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Formation of biological viruses during the infection process
synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids. Virus replication occurs in seven stages: Attachment Entry (penetration) Uncoating Replication Assembly Maturation
Viral_replication
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
the viral genomic nucleic acid. Replication of viruses involves primarily multiplication of the genome. Replication involves the synthesis of viral messenger
Virus
Set of processes all viruses follow to ensure survival
the host cell, where replication of the viral genome may commence. Next, a virus must take control of the host cell's replication mechanisms. It is at
Viral_life_cycle
Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
round of replication). Although most viral mutations confer no benefit and often even prove deleterious to viruses, the rapid rate of viral mutation combined
Viral_evolution
Species of virus
signaling. Viral reproduction occurs in large constructs known as large cytoplasmic factories or viral factories. This is the site where DNA replication, transcription
Cafeteria_roenbergensis_virus
Medication used to treat a viral infection
Release of viral genes and possibly enzymes into the host cell. Replication of viral components using host-cell machinery. Assembly of viral components
Antiviral_drug
Virus subtype
Covalently bonded to the 5’ UTR is the viral protein VPg which aids in viral entry and replication. 2A and 3C are viral proteinases which aid in the cleavage
Coxsackie_B4_virus
Population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes
continually and change in relative frequency as viral replication and selection proceeds. The theory predicts that a viral quasispecies at a low but evolutionarily
Viral_quasispecies
Species of flavivirus causing West Nile fever
host and viral proteases NS2B-NS3 to produce mature proteins. In order to replicate its genome, NS5, a RNA polymerase, forms a replication complex with
West_Nile_virus
Study of how viruses cause diseases
by which an initial infection causes disease. Viral disease is the sum of the effects of viral replication on the host and the host's subsequent immune
Viral_pathogenesis
Species of virus
is then known as a cytoplasmic viral factory in which the virus uses the host cell machinery to continue replication of RNA strands that will then be
Black_beetle_virus
Human viral infection
immunosuppressive medications. HBV goes through cycles of replication and non-replication. Approximately 50% of overt carriers experience acute reactivation
Hepatitis_B
Topics referred to by the same term
replication or DNA synthesis, the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule Semiconservative replication, mechanism of DNA replication Viral replication
Replication
host's genome. In either case the viral DNA will replicate along with the original host DNA during cell replication causing two cells to now be infected
Viral_transformation
Outermost layer of many types of the infectious agent
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells
Viral_envelope
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
to what communication and information studies consider digitally viral replication. Dawkins noted the three conditions that must exist for evolution
Meme
Viral parasites of giant viruses
viruses. Virophages rely on the viral replication factory of the co-infecting giant virus for their own replication. One of the characteristics of virophages
Virophage
Hypothesis in cell biology
individual host through viral proliferation. Hypothetically, viral replication cycles may mirror those of plasmids and viral lysogens. However, this theory
Viral_eukaryogenesis
for genome replication and other viral life cycle components. The ITRs located 5' and 3' of the viral genome serve as the origin of replication. Like the
Self-complementary adeno-associated virus
Self-complementary_adeno-associated_virus
Family of viruses
essential for replication. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by cell receptor endocytosis. Replication follows the
Birnaviridae
Species of virus
greater than ten years. Viral replication is almost exclusively associated with macrophages in infected tissues; however, replication is restricted in these
Visna-maedi_virus
Inclusion body where viruses replicate
inclusion", is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral factories in the cell. There can be many
Viroplasm
Species of virus
transcription of the early genes. Early gene products help to replicate the viral DNA. Viral DNA replication, in turn, stimulates the expression of the late genes
Herpes_simplex_virus
Gene that can be expressed in response to stimulation by interferon
and is expressed in response to viral infection. ISGs induced by type I interferon are associated with viral replication suppression and increase expression
Interferon-stimulated_gene
Subclass of viruses
viruses Viral replication Positive/negative-sense Animal viruses Double-stranded RNA viruses Retrovirus DNA viruses Norovirus cis-acting replication element
RNA_virus
Biological process
near-perfect fidelity for DNA replication. DNA replication usually begins at specific locations known as origins of replication which are scattered across
DNA_replication
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
mechanisms to replicate their genome. A widely used method is bidirectional replication, in which two replication forks are established at a replication origin
Baltimore_classification
Self-replicating objects or patterns
Viral phenomena or viral sensations are objects or patterns that are able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when
Viral_phenomenon
Cis-acting replication elements (cre) bring together the 5′ and 3′ ends during replication of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses (for example
Cis-acting replication element
Cis-acting_replication_element
Inflammation of the liver
information about the stage of infection (acute or chronic), the degree of viral replication, and the infectivity of the virus. The most apparent distinguishing
Hepatitis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
apparatus, for their replication. Disrupting host factors involved in RNA processing could potentially impede viral replication. Aberrations in splicing
SON_(gene)
RNA family
replication signal is a regulatory element involved in a viral replication signal which is highly conserved in citrus tristeza viruses. Replication signals
Citrus tristeza virus replication signal
Citrus_tristeza_virus_replication_signal
Intermediate DNA structure in viral replication
necessary to complete viral replication and protein production and therefore does not need to use its host's semi-conservative DNA replication machinery. Triggers
CccDNA
Family of viruses
2013). "Poxvirus DNA Replication". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 5(9) – via Europe PMC. "Orthopoxvirus replication ~ ViralZone". viralzone.expasy
Poxviridae
HIV functional cure without medication
wherein the host immune system or external interventions suppress viral replication and prevent disease progression in the absence of medication. The
HIV_remission
Hepatitis B viral protein
together acts as a marker of viral replication, and why antibodies to these antigens are a marker of declining replication. The presence of HBeAg in the
HBeAg
Genus of giant virus possessing a large double-stranded DNA genome
Pandoraviruses have a viral replication cycle. They lack the ability to make their own proteins, rely on the host cells for ATP (energy) and replication, and also
Pandoravirus
Dissemination of mature virions from host cell
Viral shedding is the expulsion and release of virus progeny following successful reproduction during a host cell infection. Once replication has been
Viral_shedding
Animal or plant disease resulting from a viral infection
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach
Viral_disease
Biological term
their replication and the translation of their mRNA into viral proteins, but use proteins encoded by the host cell for this purpose. Most viral structural
Viral_protein
Class of viruses in the Baltimore classification
after infection serve genome replication functions; they recruit the positive-strand viral genome to viral replication complexes formed in association
Positive-strand_RNA_virus
Species of virus
where replication and transcription occur. The viral genomic +ssRNA is used both to translate proteins and to transcribe (+)ssRNA copies of the viral genome
Rio_Negro_virus
RNA family
encapsidation (packaging) signal, which is essential for efficient viral replication. Before its discovery, the location of the encapsidation (packaging)
Bovine leukaemia virus RNA packaging signal
Bovine_leukaemia_virus_RNA_packaging_signal
Infection caused by the chikungunya virus
non-structural proteins, nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4, play essential roles in viral replication, translation, and immune evasion. The virus consists of four nonstructural
Chikungunya
Protein family
HBcAg (core antigen) is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is an indicator of active viral replication; this means the person infected with Hepatitis B can
HBcAg
Species of virus
hypothesized viral replication and protein production of paramyxoviruses, however, other models exist that suggest the polymerase initiates replication and transcription
Avian_metaavulavirus_2
Genus of viruses
structural and non-structural proteins, during replication. The cellular ribosome is crucial to the replication of the flavivirus, as it translates the RNA
Orthoflavivirus
DNA synthesis technique
Rolling circle replication (RCR) is a process of unidirectional nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of circular molecules
Rolling_circle_replication
Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
During viral replication, the integrated DNA provirus is transcribed into RNA. The full-length genomic RNAs (gRNA) can be packaged into new viral particles
HIV
Genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Potyviridae
which is required for viral replication and accumulates in viral replication vesicles. It mediates the interactions between replication vesicles and movement
Potyvirus
Enterovirus
virus spreads and replicates in other sites such as brown fat, reticuloendothelial tissue, and muscle. The sustained viral replication causes secondary
Poliovirus
Species of virus
the viral genome into an RNA replication complex, which is associated with rearranged cytoplasmic membranes. RNA replication takes place via the viral RNA-dependent
Hepatitis_C_virus
Class of antiviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C
C and COVID-19. These protease inhibitors prevent viral replication by selectively binding to viral proteases (e.g. HIV-1 protease) and blocking proteolytic
Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)
Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template
of new viral genomes that are packaged and released from the cell ready to infect more host cells. The advantage of this method of replication is that
RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase
Class of RNA-binding proteins found in viruses
play crucial roles in encapsulating viral RNA, facilitating genome replication and transcription, organizing viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes,
Viral_nucleoprotein
Biotechnology for gene delivery
entities on Earth. As they cannot replicate independently, they must infect cells and hijack the host's replication machinery in order to produce copies
Viral_vector
Biochemical compound
therapeutic drugs, including a range of antiviral products used to prevent viral replication in infected cells. The most commonly used is acyclovir. Nucleotide
Nucleoside_analogue
grouping of genes in a viral genome that are expressed at the same time during the viral replication cycle. Five of the human DNA viral families have multiple
Kinetic_class_(virology)
Papilloma virus which infects certain leporids
epithelial layers. Viral replication proteins E1 and E2 are also required to form the papilloma and keep the episomal viral genome replication low. Genome amplification
Shope_papilloma_virus
Theory that viruses predate cellular life
proposed a chimeric scenario in which viral replication modules descended from primordial pre-cellular replicators, consistent with the virus-first view
Virus_world_hypothesis
Presence of virus in the blood
virus. Usually the virus will replicate briefly within the first site of infection, within the muscle tissues. Viral replication then leads to viremia and
Viremia
Family of viruses
available to create a capsid around the newly replicated genome, the virus undergoes replication. After replication, the P, L, and M proteins participate in
Pneumoviridae
Type of virus
which are actively replicating. These enzymes also exist in the genomes of certain viruses (e.g. HSV, vaccinia) and allow viral replication in quiescent (non-replicating)
Oncolytic_virus
Group of cells allowing a pathogen to infect nearby endothelium
virus entry, virus replication, and blocking of the host immune response contribute to a productive virus infection and replication. SARS-CoV-2 is the
Endothelial_cell_tropism
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
necessary step in the synthesis of viral proteins needed for viral replication. This process is catalyzed by a viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase. A DNA
Transcription_(biology)
molecule by excisions made by the viral replication initiator protein. RHR is similar to rolling circle replication and can be considered a variation
Rolling_hairpin_replication
Infection specificity of pathogens
necessary transcription factors needed for viral replication to occur. When the virus is able to use the cell to replicate its genetic information, the virus
Host_tropism
Genus of viruses
which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the negative stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative stranded RNA virus transcription
Lyssavirus
Family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales
rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. The replication cycle is the same for most rhabdoviruses. All components
Rhabdoviridae
Video that becomes popular via Internet sharing
Viral videos are videos that become popular most often through a viral process of Internet sharing, primarily through video sharing websites such as YouTube
Viral_video
Species of virus
genome contains the majority of the essential viral genes, including for structural proteins, DNA replication, transcription, and mRNA synthesis. The ends
Variola_virus
Proteins that interfere with viral replication
or animal cells to interfere with viral replication. These proteins are isolated to inhibit the virus from replicating in a host's cells and stop it from
Antiviral_protein
Virus which infects bees
identified that viral particles concentrate primarily in two centers of the brain to replicate after infecting the host. The first replication center is the
Chronic_bee_paralysis_virus
Family of viruses
"Sequence requirements for viral RNA replication and VPg uridylylation directed by the internal cis-acting replication element (CRE) of human rhinovirus
Picornavirus
Type of behavior of a dynamical system
separate categories, including: (1) Replication Control, (2) Replication Information, (3) Replication Substrate, (4) Replicator Structure, (5) Passive Parts
Self-replication
Disease caused by Duck enteritis virus
considered pantropic because it is able to replicate and spread to multiple organs within the host. Viral replication causes an increase in vascular permeability
Duck_plague
Genus of viruses
virions (18–20 nm). Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the ssDNA
Nanovirus
Genus of viruses
codes for 211 proteins. Viral replication is nucleocytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host receptors
Iridovirus
Treatment using biotechnology to convert viruses into therapeutic agents
fight off viruses make them advantageous for viral replication compared to non-tumorous cells. The replication of viruses in tumor cells causes tumor cells
Virotherapy
Cellular-based anti-viral defense mechanisms
a viral infection to be halted quickly. Intrinsic antiviral immunity refers to a form of innate immunity that directly restricts viral replication and
Intrinsic_immunity
Inflammation of the heart muscle
activation of the innate immune system. Over the next 1–4 weeks, viral replication continues with subsequent activation of the acquired immune system
Myocarditis
Feature of viruses
herpesviruses. The tegument generally contains proteins that aid in viral DNA replication and evasion of the immune response, typically with inhibition of
Viral_tegument
a marker of HBV replication and infectivity. The precore region is not necessary for viral replication. Precore mutants can replicate. They are readily
Hepatitis B virus precore mutant
Hepatitis_B_virus_precore_mutant
Signaling proteins released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens
pathogens. Interferons are named for their ability to "interfere" with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections. However, virus-encoded
Interferon
is a core subunit of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex that is essential for both transcription and replication of the negative-strand RNA
Polymerase_basic_protein_2
Human viral infection
chronic infection. This is defined as the presence of detectable viral replication for at least six months. Though most experience minimal or no symptoms
Hepatitis_C
agents given to reduce viral replication, AV-HALTs are single or combination drugs designed to reduce the rate of viral replication while, at the same time
AV-HALT
Synthetic viral vector
termed a gutless virus, is a synthetic viral vector dependent on the assistance of a helper virus in order to replicate, and can be used for purposes such
Helper_dependent_virus
Infectious disease
Newly synthesized viral polymerase subunits and NP proteins are imported to the nucleus to further increase the rate of viral replication and form RNPs.
Influenza
Family of viruses
all the genetic material produced by DNA replication. Once the viral components have successfully been replicated, the virus is assembled into its protein
Adenoviridae
Aspect of scientific research
degree of reliability when the study is replicated. There are different kinds of replication but typically replication studies involve different researchers
Reproducibility
Species of virus
support viral replication continue to phagocytize and accumulate viral antigen in their cytoplasm (Fig. 2C). A second wave of viral replication can be
Porcine_parvovirus
Invasion of an organism's body by pathogenic agents
Molecular Mobility, Interactions and Structure Sheds New Light on Viral Replication". Viruses. 10 (5): 250. doi:10.3390/v10050250. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 5977243
Infection
Components of human immunodeficiency virus
HIV-1 recombination, which occurs during reverse transcription of viral replication, thus increasing genetic diversity. Another advantage is that having
Structure_and_genome_of_HIV
Family of viruses
polyproteins, each managing the capsid and replication. The pol region encodes enzymes necessary for viral replication, such as reverse transcriptase, protease
Retrovirus
Antiviral drug
enzyme for viral replication. The SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes several proteases to assist in creating proteins that are essential for viral replication. Among
Jun12682
Species of virus
involved in viral replication while RNA-3 has a role in the spread of infection throughout the plant. When RNA-3 is deficient, virus replication still does
Cowpea_chlorotic_mottle_virus
of new viral particles from segments of each parental lineage. recombinant virus release rep An abbreviation for replication protein. replication Any of
Glossary_of_virology
Type of RNA molecules
in a variety of RNA processing reactions, including RNA splicing, viral replication, and transfer RNA biosynthesis. Examples of ribozymes include the
Ribozyme
Mosquito transmitted virus endemic to Papua New Guinea
the viral envelope fuse to the host cell membrane in order to release the viral capsid into the cell. Once the genome is in the cell, replication occurs
Sepik_virus
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