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Aspect of theoretical physics
In theoretical physics, type I string theory is one of five consistent supersymmetric string theories in ten dimensions. It is the only one whose strings
Type_I_string_theory
Aspect of theoretical physics
theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings theories. Type II string theory accounts for
Type_II_string_theory
Physics concept of subatomic structure
In string theory, a heterotic string is a closed string (or loop) which is a hybrid ('heterotic') of a superstring and a bosonic string. There are two
Heterotic_string_theory
Theory of strings with supersymmetry
'Superstring theory' is a shorthand for supersymmetric string theory because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that accounts
Superstring_theory
Aspect of theoretical physics
Twistor string theory is an equivalence between N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory and the perturbative topological B model string theory in twistor
Twistor_string_theory
Hypothetical physical entity
The oldest superstring theory containing open strings was type I string theory. However, the developments in string theory in the 1990s have shown that
String_(physics)
The history of string theory spans several decades of intense research including two superstring revolutions. Through the combined efforts of many researchers
History_of_string_theory
Hypothetical physical concept
is a type of string that vibrates one way, while the up quark is a type of string vibrating another way, and so forth). String theory/M-theory proposes
Theory_of_everything
Theory of subatomic structure
relates string theory to another type of physical theory called a quantum field theory. One of the shortcomings of string theory is that the full theory does
String_theory
Theory proposed by Roger Penrose
Twistor string theory was extended first by generalising the RSV Yang–Mills amplitude formula, and then by finding the underlying string theory. The extension
Twistor_theory
Ten-dimensional supergravity
as the low-energy limits of string theories, in particular of type I string theory and of the two heterotic string theories. Supergravity was much studied
Type_I_supergravity
Framework of superstring theory
There are several versions of string theory: type I, type IIA, type IIB, and two flavors of heterotic string theory (Spin(32) / Z 2 {\displaystyle /\mathbb
M-theory
Set of equations that describe superstring theory in a non-perturbative framework
physics, matrix string theory is a set of equations that describe superstring theory in a non-perturbative framework. Type IIA string theory can be shown
Matrix_string_theory
Contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its gravity
"ordinary" degenerate neutrons.[citation needed] According to Einstein's theory, for objects with masses above the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (roughly
Gravitational_collapse
Attraction of masses and energy
scalar field theory with the gravitational potential represented by a single number in a 4-dimensional spacetime. However, this type of theory fails to predict
Gravity
Field theory in physics that aims to unify the fundamental forces and particles
In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all fundamental forces of nature, including gravity, and all elementary
Unified_field_theory
Classical theory of gravitation
theoretical physics, the Einstein–Cartan theory, also known as the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory, is a classical theory of gravitation, one of several alternatives
Einstein–Cartan_theory
Formalism in string theory
String field theory (SFT) is a formalism in string theory in which the dynamics of relativistic strings is reformulated in the language of quantum field
String_field_theory
Unified field theory
theory is named after Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein. It is not supported by experiments, but is a precursor to supergravity and modern string theory
Kaluza–Klein_theory
Concept in theoretical physics
are equivalent. Type I string theory is the simplest example of such a theory and can be obtained by orientifolding type IIB string theory. In mathematical
Orientifold
Classical statement of gravity as force
other translations it comes out "I feign no hypotheses". Newton made two predictions based on his gravitational theory. In 1774 the Schiehallion experiment
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
Superstring quantization approach
in 1971, which gives rise to type II string theories and can also give type I string theory. Heterotic string theories can also be acquired through this
RNS_formalism
Toy model of general relativity
to an exact quantum solution. It is also the action for Non-critical string theory and dimensional reduction of higher-dimensional model. It also distinguishes
CGHS_model
Natural number
theory to make sense is that the dimension of the gauge group of type I string theory must be 496. The group is therefore SO(32). Their discovery started
496_(number)
Fringe theory of physics
Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything" is a physics preprint proposing a basis for a unified field theory, often referred to as "E8 Theory", which attempts
An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything
An_Exceptionally_Simple_Theory_of_Everything
26-dimensional string theory
Bosonic string theory is the original version of string theory, developed in the late 1960s. It is so called because it contains only bosons in the spectrum
Bosonic_string_theory
Collection of possible string theory vacua
In string theory, the string theory landscape (or landscape of vacua) is the collection of possible false vacua, together comprising a collective "landscape"
String_theory_landscape
of Type I string theory and E 8 × E 8 {\displaystyle E_{8}\times E_{8}} of the eponymous heterotic E 8 × E 8 {\displaystyle E_{8}\times E_{8}} string theory
Hořava–Witten_theory
Topics referred to by the same term
power plugs Type 1 electrical connector, used by electric vehicles Type I superconductor Type I string theory Type I transmembrane protein Type I, part of
Type_1
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
one and the same type of fundamental string appear as particles with different (electric and other) charges, e.g. Ibanez 2000. The theory is successful in
General_relativity
string theory topics. Strings Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string Type IIA string
List_of_string_theory_topics
Branch of string theory
so, one obtains type IIB superstring theory in 10 dimensions. The SL(2,Z) S-duality symmetry of the resulting type IIB string theory is manifest because
F-theory
Description of gravity using discrete values
one and the same type of fundamental string appear as particles with different (electric and other) charges. In this way, string theory promises to be a
Quantum_gravity
Approach to quantum gravity utilizing Wick rotations
2023-05-31. DeWitt, Bryce S. (1967-10-25). "Quantum Theory of Gravity. II. The Manifestly Covariant Theory". Physical Review. 162 (5). American Physical Society
Euclidean_quantum_gravity
Theoretical (d–1)-dimensional singularity
walls in type II string theory. In M-theory, the existence of Horava–Witten domain walls, "ends of the world" that carry an E8 gauge theory, is important
Domain_wall_(string_theory)
Theory of gravity on antimatter
Marcoen Cabbolet. He introduces the Elementary Process Theory, which uses a new language for physics, i.e. a new mathematical formalism and new physical concepts
Gravitational interaction of antimatter
Gravitational_interaction_of_antimatter
and general theories of relativity. An elemental force carrier of gravity is hypothesized in quantum gravity approaches such as string theory, in a potentially
History of gravitational theory
History_of_gravitational_theory
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
required in string theory. Loop quantum gravity, like string theory, also aims to overcome the nonrenormalizable divergences of quantum field theories. LQG does
Loop_quantum_gravity
Theory of fundamental physics
therefore, the Michelson–Morley-type experiments would observe no drag force from such aether. Further, in the theory of relativity the Galilean symmetry
Superfluid_vacuum_theory
theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M-theory F-theory Heterotic string theory Type I string theory Type 0 string theory Bosonic string theory
Gravity_filtration
contributions to string theory (most notably the discovery of the orientifold, which connects type I string theory to type IIB string theory). Giovanni Amelino-Camelia:
List of quantum gravity researchers
List_of_quantum_gravity_researchers
Ten-dimensional supergravity
single supercharge. The theory plays an important role in modern physics since it is the low-energy limit of type IIB string theory. After supergravity was
Type_IIB_supergravity
Kinetic theory of gravity
Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le
Le Sage's theory of gravitation
Le_Sage's_theory_of_gravitation
Ten-dimensional supergravity
supergravity plays a very important role in string theory as it is the low-energy limit of type IIA string theory. After supergravity was discovered in 1976
Type_IIA_supergravity
Scientific device
theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M-theory F-theory Heterotic string theory Type I string theory Type 0 string theory Bosonic string theory
Air_track
Mechanism in superstring theory
revolution in superstring theory. In 1984, Michael Green and John H. Schwarz realized that the anomaly in type I string theory with the gauge group SO(32)
Green–Schwarz_mechanism
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
field theory of gravitons due to the unsolved mathematical problem of renormalization in general relativity. This problem is avoided in string theory, which
Graviton
Theory in modern physics that describes gravity as an entropic force
not a fundamental interaction. The theory, based on string theory, black hole physics, and quantum information theory, describes gravity as an emergent
Entropic_gravity
Approach to quantum gravity using discrete spacetime
arXiv:1010.5514 (Quantum Field Theory) D.A. Meyer, The Dimension of Causal Sets, PhD thesis (M.I.T., 1988); (Dimension theory) L. Philpott, Causal Set Phenomenology
Causal_sets
Mathematical theory of data types
science, type theory is the study of formal systems that classify expressions or mathematical objects by their types. Roughly speaking, a type plays a
Type_theory
Tensor field in Riemannian geometry
connection. It is a central mathematical tool in the theory of general relativity, the modern theory of gravity. The curvature of spacetime is in principle
Riemann_curvature_tensor
In physics and geometry: conjectured relation between pairs of Calabi–Yau manifolds
but are nevertheless equivalent when employed as extra dimensions of string theory. Early cases of mirror symmetry were discovered by physicists. Mathematicians
Mirror symmetry (string theory)
Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)
Comformal theory of gravity
The Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity is a Machian and conformal theory of gravity proposed by Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar that originally fits into
Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity
Hoyle–Narlikar_theory_of_gravity
Theory extending Einstein gravity
quadratic-in-curvature terms to the Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian. Doing this makes the theory renormalizable. This is one of numerous alternatives to general relativity
Quadratic_gravity
Physical theory with matter as quantum fields but gravity as a classical field
{\displaystyle {\hat {T}}_{\mu \nu }} (a quantum field theory operator) of the matter fields, i.e. G μ ν = 8 π G c 4 ⟨ T ^ μ ν ⟩ ψ , {\displaystyle G_{\mu
Semiclassical_gravity
Analogies between Maxwell's and Einstein's field equations
published in 1893, before general relativity, by Oliver Heaviside as a separate theory expanding Newton's law of universal gravitation.[better source needed] This
Gravitoelectromagnetism
Equivalence of two physical theories
duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. S-duality is useful for doing calculations
S-duality
Class of symmetries in string theory
theory: type I, types IIA and IIB, and two heterotic string theories. The prevailing thought was that only one of these could be the correct theory of everything
String_duality
Hypothetical approach to quantum gravity with emergent spacetime
changing due to quantum fluctuations and topological fluctuations. CDT theory uses a triangulation process which varies dynamically and follows deterministic
Causal dynamical triangulation
Causal_dynamical_triangulation
Proposed theory of gravitation
the Brans–Dicke theory of gravitation (sometimes called the Jordan–Brans–Dicke theory) is a competitor to Einstein's general theory of relativity. It
Brans–Dicke_theory
Idea in quantum gravity
and torsion in an Einstein–Cartan spacetime. This allows one to create a theory of gravity with torsion from a world crystal model of spacetime in which
Induced_gravity
Scalar theories of gravitation are field theories of gravitation in which the gravitational field is described using a scalar field, which is required
Scalar theories of gravitation
Scalar_theories_of_gravitation
quantum field theories. The first few sections are organized according to their matter content, that is, the types of fields appearing in the theory. This is
List of quantum field theories
List_of_quantum_field_theories
Gravity theories that are invariant under Weyl transformations
supergravity Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity Mannheim, Philip D. (2007-07-16). "Conformal gravity challenges string theory". In Rajantie, Arttu; Dauncey
Conformal_gravity
Restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation
(\mathbf {x} ,t)=\nabla ^{2}\phi (\mathbf {x} ,t).} See Lagrangian (field theory) for details. Physics portal Carl Friedrich Gauss Divergence theorem Gauss's
Gauss's_law_for_gravity
Unique string of length zero
formal language theory, the empty string, also known as the empty word or null string, is the unique string of length zero. Formally, a string is a finite
Empty_string
Theory in theoretical physics
In theoretical physics, topological string theory is a version of string theory. Topological string theory appeared in papers by theoretical physicists
Topological_string_theory
Theory of gravity
theory Logarithmic BEC vacuum String theory M-theory F-theory Heterotic string theory Type I string theory Type 0 string theory Bosonic string theory
Gauss–Bonnet_gravity
Theory of gravity
f(R) is a type of modified gravity theory which generalizes Einstein's general relativity. f(R) gravity is actually a family of theories, each one defined
F(R)_gravity
Physics theory
Rainbow gravity (or "gravity's rainbow") is a theory that different wavelengths of light experience different gravity levels and are separated in the same
Rainbow_gravity_theory
Proposed model of gravity
popular among some model builders, but has resisted being embedded into string theory. The DGP model assumes the existence of a 4+1-dimensional Minkowski
DGP_model
Early attempts to explain gravity
Mechanical explanations of gravitation (or kinetic theories of gravitation) are attempts to explain the action of gravity by aid of basic mechanical processes
Mechanical explanations of gravitation
Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation
3-volume treatise on mathematics, 1910–1913
set theory at the turn of the 20th century, like Russell's paradox. This third aim motivated the adoption of the theory of types in PM. The theory of types
Principia_Mathematica
Modern theory of gravitation that combines supersymmetry and general relativity
like the obligatory gauge symmetry in type I and heterotic string theories, and obtained in type II string theory by compactification on certain Calabi–Yau
Supergravity
Theory of gravity
to a string of dislocations. This is the basic reason why Einstein's theory based purely on curvature can be rewritten as a teleparallel theory based
Teleparallelism
Proposed theories of gravity
relativity are physical theories that attempt to describe the phenomenon of gravitation in competition with Einstein's theory of general relativity. There
Alternatives to general relativity
Alternatives_to_general_relativity
1922 theory, now obsolete
In theoretical physics, Whitehead's theory of gravitation was introduced by the mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead in 1922. While never
Whitehead's theory of gravitation
Whitehead's_theory_of_gravitation
General relativity in 2+1 dimensions
topological gravity (2+1D topological gravity) is a topological quantum field theory: the global structure of spacetime is physically relevant, while there are
(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity
(2+1)-dimensional_topological_gravity
Attempt to describe spacetime and associated phenomena in terms of geometry
is obtained. The constraint imposes instanton type solutions on the curvature-squared 'Yang-Mielke theory' of gravity, proposed in its affine form already
Geometrodynamics
Theories in particle physics and cosmology
cosmology refers to several theories in particle physics and cosmology related to string theory, superstring theory and M-theory. The central idea is that
Brane_cosmology
Quantum mechanical model based on mathematical matrices
noncommutative geometry and various physical theories. Another notable matrix model capturing aspects of Type IIB string theory, the IKKT matrix model, was constructed
Matrix_theory_(physics)
term (i.e. the four-dimensional Euler characteristic extended to D dimensions), it is usually said that Lovelock theory resembles string-theory-inspired
Lovelock_theory_of_gravity
Classical field theory describing gravitation
physics, Poincaré gauge theory (PGT) is a classical field theory that describes gravitational interactions as a gauge theory based on enforcing the local
Poincaré_gauge_theory
Formulation of general relativity
↦ − i ℏ d d q {\displaystyle p\mapsto -i\hbar {d \over dq}} . Canonical classical general relativity is an example of a fully constrained theory. In constrained
Canonical_quantum_gravity
Theory of quantum gravity
gravity) is a theory of quantum gravity proposed by Petr Hořava in 2009. It solves the problem of different concepts of time in quantum field theory and general
Hořava–Lifshitz_gravity
Sequence of characters, data type
general, string may also denote a sequence (or list) of data other than just characters. Depending on the programming language and precise data type used
String_(computer_science)
Predecessor to the theory of relativity
Nordström's theory of gravitation was a predecessor of general relativity. Strictly speaking, there were actually two distinct theories proposed by the
Nordström's theory of gravitation
Nordström's_theory_of_gravitation
Concept in physics
nonsymmetric parts are those of a string. Reinventing Gravity J. W. Moffat (1995), "Nonsymmetric Gravitational Theory", Phys. Lett. B, 355 (3–4): 447–452
Nonsymmetric gravitational theory
Nonsymmetric_gravitational_theory
Approximation method for general relativity in physics
direction and indices i {\displaystyle i} and j {\displaystyle j} (going from 1 to 3) will indicate spatial directions. In Einstein's theory, the values of these
Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism
Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism
Proposed theories of gravity
refers to two different classes of theories. The first class of theories relies on modified mathematical theories of gravity (or gravitation) in which
Bimetric_gravity
Duality between theories of gravity on anti-de Sitter space and conformal field theories
theories of quantum gravity, formulated in terms of string theory or M-theory. On the other side of the correspondence are conformal field theories (CFT)
AdS/CFT_correspondence
Candidate "Theory of Everything"
the 1980s, a new mathematical model of theoretical physics, called string theory, emerged. It showed how all the different subatomic particles known
Introduction_to_M-theory
Geometric algebra approach to gravity
Gauge theory gravity (GTG) is a theory of gravitation cast in the mathematical language of geometric algebra. To those familiar with general relativity
Gauge_theory_gravity
Theories of higher-dimensional general relativity
string theory. These extensions of general relativity are central to many modern theories of fundamental physics, including string theory, M-theory,
Higher-dimensional Einstein gravity
Higher-dimensional_Einstein_gravity
Graphical representation of a morphism
category theory. When interpreted in FinVect, the monoidal category of finite-dimensional vector spaces and linear maps with the tensor product, string diagrams
String_diagram
Linear perturbations to solutions of nonlinear Einstein field equations
In the theory of general relativity, linearized gravity is the application of perturbation theory to the metric tensor that describes the geometry of spacetime
Linearized_gravity
Extended objects found in string theory
In string theory, D-branes, short for Dirichlet membrane, are a class of extended objects upon which open strings can end with Dirichlet boundary conditions
D-brane
Extended physical object in string theory
Look up brane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In string theory and related theories (such as supergravity), a brane is a physical object that generalizes
Brane
Application of K-theory in string theory
In string theory, K-theory classification refers to a conjectured application of K-theory (in abstract algebra and algebraic topology) to superstrings
K-theory_(physics)
Hypothesis proposing a modification of Newton's laws
and generalized Einstein aether theory. There is also a relativistic generalization of MOND that assumes a Lorentz-type invariance as the physical basis
Modified_Newtonian_dynamics
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TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
Female
Romanian
Feminine form of Romanian Sorin, SORINA means "sun."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English strong, strang ‘strong’, generally a nickname for a strong man but perhaps sometimes applied ironically to a weakling.French : translation of Trahand, a metonymic occupational name for a silkworker who drew out the thread from the cocoons (see Trahan).Translation of Ashkenazic Jewish Stark.
Girl/Female
Indian
Lively, Entertainer, From a stream or a Spring, The Spring season, The Spring season
Female
English
English variant spelling of Latin Serena, SERINA means "serene, tranquil."
Female
English
English name derived from the season name, "spring," (Mar. 21 thru Jun. 21), derived from the verb spring, "to burst forth," from Proto-Indo-European *sprengh-, SPRING means "rapid movement."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin. Early examples, as for example William Spring (Yorkshire 1280), all point to a personal name or nickname, perhaps going back to an Old English byname derived from the verb springan ‘to jump or leap’ (see Springer 1). Alternatively, it could be a topographic name from Middle English spring ‘young wood’, ‘spring’. Compare Springer. Reaney derives the surname from the word denoting the season, although the word is not attested in this sense until the 16th century, the usual Middle English word being lenten. Compare Lenz. The surname has also been established in Ireland (County Kerry) for several centuries.German : from Middle High German sprinc, Middle Low German sprink ‘spring’, ‘well’, hence a topographic name for someone who lived by a spring or well, or habitational name from Springe near Hannover.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Springer.John Spring emigrated from England and settled in Watertown, MA, in 1634.
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic name derived from Old Norse fróðr, FRÓÃI means "wise."
Female
Egyptian
, the wife of Psametik I.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Spring.
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Middle English word tye, TYE means "pasture."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker of string or bow strings, from an agent derivative of Middle English streng ‘string’. In Yorkshire, where it is still particularly common, Redmonds argues that the surname may have been connected with iron working, a stringer having operated some form of specialist hearth.
Boy/Male
Assamese, Indian
Sining
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic saga name from Snori Sturlasson's Skaldskaparmal, possibly a translation of the Latin name Brutus, AMLÓÃI means "heavy" or "the dullard."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a maker of strings or bow strings, from Middle English streng ‘string’, ‘cord’.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Serena, SARINA means "serene, tranquil."
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English
Strong
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Anglia)
English (mainly East Anglia) : topographic name for someone who lived by a common pasture, Middle English tye (Old English tēag).North German : from a short form, Tide, of the personal name Dietrich.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
Powerful
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Bengali, British, Christian, English, Indian
Springtime; Spring Season; Rapid Movement
TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
TYPE I-STRING-THEORY
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