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Model of levels of increasing complexity in understanding
The structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy is a model that describes levels of increasing complexity in students' understanding of subjects
Structure of observed learning outcome
Structure_of_observed_learning_outcome
Desired result of an educational process
taxonomy Structure of observed learning outcome (SOLO) DIKW pyramid Model of hierarchical complexity In some organisations the term learning outcome is used
Educational aims and objectives
Educational_aims_and_objectives
Classification system in education
process of continuous learning Rubric (academic) – Scoring guide for assessment Structure of observed learning outcome – Model of levels of increasing
Bloom's_taxonomy
Research psychometric
trait Structure of observed learning outcome – Model of levels of increasing complexity in understanding Thesis, antithesis, synthesis – Method of reasoning
Integrative_complexity
Development of classes and classifications
scheme based on the coverage of Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH SOLO taxonomy, Structure of Observed Learning Outcome, proposed by Biggs and Collis
Taxonomy
Concept in education and education reform
Study of research methods Model of hierarchical complexity – Framework for scoring a behavior's complexity Structure of observed learning outcome – Model
Higher-order_thinking
American psychologist
practice Rubric (academic) Sensemaking Structure of observed learning outcome Kegan cites the dialectical psychology of Michael Basseches, and Basseches in
Robert_Kegan
Educational system based on the desired goals
Outcome-based education or outcomes-based education (OBE) is an educational theory that bases each part of an educational system around goals (outcomes)
Outcome-based_education
Topics referred to by the same term
observed learning outcome (SOLO), an education taxonomy Search Oxford Libraries Online (SOLO), an online union catalogue of the Bodleian Library of Oxford
Solo
Framework for scoring a behavior's complexity
Second-order cybernetics – Application of cybernetics to itself Structure of observed learning outcome – Model of levels of increasing complexity in understanding
Model of hierarchical complexity
Model_of_hierarchical_complexity
Australian writer and psychologist
of learning outcomes, and the model of constructive alignment for designing teaching and assessment. After studying psychology at the University of Tasmania
John_B._Biggs
Subset of artificial intelligence
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn
Machine_learning
Type of social learning
For an action to be an instance of imitative learning, an animal must observe and reproduce the specific pattern of movements produced by the model.
Imitative_learning
Theory seeking to explain childhood mental development
Integrative level – Set of phenomena emerging from pre-existing phenomena Structure of observed learning outcome – Model of levels of increasing complexity
Postformal_thought
Learning that occurs through observing the behaviour of others
Observational learning is presumed to have occurred when an organism copies an improbable action or action outcome that it has observed and the matching
Observational_learning
Process of acquiring new knowledge
focused on outcomes, often results in an intentional learning opportunity. Informal learning is less structured than "non-formal learning". It may occur
Learning
Field of machine learning
Reinforcement learning is one of the three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised learning and unsupervised learning. While supervised learning and
Reinforcement_learning
Theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning
critics of learning styles claim that there is no consistent evidence that better student outcomes result from identifying individual students' learning style
Learning_styles
Theory of learning and behaviour
Social learning theory is a psychological theory of social behavior that explains how people acquire new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions
Social_learning_theory
Computational model used in machine learning
machine learning, a neural network (NN) or artificial neural network (ANN) is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
Category of learning situation
differs from formal learning, non-formal learning, and self-regulated learning, as it has no set objective in its learning outcomes, but an intent to act
Informal_learning
Education of children outside of a school
a basic curriculum with articulated goals and outcomes. This style attempts to imitate the structure of a traditional school setting while personalizing
Homeschooling
Statistical Markov model
{\displaystyle Y} whose outcomes depend on the outcomes of X {\displaystyle X} in a known way. Since X {\displaystyle X} cannot be observed directly, the goal
Hidden_Markov_model
Intelligence in machines
(AI) is the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving
Artificial_intelligence
Form of active learning
from a set of given materials or circumstances. In many conventional and structured learning environments, people are told what the outcome is expected
Inquiry-based_learning
Decentralized machine learning
utility of training AI models using federated learning. In a paper published in Nature Medicine "Federated learning for predicting clinical outcomes in patients
Federated_learning
Decision support tool
recursive partitioning structure that uses a tree-like model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs,
Decision_tree
Concept in machine learning
In statistics and machine learning, leakage (also known as data leakage or target leakage) refers to the use of information during model training that
Leakage_(machine_learning)
Academic discipline; examines how goal-driven social entities add and create knowledge
and improvements in the structures, routines and methods of coordination. Organizational learning happens as a function of experience within an organization
Organizational_learning
Educational technique
create better academic outcomes for students. Scheyvens, Griffin, Jocoy, Liu, & Bradford (2008) further noted that "by utilizing learning strategies that can
Active_learning
Method in education
assessment for learning, including diagnostic testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process
Formative_assessment
American educator and researcher
pole in the learning cycle. Pesut also applied Boyatzis and Kolb's Learning Skills Profile to assess the outcomes of a problem-based learning MSN program
Daniel_Pesut
Category of learning situation
Non-formal learning includes various structured learning situations which do not either have the level of curriculum, institutionalization, accreditation
Nonformal_learning
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
dimensional structure of observed variables, lacks a universally recognized basis for choosing among solutions with different numbers of factors. A five
Big_Five_personality_traits
Measure of the accuracy of probabilistic predictions
must assign probabilities to a set of mutually exclusive discrete outcomes or classes. The set of possible outcomes can be either binary or categorical
Brier_score
Statement about a future event
future behaviour of a process within the boundaries of that model. In some cases the probability of an outcome, rather than a specific outcome, can be predicted
Prediction
Theory that describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning
educational psychology, techniques to directly observe the functioning of the brain during the learning process, such as event-related potential and functional
Learning_theory_(education)
Observe–orient–decide–act cycle
"The OODA loop is merely one way among a myriad of ways of describing intuitive processes of learning and decision making that most people experience
OODA_loop
American psychologist
classification of educational objectives and to the theory of mastery learning. He has greatly influenced the practices and philosophies of educators around
Benjamin_Bloom
Preparation of school students for employment
emphasizes lifelong learning. School to Work is funded and sponsored at the federal level by the U.S. Department of Labor and U.S. Department of Education. At
School-to-work_transition
Interaction of a quantum system with a classical observer
implies certainty about the outcome of some measurement on that system (i.e., P ( x ) = 1 {\displaystyle P(x)=1} for some outcome x {\displaystyle x} ). Any
Measurement in quantum mechanics
Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics
Observation or interaction with another animal
been observed in a variety of animal taxa, such as insects, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals (including primates). Social learning is fundamentally
Social_learning_in_animals
Randomly determined process
Brownian motion process. One of the simplest continuous-time stochastic processes is Brownian motion. This was first observed by botanist Robert Brown while
Stochastic
Use of technology in education to enhance learning and teaching
1997). "Instructional design models for well-structured and III-structured problem-solving learning outcomes". Educational Technology Research and Development
Educational_technology
Machine learning that combines deep learning and reinforcement learning
reinforcement learning (deep RL) is a subfield of machine learning that combines reinforcement learning (RL) and deep learning. RL considers the problem of a computational
Deep_reinforcement_learning
Mode of delivering education to students who are not physically present
Distance education, also known as distance learning, is the education of students who may not always be physically present at school, or where the learner
Distance_education
Concept in education and psychology
While structured activities can provide learning opportunities, play fosters creativity, problem-solving, and autonomy. Educators and parents mindful of these
Learning_through_play
Educational evaluation method
directly to assess the achievement of learning outcomes or it is based on data from which one can make inferences about learning. Assessment is often used interchangeably
Educational_assessment
Form of causal modeling that fit networks of constructs to data
values of the observed variables. This makes it possible to use the connections between the observed variables' values to estimate the magnitudes of the
Structural_equation_modeling
Personality trait of cheerfulness, spontaneity and sociability
; Angel, Matityahu; Knafo-Noam, Ariel (2024). "The structure, development, and etiology of observed temperament during middle childhood". Developmental
Surgency
Type of machine learning model
of "grammar" from the amino-acid sequence, by mapping that sequence into an embedding. On tasks such as structure prediction and mutational outcome prediction
Large_language_model
Country in South Asia
its post-independence history, at the hands of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). The outcome of this conflict had far-reaching consequences
India
distributions" individuals have that contribute to the outcome of implicit learning tasks. These biases can be thought of as a probability distribution that contains
Artificial_grammar_learning
Type of associative learning process for behavioral modification
by negative outcomes diminish. The study of animal learning in the 20th century was dominated by the analysis of these two sorts of learning, and they are
Operant_conditioning
Bond repaying investment based on social outcomes
social outcomes contract (UK), social impact partnership (Europe), social impact contract (Europe), or simply a social bond, is a type of outcomes-based
Social_impact_bond
Cognitive bias of assuming others share your knowledge
outcome of a certain event makes it seem more predictable. Research conducted by Fischhoff revealed that participants did not know that their outcome
Curse_of_knowledge
Reinforcement learning method
associations are updated according to discrepancies between predicted and observed outcomes. Classical models such as the Rescorla–Wagner model formalize this
Error-driven_learning
Fundamental unit of cognition
learning theoretical knowledge relevant to a specific domain and that applying concepts involves theoretical reasoning and the prediction of outcomes
Concept
Medical training and evaluation technique
enhances learning. This includes "feedback on the effectiveness of their learning efforts," (p. 194) and focus on the process, not the outcome. Students
Medical_simulation
forms, both structured and unstructured, similar to data mining. Data science is a "concept to unify statistics, data analysis, machine learning and their
Glossary_of_computer_science
Region of the prefrontal cortex of the brain
neurons that, early in learning, respond to outcome receipt normally transfer their response to the onset of cues that predict the outcome, damage to the BLA
Orbitofrontal_cortex
Machine learning framework for portfolio construction
allocation structure between the concentrated nature of CLA and the equalizing tendency of IVP. The concentration observed in CLA is a result of its objective
Hierarchical_Risk_Parity
Statistical concept
structured missingness has been observed as a consequence of linking clinical, genomic and imaging data. The presence of structured missingness may be a hindrance
Missing_data
Bijun, Zhang; Ting, Fan (2022). "Knowledge structure and emerging trends in the application of deep learning in genetics research: A bibliometric analysis
Applications of artificial intelligence
Applications_of_artificial_intelligence
Paired structure within the brain temporal lobe
has been related to a variety of behaviors and outcomes such as fear recognition and social network size. A simple view of the information processing through
Amygdala
Measure of value difference between best possible decision and made decision
they later discover that a different choice would have produced a better outcome. This regret can be quantified as the difference in value between the actual
Regret_(decision_theory)
Average uncertainty in variable's states
of a random variable quantifies the average level of uncertainty or information associated with the variable's potential states or possible outcomes.
Entropy_(information_theory)
Totality of psychological phenomena
Development of Thinking and Learning in the Age of Information. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-12364-6. Audi, Robert (1993). The Structure of Justification
Mind
Ability of the brain to continuously change
study: experiment on effect of frequent stimulus on functional connectivity of the brain was observed in individuals learning spatial routes. Cross-model
Neuroplasticity
Process in which a first language is being acquired
learning mechanism could explain a wide range of language structure acquisition phenomena. Statistical learning theory suggests that, when learning language
Language_acquisition
US artificial intelligence company
Yoshua Bengio, one of the "founding fathers" of deep learning, and drew up a list of great AI researchers. Brockman was able to hire nine of them as the first
OpenAI
Medical condition
functional outcome level on the Barthel Index, than did patients without ipsilateral pushing. Pushing behavior has shown that perception of body posture
Pusher_syndrome
Country in West Asia
modeling trauma exposure and assessing mental health outcomes estimated that approximately 5.3% of Israelis may develop PTSD, with national data showing
Israel
Process of forming order by local interactions
or a global design blueprint. The desired outcomes, such as increases in the resultant internal structure and/or functionality, are achieved by combining
Self-organization
Sound organisation in a second language
basis of both F0 and F0 slope, while English and Japanese listeners used only F0, not F0 slope. However, it was also observed that late learners of Mandarin
Second-language_phonology
Scholastic performance study by the OECD
common national standards and even an institutionalised structure to ensure that they were observed. In Hungary, by comparison, which shared similar conditions
Programme for International Student Assessment
Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment
Aspect of learning procedure
conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g., instrumental learning and human associative memory); a number of observations differentiate
Classical_conditioning
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
between a dependent variable (often called the outcome or response variable, or a label in machine learning parlance) and one or more independent variables
Regression_analysis
Generalized neurodevelopmental disorder
disability, also disorder of intellectual development and known as learning difficulty (in the United Kingdom and different from learning disability), is a generalized
Intellectual_disability
Type of health care system
the Learning Health System Series of publications, numbering 33 as of 2026 and reviewing topics such as health data, research, costs, and outcomes. As
Learning_health_systems
Transmission of knowledge and skills
Non-formal education is also structured but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while informal education is unstructured learning through daily experiences
Education
Term in educational psychology
concept learning (also called functional concept learning) involves categorizing stimuli based on a common response or outcome regardless of perceptual
Concept_learning
Interpretation of sensory information
Perception is not only the passive receipt of these signals, but it is also shaped by the recipient's learning, memory, expectation, and attention. Sensory
Perception
Outside influences becoming a part of the self
internalization starts with learning what the norms are, and then the individual goes through a process of understanding why they are of value or why they make
Internalization_(sociology)
British neuroscientist
has shown the remarkable effect that learning has on the structure of the brain. This is illustrated in a series of 3 Nature papers that map structural
Cathy_Price
Social phenomenon by which being observed causes behavioral changes
is a type of behavioral reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The effect
Hawthorne_effect
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
implies that all possible outcomes of quantum measurements are physically realized in different "worlds". The evolution of reality as a whole in MWI is
Many-worlds_interpretation
Group of neural structures responsible for motivation and desire
group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily
Reward_system
Unconscious memory used to perform tasks
in procedural learning up until the 20th century. The turn of the century brought a clearer understanding of the functions and structures involved in procedural
Procedural_memory
Wagering something of value on a random event
risk (chance), and a prize. The outcome of the wager is often immediate, such as a single roll of dice, a spin of a roulette wheel, or a horse crossing
Gambling
Machine learning problem
rule. Scoring rules are used to compare the predicted probability to observed outcomes, these include for example log loss, Brier score, Continuous ranked
Probabilistic_classification
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
player conditional on the observed outcome of the lottery. Players know the structure of the lottery and the joint probability of recommendations, and they
Game_theory
Physics experiment
slits, and the light passing through the slits is observed on a screen behind the plate. The wave nature of light causes the light waves passing through the
Double-slit_experiment
Assessment of particular interventions
program or policy) is causally responsible for observed outcomes, intended and unintended. In contrast to outcome monitoring, which examines whether targets
Impact_evaluation
Object categorization problem
One-shot learning is a problem setup in machine learning which leverages a singular example to assist with classification, originating in the field of computer
One-shot learning (computer vision)
One-shot_learning_(computer_vision)
Basic emotion induced by a perceived threat
from these shock-inducing levers. Several brain structures other than the amygdalae have also been observed to be activated when individuals are presented
Fear
British X-ray crystallographer (1920–1958)
crystallographer. Her work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses
Rosalind_Franklin
Microcracks within the dental enamel of teeth
their lack of stability and the early stages of learning to walk. Demographic studies estimate that dental trauma affects approximately 17.5% of individuals
Enamel_infraction
Reducing workplace interpersonal conflict
minimizes the negative outcomes of conflict and promotes the positive outcomes of conflict with the goal of improving learning in an organization. Properly
Conflict_management
Theory in communication studies
hierarchical structures to achieve targeted outcomes. Two types of structures exist within an organization. "Hierarchical" (formal hierarchical structure, typical
Text_and_conversation_theory
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