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Fluid which flows without losing kinetic energy
semi-phenomenological theory of superfluidity was developed by Soviet theoretical physicists Lev Landau and Isaak Khalatnikov. Superfluidity often co-occurs with
Superfluidity
State of matter
superconductivity is often called the superfluidity of Fermi gas. In the simplest form, the origin of superfluidity can be seen from the weakly interacting
Bose–Einstein_condensate
State of matter at low temperatures
phenomena, the superfluidity effect was discovered by Pyotr Kapitsa and John F. Allen, and Don Misener in 1937. Onnes possibly observed the superfluid phase transition
Superfluid_helium-4
Monopole Singularity Phenomenon
In the physics of superfluidity, a boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3, whose motion can result in
Boojum_(superfluidity)
Scientific field of study
and Emory, F.L. New York: Dover Publications. Leggett, A.J. (1999). "Superfluidity". Reviews of Modern Physics. 71 (2): S318–S323. Bibcode:1999RvMPS..71
Physics
Chemical element with atomic number 2 (He)
researchers studying quantum mechanics (in particular the property of superfluidity) and to those looking at the phenomena, such as superconductivity, produced
Helium
Helium isotope with two protons and one neutron
It was discovered in 1939. Helium-3 atoms are fermionic and become a superfluid at the temperature of 2.491 mK. Helium-3 occurs as a primordial nuclide
Helium-3
State of matter
quantized vortices, which act as "holes" in the medium where superfluidity breaks down. Superfluidity was originally discovered in liquid helium-4 whose atoms
Fermionic_condensate
Thin layer of liquid in a superfluid state
Superfluidity is a phenomenon where a fluid, or a fraction of a fluid, loses all its viscosity and can flow without resistance. A superfluid film is the
Superfluid_film
Macroscopic processes showing quantum behavior
point, helium shows the unique property of superfluidity. The fraction of the liquid that forms the superfluid component is a macroscopic quantum fluid
Macroscopic_quantum_phenomena
might soon be demonstrable at room temperature. Evidence for polariton superfluidity was reported in by Alberto Amo and coworkers, based on the suppressed
Polariton_superfluid
Model for superfluidity and traffic
explain superfluidity. The idea was suggested by László Tisza in 1938 and reformulated by Lev Landau in 1941 to explain the behavior of superfluid helium-4
Two-fluid_model
Forms which matter can take
superglass is a phase of matter characterized, at the same time, by superfluidity and a frozen amorphous structure. Metals, like potassium, in the chain-melted
State_of_matter
Flow of fluids with zero viscosity (superfluids)
date, helium is the only fluid to exhibit superfluidity that has been discovered. Helium-4 becomes a superfluid once it is cooled to below 2.2K, a point
Inviscid_flow
State of matter
is a similar hypothetical phase of matter which is characterized by superfluidity and a frozen amorphous structure at the same time. This idea was put
Supersolid
Soviet theoretical physicist (1908–1968)
Neumann), the quantum mechanical theory of diamagnetism, the theory of superfluidity, the theory of second-order phase transitions, invention of order parameter
Lev_Landau
Quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity
exhibited in superfluids and superconductors. The existence of quantum vortices was first predicted by Lars Onsager in 1949 in connection with superfluid helium
Quantum_vortex
Liquid state of the element helium
remains superfluid. Cryogenics Expansion ratio Industrial gas Liquid nitrogen Liquid oxygen Liquid hydrogen Liquid air Superfluidity Superfluid helium-3
Liquid_helium
fluids that distinguish them from classical fluids: superfluidity and quantized circulation. Superfluidity arises as a consequence of the dispersion relation
Quantum_turbulence
Class of subatomic particle
Bose–Einstein statistics. One characteristic which becomes important in superfluidity and other applications of Bose–Einstein condensates is that there is
Boson
Type of subatomic particle
extreme conditions. For example, at low temperatures, fermions show superfluidity for uncharged particles and superconductivity for charged particles
Fermion
Thermodynamic point where three matter phases exist
it has a vapor-liquid-superfluid point, a solid-liquid-superfluid point, a solid-solid-liquid point, and a solid-solid-superfluid point. None of these
Triple_point
Theory of fundamental physics
Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT), sometimes known as the BEC vacuum theory, is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the fundamental
Superfluid_vacuum_theory
American physicist
currents in normal metal rings, and the extension of cavity optomechanics to superfluid helium systems. Harris was born in New York City and grew up on Martha's
Jack_Harris_(physicist)
Finnish physicist and neuroscientist (1930–2002)
in low temperature physics, especially for experimental proof of the superfluidity of helium-3 and also for his work in the field of magnetoencephalography
Olli_Lounasmaa
Statistical mechanics of quantum-mechanical systems
provides a theory that explains phenomena including superconductivity and superfluidity. In quantum mechanics, probabilities for the outcomes of experiments
Quantum_statistical_mechanics
Specific quantum state of a quantum harmonic oscillator
) Early in the study of superfluidity, Oliver Penrose and Lars Onsager proposed a metric ("order parameter") for superfluidity. It was represented by a
Coherent_state
American theoretical physicist (1918–1988)
formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, and the parton model. Feynman developed
Richard_Feynman
Russian theoretical physicist (1933–2022)
Collaborating with Vitaly Ginzburg, Pitaevskii developed a theory of superfluidity in the neighbourhood of a transition point. He showed that, at sufficiently
Lev_Pitaevskii
Academic conference
Hohenberg "For his seminal theoretical contributions to the physics of superfluidity, of critical phenomena, and of instability in pattern-forming hydrodynamic
International Conference on Low Temperature Physics
International_Conference_on_Low_Temperature_Physics
Topics referred to by the same term
Wilson), American baseball player Boojum (superfluidity), a phenomenon in physics associated with superfluid helium-3 Boojum tree or cirio of the Baja
Boojum
American theoretical physicist (born 1939)
in physics; his dissertation was "Gauge Invariance in the Theory of Superfluidity." From 1967 to 1971, Sarfatt was an assistant professor of physics at
Jack_Sarfatti
effective quantum gravity and physical vacuum models and theory of superfluidity and Bose–Einstein condensation. It is an example of an integrable model
Logarithmic Schrödinger equation
Logarithmic_Schrödinger_equation
Isotope of helium
solid helium-4 may be a superglass (an amorphous solid exhibiting superfluidity). The helium atom is the second simplest atom (hydrogen is the simplest)
Helium-4
Atoms kept at temperatures close to absolute zero
(BEC), bosonic superfluidity, quantum magnetism, many-body spin dynamics, Efimov states , Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) superfluidity and the BEC–BCS
Ultracold_atom
Lowest theoretical temperature
displays exotic quantum mechanical phenomena such as superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose–Einstein condensation. The particles still exhibit zero-point
Absolute_zero
Fluid fully characterized by its density and isotropic pressure
is also modeled as a perfect fluid. Superfluids are fluids with zero viscosity, however in practice superfluids cannot be accurately described as a perfect
Perfect_fluid
American physicist
experimental condensed matter physics, in particular for his co-discovery of superfluidity in Helium-3. For his contributions he shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in
Douglas_Osheroff
Russian physicist (1919–2021)
well known for his role in developing the Landau-Khalatnikov theory of superfluidity and the so-called BKL conjecture in the general theory of relativity
Isaak_Khalatnikov
Australian physicist
Fermionic condensates, Bose–Einstein condensates, superconductivity, superfluidity, and magnetotransport. She is a professor and ARC Future Fellow in the
Meera_Parish
Science fiction transportation concept
viewed as the teleportation of some electrons in the superconductor and superfluidity as the teleportation of some of the atoms in the cellular tube. Further
Teleportation
English polymath (1642–1727)
and Paul Dirac. Landau, a Nobel prize winner and the discoverer of superfluidity, ranked himself as 2. The SI derived unit of force is named the newton
Isaac_Newton
American physicist
Hohenberg–Mermin–Wagner theorem, his application of the term "boojum" to superfluidity, his textbook with Neil Ashcroft on solid-state physics, and for contributions
N._David_Mermin
Device used for orientation based on quantum mechanics
means that when two superfluids (zero friction fluids) are connected using a weak link and pressure is applied to the superfluid on one side of a weak
Quantum_gyroscope
British–American physicist (1938–2026)
pioneering work on superfluidity was recognised by the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics. He shaped the theoretical understanding of normal and superfluid helium liquids
Anthony_Leggett
Physical process of transition between basic states of matter
Wayback Machine Kleinert, H., Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter, Vol. I, "Superfluidity and Vortex lines; Disorder Fields, Phase Transitions", pp. 1–742, World
Phase_transition
Model of interacting spinless bosons on a lattice
prominence in the 1980s after it was found to capture the essence of the superfluid-insulator transition in a way that was much more mathematically tractable
Bose–Hubbard_model
Russian physicist
1134/S0021364009060101 with G. E. Volovik: Magnon BEC and spin superfluidity: a 3He primer, Arxiv 2009 Spin superfluidity and magnons Bose-Einstein-Condensation, Physics
Yury_Bunkov
Canadian physicist (1908–2001)
the discoverer of superfluid helium". Herald Scotland. 28 April 2001. Donnelly, Russell J. (July 1995). "The Discovery of Superfluidity". Physics Today
John_F._Allen_(physicist)
Topics referred to by the same term
real-time locating systems Superfluid creep, the tendency for a superfluid to "crawl" up the walls of its container; see Superfluidity Creepiness, causing a
Creep
American experimental physicist (1937–2013)
Nobel Prize in Physics for their 1972 discovery of the property of superfluidity in helium-3 atoms in the Cornell University Laboratory of Atomic and
Robert_Coleman_Richardson
Russian-American physicist
systems. Boris Svistunov is recognised for his works on superfluidity, supersolidity, superfluid turbulence, strongly correlated systems and pioneering
Boris_Svistunov
Polariton condensation
the effect (for reviews see the bibliography). Evidence for polariton superfluidity was reported in by Alberto Amo and coworkers, based on the suppressed
Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons
Bose–Einstein_condensation_of_polaritons
Quantum mechanical system
superfluidity". Journal of Physics. XI (1): 23–32. Pitaevskiĭ, Lev Petrovich; Stringari, Sandro (2016). Bose-Einstein Condensation and Superfluidity.
Weakly_interacting_Bose_gas
electrons. Superfluid: A phase achieved by a few cryogenic liquids at extreme temperature at which they become able to flow without friction. A superfluid can
List_of_states_of_matter
Superfluid transition temperature of helium-4
High Energy Physics. 2020 (6): 142. arXiv:1912.03324. Bibcode:2020JHEP...06..142C. doi:10.1007/JHEP06(2020)142. S2CID 208910721. What is superfluidity?
Lambda_point
Aspect of theoretical physics
Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) mean-field treatments, helping enable superfluidity even when band dispersion is small. Quantum geometry generalizes beyond
Quantum geometry (condensed matter)
Quantum_geometry_(condensed_matter)
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
gases it results from molecular collisions. Except for the case of superfluidity, there is no fluid with zero viscosity, and thus all fluid flows involve
Viscosity
Magnetic property of ordinary materials
condensate Bose gas Fermionic condensate Fermi gas Fermi liquid Supersolid Superfluidity Luttinger liquid Time crystal Phase phenomena Order parameter Phase
Diamagnetism
Theoretical model in physics
is a Fermi liquid at low temperatures (but not low enough to be in its superfluid phase). An atom of helium-3 has two protons, one neutron and two electrons
Fermi_liquid_theory
Physicist and Nobel Prize winner from the United States
with Robert C. Richardson and Douglas Osheroff "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3." Lee is professor emeritus of physics at Cornell University
David_Lee_(physicist)
Russian-American condensed matter physicist (born 1966)
resonances as a mechanism toward a realization of topological paired superfluidity and concomitant Majorana vortex modes, of interest for topological quantum
Leo_Radzihovsky
Liquid film of superfluid helium
David Goodstein (5 July 1969). "Third Sound and the Onset of Superfluidity in Unsaturated Helium Films" (PDF). Physical Review. 183 (1): 327–334
Rollin_film
Russian and Soviet physicist (1894–1984)
liquid helium. This research culminated with the 1937 discovery of superfluidity (another expression of the state of matter that gives rise to superconductivity)
Pyotr_Kapitsa
Soviet mathematician and theoretical physicist (1909–1992)
the Theory of Superfluidity". Izv. Academii Nauk USSR (in Russian). 11 (1): 77. N. N. Bogoliubov (1947). "On the Theory of Superfluidity". Journal of Physics
Nikolay_Bogolyubov
Description of the behaviour of bosons
the cohesive streaming of laser light and the frictionless creeping of superfluid helium. The theory of this behaviour was developed (1924–25) by Satyendra
Bose–Einstein_statistics
Indian theoretical physicist (1933–2026)
University of Waterloo, and an Urdu poet. Pathria was known for his work on superfluidity in liquid helium, Lorentz transformation of thermodynamic quantities
Raj_Kumar_Pathria
German physicist (born 1957)
well as a 2005 experiment providing evidence for "high-temperature" superfluidity in a fermionic condensate. Ketterle is also a runner, and was featured
Wolfgang_Ketterle
Collective excitation in superfluid helium-4 (a quasiparticle)
PMC 8635434. PMID 34851658. Landau, L. (15 August 1941). "Theory of the Superfluidity of Helium II". Physical Review. 60 (4): 356–358. Bibcode:1941PhRv..
Roton
Attraction of masses and energy
and quantum-mechanical Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M-theory F-theory Heterotic
Gravity
Pair of electrons bound together at low temperature, allowing for superconductivity
systems, such as helium-3. Indeed, Cooper pairing is responsible for the superfluidity of helium-3 at low temperatures. In 2008 it was proposed that pairs
Cooper_pair
et al. (SAMURAI21-NeuLAND Collaboration) (2024-08-23). "Magicity versus Superfluidity around 28O viewed from the Study of 30F". Physical Review Letters. 133
Isotopes_of_fluorine
Bangladeshi academic (1945–2025)
approach to superfluidity. In 1973, they published “A conserving approximation evaluation of superfluid density within the pair theory of superfluids”, in which
R_I_M_Aminur_Rashid
Material that can form magnetic vortices
external field is equivalent to the problem of vortex state in a rotating superfluid, discussed by Lars Onsager and Richard Feynman. In the vortex state, a
Type-II_superconductor
Field theory in physics that aims to unify the fundamental forces and particles
and quantum-mechanical Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M-theory F-theory Heterotic
Unified_field_theory
Theory extending Einstein gravity
and quantum-mechanical Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M-theory F-theory Heterotic
Quadratic_gravity
Applications of liquid helium
lambda point of 2.17 K, helium transitions to He II and becomes a quantum superfluid with zero viscosity. Under extreme conditions such as when cooled beyond
Helium_cryogenics
Chinese-American physicist (1922–2025)
characterizes macroscopic quantum phenomena like superconductivity and superfluidity. Particle physics: Parity non-conservation (1956): for predicting the
Yang_Chen-Ning
Concept in physics and mathematics
help it gain a lower final altitude (with certain exceptions such as superfluids and siphons). In physics, this phenomenon allows the formation of potential
Path_of_least_resistance
Mechanism by which materials form into and are attracted to magnets
condensate Bose gas Fermionic condensate Fermi gas Fermi liquid Supersolid Superfluidity Luttinger liquid Time crystal Phase phenomena Order parameter Phase
Ferromagnetism
Dutch physicist (1853–1926)
in which liquid visibly shrank" which was the first observation of superfluidity of the surrounding helium bath. In 1887, Kamerlingh Onnes married Maria
Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes
Superfluid used to dissolve another chemical species
quantum solvent is essentially a superfluid (aka a quantum liquid) used to dissolve another chemical species. Any superfluid can theoretically act as a quantum
Quantum_solvent
Russian theoretical physicist
Volovik, G. E. (2010). "Magnon Bose–Einstein condensation and spin superfluidity". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 22 (16) 164210. Bibcode:2010JPCM
Grigory_E._Volovik
Quantum mechanical phenomenon in which heat transfer occurs by wave-like motion
1007/bf02834631. S2CID 124849291. Landau, L. (1941). Theory of the superfluidity of helium II. Physical Review, 60(4), 356. Feynman, Richard (4 October
Second_sound
Physics term for multiple concepts
plasma, Rydberg matter, Rydberg polaron, photonic matter, Wigner crystal, superfluid and time crystal but whose properties are entirely within the realm of
Exotic_matter
American electrical engineer
in the area of nonlinear optics, including the use of light to model superfluids and the recovery of images from scenes obscured by translucent materials
Jason_W._Fleischer
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
and quantum-mechanical Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M-theory F-theory Heterotic
General_relativity
Property of quark matter
of odd–even and odd–odd nuclei. The superfluid phase of neutron matter exists in neutron stars. The superfluidity is described by the BCS model with a
SU(2)_color_superconductivity
Branch of physics
purely inviscid flows are only known to be realized in the case of superfluidity. Otherwise, fluids are generally viscous, a property that is often most
Fluid_mechanics
American physicist (born 1958)
ipy) paired superfluids in two dimensions support Majorana zero modes bound to vortex cores, connecting the physics of paired superfluids to the non-Abelian
Nicholas_Read
Classical statement of gravity as force
and quantum-mechanical Noncommutative geometry Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M-theory F-theory Heterotic
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
American "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids" Vitaly Ginzburg (1916–2009) Russian Anthony James Leggett (1938–2026)
2003_Nobel_Prizes
American astronomer and astronaut (1926–1993)
two were life science experiments, and one studied the properties of superfluid helium. Henize's responsibilities included testing and operating the IPS
Karl_Gordon_Henize
In certain states of spin-1 superfluids or Bose condensates, the condensate wavefunction is invariant if the superfluid phase changes by π {\displaystyle
Fractional_vortices
Light-matter quasiparticle
be observed to form Bose–Einstein condensates, and sustain polariton superfluidity and quantum vortices and are prospected for emerging technological applications
Exciton-polariton
Rockets using antimatter as their power source
the Wayback Machine Jerry M. Seitzman, 2003-2004 High Specific Impulse Superfluid and Nanotube Propulsion Device, System and Propulsion Method Michael Wallace
Antimatter propulsion spacecraft
Antimatter_propulsion_spacecraft
American physicist
work dealt with quantum fluids and he contributed to the theory of superfluidity of helium. Putterman is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the
Seth_Putterman
Hypothetical physical concept
physics modelPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Superfluid vacuum theory – Theory of fundamental physics The Theory of Everything –
Theory_of_everything
explanation of helium-II's superfluidity. Alexei A. Abrikosov, for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids, specifically the
Institute for Physical Problems
Institute_for_Physical_Problems
Russian physicist (1916–2009)
Ginzburg, Vitaly L. (2004-12-02). "Nobel Lecture: On superconductivity and superfluidity (what I have and have not managed to do) as well as on the "physical
Vitaly_Ginzburg
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Boy/Male
Greek
Christ bearer.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Opener
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian, Irish
Leaping Water
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : via Old French from the Germanic personal name Milo, of unknown etymology. The name was introduced to England by the Normans in the form Miles (oblique case Milon). In English documents of the Middle Ages the name sometimes appears in the Latinized form Milo (genitive Milonis), although the normal Middle English form was Mile, so the final -s must usually represent the possessive ending, i.e. ‘son or servant of Mile’.English : patronymic from the medieval personal name Mihel, an Old French contracted form of Michael.English : occupational name for a servant or retainer, from Latin miles ‘soldier’, sometimes used as a technical term in this sense in medieval documents.Irish (County Mayo) : when not the same as 1 or 3, an Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Maolmhuire, Myles being used as the English equivalent of the Gaelic personal name Maol Muire (see Mullery).Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : unexplained.Dutch : variant of Miels, a variant of Miele 3.John Miles or Myles (c.1621–83), born probably in Herefordshire, England, was a pioneer American Baptist minister who emigrated to New England in 1662 and had a pastorate in Swansea, MA. Many of his descendants spell their name Myles.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
Unseen; Expectation; Hope
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Swedish
Alive
Girl/Female
American, British, Danish, Dutch, English, French, Greek, Swedish
Ruler; Pure; Torture
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil
Who have Lots of Treasures; Lord Kuber
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Parsi
Unseen Voice; One who Gives Good News
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Crocker 1.
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