for Elliptic Curve Cryptography, NSA Schneier, Bruce (December 17, 2007). "Dual_EC_DRBG Added to Windows
Microsoft_CryptoAPI
term is used in cryptography, as opposed to door locks. Terms that are primarily used by the U.S. National Security Agency are marked (NSA). For classification
Glossary of cryptographic keys
Glossary_of_cryptographic_keys
and topical guide to cryptography: Cryptography (or cryptology) – practice and study of hiding information. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines
Outline_of_cryptography
cryptographers NSA encryption systems Steganography Timeline of cryptography Outline of cryptography World War I cryptography World War II cryptography "A Brief
History_of_cryptography
Software inventory list
federal agencies to automated cryptography discovery and inventory tools to support continuous reporting. Separately, NSA, CISA, and NIST issued joint
Cryptographic bill of materials
Cryptographic_bill_of_materials
Mass surveillance program run by the NSA
name for a program under which the United States National Security Agency (NSA) collects internet communications from various U.S. internet companies. The
PRISM
Standard for the encryption of electronic data
approved by the US National Security Agency (NSA) for top secret information when used in an NSA approved cryptographic module. The Advanced Encryption Standard
Advanced_Encryption_Standard
Attempts to limit access to strong cryptography
access to cryptography strong enough to thwart decryption by national intelligence agencies, especially the National Security Agency (NSA), and the response
Crypto_Wars
Controversial pseudorandom number generator
to harbour a cryptographic backdoor advantageous to those who know about it—the United States government's National Security Agency (NSA)—and no one else
Dual_EC_DRBG
Random data used as an additional input to a hash function
In cryptography, a salt is random data fed as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salting helps defend
Salt_(cryptography)
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of n {\displaystyle
Cryptographic_hash_function
Aspect of US National Security Agency
internal communications, the NSA Clipper chip proposal to extend this key escrow requirement to public use of cryptography was highly controversial. TEMPEST:
NSA_encryption_systems
Surveillance strategy
Draft" (PDF). NIST NCCoE. "Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography (Quantum Readiness)" (PDF). CISA, NSA, NIST. 21 August 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
the NSA despite its lack of coverage of specific modern cryptographic practice, so much so that after failing to prevent the book being published, NSA staff
Bibliography_of_cryptography
American computer security company
RSA and its leaders were prominent advocates of strong cryptography for public use, while the NSA and the Bush and Clinton administrations sought to prevent
RSA_Security
Adding data to a message prior to encryption to hide its length
In cryptography, padding is any of a number of distinct practices, all of which include adding data to the beginning, middle, or end of a message prior
Padding_(cryptography)
Transfer from the United States to another country of technology related to cryptography
added in the USML for non-encryption use of cryptography (and satellite TV descramblers) and a deal between NSA and the Software Publishers Association made
Export of cryptography from the United States
Export_of_cryptography_from_the_United_States
Number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm
In cryptography, key size or key length refers to the number of bits in a key used by a cryptographic algorithm (such as a cipher). Key length defines
Key_size
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
exchange is a mathematical method of securely generating a symmetric cryptographic key over a public channel. It is named after Whitfield Diffie and Martin
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
the National Security Agency (NSA), to spy on persons using the imported cryptography; therefore the use of cryptography is restricted to that which the
Restrictions on the import of cryptography
Restrictions_on_the_import_of_cryptography
US government standardization project
Capstone is a United States government long-term project to develop cryptography standards for public and government use. Capstone was authorized by the
Capstone_(cryptography)
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information in a way that, ideally, only authorized parties can decode. This process converts
Encryption
Laws relating to encryption
connected to cryptography in the United States is the influence of the National Security Agency on cipher development and policy. The NSA was involved
Cryptography_law
Encryption technique
one-time pad (OTP) is an encryption technique that cannot be cracked in cryptography. It requires the use of a single-use pre-shared key that is larger than
One-time_pad
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the exploiting of quantum-mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem, and
Quantum_cryptography
Standard for generating random numbers
Bullrun program, NSA has inserted backdoors into cryptography systems. One such target was suggested in 2013 to be Dual_EC_DRBG. The NSA accomplished this
NIST_SP_800-90A
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
cryptosystem) such as RSAES-OAEP, and public-key key encapsulation. In RSA-based cryptography, a user's private key—which can be used to sign messages, or decrypt
RSA_cryptosystem
Below is a timeline of notable events related to cryptography. 600-500 – Hebrew scholars make use of simple monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (such as
Timeline_of_cryptography
American whistleblower (born 1983)
Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is a former National Security Agency (NSA) intelligence contractor who leaked classified documents revealing the existence
Edward_Snowden
Block cipher
"How the NSA hacks PCs, phones, routers, hard disks 'at speed of light': Spy tech catalog leaks". The Register. Retrieved 2015-08-02. "Cryptography - 256
RC6
Term applied to cryptographic systems that are highly resistant to cryptanalysis
only to the NSA within the reach of a skilled individual, so in practice there are only two levels of cryptographic security, "cryptography that will stop
Strong_cryptography
Digital verification standard
July 26, 1991 and now expired, and attributed to David W. Kravitz, a former NSA employee. This patent was given to "The United States of America as represented
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
American mathematician, cryptologist and computer scientist (born 1971)
(August 5, 2022). "NSA, NIST, and post-quantum cryptography". The cr.yp.to blog. Retrieved November 24, 2025. Bernstein, Daniel J. (2025). "NSA-NIST-PQC FOIA
Daniel_J._Bernstein
Disclosures of NSA and related global espionage
media reports revealed new operational details about the Anglophone cryptographic agencies' global surveillance of both foreign and domestic nationals
Snowden_disclosures
Elliptic curve used in Internet cryptography
In cryptography, Curve25519 is an elliptic curve used in elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) offering 128 bits of security (256-bit key size) and designed
Curve25519
Family of cryptographic hash functions
designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) to be part of the Digital Signature Algorithm. Cryptographic weaknesses were discovered in SHA-1, and the
Secure_Hash_Algorithms
Cryptographic secret, not public in contrast to salt
In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from
Pepper_(cryptography)
Telecommunication interception facility
website (PDF) "NSA Multi-District Litigation". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved February 27, 2009. Kravets, David (June 27, 2013). "NSA Leak Vindicates
Room_641A
Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects
World, Former NSA tech chief: I don't trust the cloud Archived 2010-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 14, 2010. Read "Cryptography and the Intelligence
Cryptanalysis
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Careful segregation of signals in cryptographic systems
material. The NSA's Commercial Solutions for Classified (CSfC) program, which uses two layers of independent, commercial off-the-shelf cryptographic products
Red/black_concept
Museum in Maryland, U.S.
Agency (NSA). The first public museum in the U.S. Intelligence Community, NCM is located in the former Colony Seven Motel, just two blocks from the NSA headquarters
National_Cryptologic_Museum
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
In cryptography, a brute-force attack or exhaustive key search is a cryptanalytic attack that consists of an attacker submitting many possible keys or
Brute-force_attack
Cryptographic algorithm
Symmetric-key algorithms are algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both the encryption of plaintext and the decryption of
Symmetric-key_algorithm
The Cryptographic Modernization Program is a Department of Defense directed, NSA Information Assurance Directorate led effort to transform and modernize
Cryptographic Modernization Program
Cryptographic_Modernization_Program
American cryptologist and academic (born 1945)
subsequent work in cryptography with Steve Pohlig (the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm) and others. Hellman addresses the National Security Agency's (NSA) early efforts
Martin_Hellman
Internet puzzle and mystery
of any unsigned puzzle. The puzzles focused heavily on data security, cryptography, steganography, and Internet anonymity. It has been called "the most
Cicada_3301
Measure of cryptographic strength
In cryptography, security level is a measure of the strength that a cryptographic primitive — such as a cipher or hash function — achieves. Security level
Security_level
Creating sequence of numbers that cannot be predicted
attacker to break the encryption. The NSA is reported to have inserted a backdoor into the NIST certified cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Random_number_generation
Encryption device promoted by the NSA in the 1990s
was developed and promoted by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) as an encryption device that secured "voice and data messages" with a built-in
Clipper_chip
Secure network protocol suite
2015-10-26. "Secret Documents Reveal N.S.A. Campaign Against Encryption". New York Times. John Gilmore. "Re: [Cryptography] Opening Discussion: Speculation
IPsec
up my sleeve number • NSA cryptography • NSA encryption systems • NSAKEY • NSA Suite A Cryptography • NSA Suite B Cryptography • NT LAN Manager • NTLMSSP
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Military unit
The NSA/CSS Texas Cryptologic Center (TCC), also known as the Texas Cryptology Center, Texas Cryptographic Center or NSA Texas, is a satellite campus at
Texas_Cryptologic_Center
Problem of inverting exponentiation in groups
no efficient method is known for computing them in general. Several cryptographic systems, including Diffie–Hellman and ElGamal, base their security on
Discrete_logarithm
British designation for intelligence from decrypted enemy communications
chief engineer Harold Keen. After the war, interrogation of German cryptographic personnel led to the conclusion that German cryptanalysts understood
Ultra_(cryptography)
Book by David Kahn
Kahn, published in 1967, comprehensively chronicling the history of cryptography from ancient Egypt to the time of its writing. The United States government
The_Codebreakers
US military aircraft VHF/UHF/SATCOM radio
software-programmable encryption under the National Security Agency’s (NSA) Cryptographic Modernization Initiative. Its frequency range is extended and includes
AN/ARC-210
Encryption key transmission method
the NATO standard. This coincided with the introduction of newer NSA cryptographic systems that use a 128-bit electronic key, such as the ANDVT, KY-58
Over-the-air_rekeying
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization is a program and competition by NIST to update their standards to include post-quantum cryptography. It was announced
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Cryptographic hash function
function. According to the NSA, this was done to correct a flaw in the original algorithm which reduced its cryptographic security, but they did not provide
SHA-1
Cryptography library
default cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) in BSAFE was Dual_EC_DRBG, which contained an alleged backdoor from NSA, in addition
BSAFE
Information used for message authentication and integrity checking
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating
Message_authentication_code
American cryptographer and security technologist (born 1976)
Thoughts on Cryptographic Engineering". In September 2013, a blog post by Green summarizing and speculating on NSA's programs to weaken cryptography, titled
Matthew_D._Green
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
came from a known sender. Digital signatures are a type of public-key cryptography, and are commonly used for software distribution, financial transactions
Digital_signature
Block cipher
In cryptography, Skipjack is a block cipher — an algorithm for encryption — developed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). Initially a
Skipjack_(cipher)
Type of data structure
In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data
Merkle_tree
Cryptography algorithm
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Ability to easily switch cryptographic primitives
In cryptographic protocol design, cryptographic agility or crypto-agility is the ability to switch between multiple cryptographic primitives. A cryptographically
Cryptographic_agility
2025 TV series
monitored by NSA agents, including Taylah Sanders, who keep watch on anyone who might make advances in this field given its importance to cryptography. When
Prime_Target_(TV_series)
Family of block ciphers
the NSA's previous involvement in the creation and promotion of the backdoored Dual_EC_DRBG cryptographic algorithm. In response to concerns, the NSA stated
Speck_(cipher)
American cryptologist (1891–1969)
Shakespeare's work. At NSA's request Friedman prepared Six Lectures Concerning Cryptography and Cryptanalysis, which he delivered at NSA. But later the Agency
William_F._Friedman
1809 book on cryptography
(Cryptology: Instruction Book on the Art of Secret Writing) is an 1809 book on cryptography written by Johann Ludwig Klüber. In 2011 the National Security Agency
Kryptographik
Cryptography construction
In cryptography, a Feistel cipher (also known as Luby–Rackoff block cipher) is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after
Feistel_cipher
American historian and writer (1930–2024)
historian, journalist, and writer. He wrote extensively on the history of cryptography and military intelligence. Kahn's first published book, The Codebreakers
David_Kahn_(writer)
Measurement standards laboratory in the United States
Agency (NSA) participates in the NIST cryptography process because of its recognized expertise. NIST is also required by statute to consult with the NSA." Recognizing
National Institute of Standards and Technology
National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology
Japanese World War II cipher machine
History Separate Mathematical Sciences Cryptography, Science Inc., 1982, “Deciphering Japanese Machine Cryptography in the United States and Its Theoretical
JADE_(cipher_machine)
Projected date when quantum computers could break modern encryption
Retrieved 4 June 2026. "Quantum-Readiness: Migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography". CISA, NSA and NIST. 21 August 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2026. Lee, Newton (1
Quantum_Threat
Mass surveillance system
States National Security Agency (NSA) for searching and analyzing global Internet data, which it collects in real time. The NSA has shared XKeyscore with other
XKeyscore
Any attack based on information gained from the implementation of a computer system
information. These attacks differ from those targeting flaws in the design of cryptographic protocols or algorithms (notwithstanding the fact that cryptanalysis
Side-channel_attack
Unencrypted information
In cryptography, plaintext usually means unencrypted information pending input into cryptographic algorithms, usually encryption algorithms. This usually
Plaintext
Encryption device
Interoperability Specification). The cryptography used is Suite A and Suite B, also specified by the NSA as part of the Cryptographic Modernization Program. HAIPE IS
High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptor
High_Assurance_Internet_Protocol_Encryptor
the National Security Agency (NSA) in the field of cryptography. "Dr. Lowell K. ("Jim") Frazer founded modern cryptographic evaluation for the US government
Lowell_Frazer
Handheld fill device
Instructions (SOI). Cryptographic functions are performed by an embedded KOV-21 card developed by the National Security Agency (NSA). The AN/PYQ-10 supports
AN/PYQ-10
Block cipher
In cryptography, RC2 (also known as ARC2) is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by Ron Rivest in 1987. "RC" stands for "Ron's Code" (see also RC2, RC5
RC2
Basic component of symmetric key algorithms
In cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically
S-box
Form of message tampering
In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, or on-path attack, is a cyberattack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly
Man-in-the-middle_attack
American engineer
Hall, headquarters of the US Army's Signals Intelligence Service (SIS) cryptography, under William and Elizabeth Friedman on breaking the German and Japanese
Arnold_Dumey
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NSA CRYPTOGRAPHY
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NSA CRYPTOGRAPHY
NSA CRYPTOGRAPHY
NSA CRYPTOGRAPHY
NSA CRYPTOGRAPHY
NSA CRYPTOGRAPHY
NSA CRYPTOGRAPHY
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