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Subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses
Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses. Viruses have short generation times, and many—in
Viral_evolution
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
can occur when viruses infect cells simultaneously, and studies of viral evolution have shown that recombination has been rampant in the species studied
Virus
Video that becomes popular via Internet sharing
Viral videos are videos that become popular most often through a viral process of Internet sharing, primarily through video sharing websites such as YouTube
Viral_video
Population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes
A viral quasispecies is a population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes (related by mutations). Quasispecies result from high
Viral_quasispecies
Outermost layer of many types of the infectious agent
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells
Viral_envelope
Virus-derived DNA in another organism
endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism. EVEs may be entire viral genomes
Endogenous_viral_element
Human disease
system, the frequency of the occurrence of genetic variation in the major viral species is reduced. They used five control patients and four patients with
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Species of virus
belonging to the gammaretroviral genus of the Retroviridae family. The viral particles of replicating MLVs have C-type morphology as determined by electron
Murine_leukemia_virus
Viral part of the biosphere
needed] Viral evolution or evolution of viruses presumably started from the beginning of the second age of RNA world, when different types of viral genomes
Virosphere
Study of ancient viruses
can cause evolution of their hosts, and the signatures of that evolution can be found and interpreted in the present day. Also, some viral genetic fragments
Paleovirology
Theory that viruses predate cellular life
thus pointing to an early origin for viral replication, although the long course of their subsequent evolution did involve displacements by replicative
Virus_world_hypothesis
Variants of the human immunodeficiency virus
management of HIV is the virus's pronounced genetic variability and rapid viral evolution. HIV-1 is the most common and most pathogenic strain of the virus.
Subtypes_of_HIV
Study of what affects viral life spans
Viral phylodynamics is the study of how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape viral phylogenies
Viral_phylodynamics
Formation of biological viruses during the infection process
Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before
Viral_replication
Subclass of viruses
driving force in determining genome architecture and the course of viral evolution among Picornaviridae ((+)ssRNA), e.g. poliovirus. In the Retroviridae
RNA_virus
Cultural idea that spreads through imitation
theorize that memes are a viral phenomenon that may evolve by natural selection in a manner analogous to that of biological evolution. Memes do this through
Meme
Individual living life form
cells, meaning that there was co-evolution of viruses and host cells. If host cells did not exist, viral evolution would be impossible. As for reproduction
Organism
Species of virus
properties of viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, as well as to study viral evolution. Vesiculovirus indiana is the prototypic member of the genus Vesiculovirus
Indiana_vesiculovirus
This is a partial list of viral videos, including those that are music videos, that have gained rapid attention on the Internet. Like Internet memes,
List_of_viral_videos
Contagious virus mainly affecting dogs
Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Truyen U, Holmes EC (2005). "High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus". Proc. Natl
Canine_parvovirus
Hypothesis in cell biology
precursors with lysogenic viruses. The viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis depicts a model of eukaryotic evolution in which a virus, similar to a modern pox
Viral_eukaryogenesis
Ancestor of all current life on Earth
Arshan; Kim, Kyung Mo; Caetano-Anollés, Gustavo (1 September 2012). "Viral evolution". Mobile Genetic Elements. 2 (5): 247–252. doi:10.4161/mge.22797. PMC 3575434
Last universal common ancestor
Last_universal_common_ancestor
commonly fossilised invertebrates Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Viral evolution Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind Myxozoa were thought to be an
History_of_life
Filling of the nasal cavity with fluid mucus
far worse damage. It has also been suggested that viral rhinorrhea is a result of viral evolution whereby virus variants that increase nasal secretion
Rhinorrhea
Viruses can become part of the DNA of those they infect
Endogenization is the evolutionary process by which viral genetic material becomes stably integrated into the germline of a host organism and inherited
Endogenization
American internet personality
from 1993 to 1994. He is best known for his performance in the "Evolution of Dance" viral video clip, which became one of the most famous YouTube videos
Judson_Laipply
Matter with biological processes
September 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2023. Holmes, E. C. (October 2007). "Viral evolution in the genomic age". PLOS Biol. 5 (10) e278. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio
Life
by the lack of complete viral genome sequences of diverse samples in reference databases and the rapid rate of viral evolution. Adding to these challenges
Viral_metagenomics
2009 film by James Wong
Dragonball Evolution is a 2009 superhero film based on the 1984–95 manga series Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama. Directed by James Wong from a screenplay
Dragonball_Evolution
Austrian-born scientist (born 1965)
his work in evolutionary dynamics, focusing on evolutionary theory and viral dynamics. Nowak held faculty positions at Oxford University and the Institute
Martin_Nowak
American virologist
believes that in the course of evolution viral DNA has endowed hosts with unique new capacities Viruses and the Evolution of Life (ASM Press, 2005) Origin
Luis_P._Villarreal
Shuffling of genetic material
driving force in determining genome architecture and the course of viral evolution. When replicating its (+)ssRNA genome, the poliovirus RNA-dependent
Genetic_recombination
American biologist and computer scientist
machine learning, and predictive analytics in areas not limited to: Viral evolution, cellular differentiation, drug discovery, RNA structure, cis-regulatory
Gary_B._Fogel
List of YouTube videos that have been viewed the most
Although the most-viewed were initially viral videos uploaded by amateur content creators, such as "Evolution of Dance" and "Charlie Bit My Finger", they
List of most-viewed YouTube videos
List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos
Family of viruses
Félez-Sánchez, Marta (2015-01-28). "Papillomaviruses: Viral evolution, cancer and evolutionary medicine". Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. 2015 (1): 32–51
Papillomaviridae
Concept in epidemiology
itself acts as an evolutionary pressure on pathogens, influencing viral evolution by encouraging the production of novel strains, referred to as escape
Herd_immunity
Analysis of datasets using techniques from topology
network, signal analysis, cosmic web, complex network, fractal geometry, viral evolution, propagation of contagions on networks, bacteria classification using
Topological_data_analysis
Evolutionary biological process
Dimmock & Easton 2007, p. 16 Mahy & Van Regenmortel 2009, p. 24 "Viral evolution". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. National Center for Biotechnology
Reductive_evolution
vertebrate paleontology (a.k.a. vertebrate paleobiology or paleozoology) – viral evolution – The Voyage of the Beagle – vestigiality Alfred Russel Wallace – Wallace
Index of evolutionary biology articles
Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles
Inclusion body where viruses replicate
inhibit viral replication, may help to develop new therapeutic approaches against virus infections in animal and plant cells. Viral evolution Nucleocytoviricota
Viroplasm
at an accelerated pace in white-tailed deer, at triple the rate of viral evolution in humans. White-tailed deer also maintain active infections much longer
SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer
SARS-CoV-2_in_white-tailed_deer
Species of virus
humans. It likely originated from an ancestral version and underwent viral evolution to adapt to transmission in different species. Other morbilliviruses
Feline_morbillivirus
Difference in DNA among individuals or populations
driving force in determining genome architecture and the course of viral evolution among Picornaviridae ((+)ssRNA) (e.g. poliovirus). In the Retroviridae
Genetic_variation
Class of viruses in the Baltimore classification
driving force in determining genome architecture and the course of viral evolution among Picornaviridae (e.g. poliovirus). In the Retroviridae (e.g. HIV)
Positive-strand_RNA_virus
Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
from parental to progeny genomes. Viral recombination produces genetic variation that likely contributes to the evolution of resistance to anti-retroviral
HIV
British epidemiologist
Heritability of Setpoint Viral Load, CD4+ T-Cell Decline, and Per-Parasite Pathogenicity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35: 27–37. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx246
Christophe_Fraser
Collection of viruses in an organism or ecosystem
pathogenesis and viral evolution. In 2024, a study of the virome examined persistent viruses in multiple organs from individuals who died of non-viral causes,
Virome
Species of virus
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is a plant virus of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae that causes diseases in cruciferous plants, among others.
Turnip_mosaic_virus
Virus that causes COVID-19
but SARS-CoV-2's viral evolution is slowed by the RNA proofreading capability of its replication machinery. For comparison, the viral mutation rate in
SARS-CoV-2
Biotechnology for gene delivery
A viral vector is a modified virus designed to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside an organism or in cell culture
Viral_vector
Rabbit disease caused by Myxoma virus
strong selection pressure for the evolution of rabbits resistant to myxomatosis. As rabbits became more resistant the viral strains responded by becoming
Myxomatosis
American physician
practice medicine in Maryland. Ray researches the influence of viral evolution on viral pathogenesis, concentrating in particular on complex RNA viruses
Stuart_C._Ray
Metric in epidemiology
1086/425271. PMID 15627236. Rodpothong P, Auewarakul P (October 2012). "Viral evolution and transmission effectiveness". World Journal of Virology. 1 (5):
Basic_reproduction_number
Method of inducible gene expression
"Optimization of the Tet-On system for regulated gene expression through viral evolution". Gene Ther. 13 (19): 1382–90. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302780. PMID 16724096
Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation
Tetracycline-controlled_transcriptional_activation
Theory that RNA plays an independent role in determining phenotype
lack of a proofreading mechanism during viral genome replication. In addition to mutation, RNA virus evolution is also facilitated by genetic recombination
RNA-based_evolution
Subviral agent
gene transfer between a virophage and a giant virus is crucial to viral evolution. The Sputnik virophage has a capsid 74 nm in diameter, with icosahedral
Sputnik_virophage
Species of virus
Equine hepacivirus (EHV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Orthohepacivirus. EHV includes Canine hepacivirus (CHV). It infects
Equine_hepacivirus
Website for tracking viral evolution
spread of viral outbreaks. Its aim is to support public health measures and surveillance by facilitating understanding of the spread and evolution of pathogens
Nextstrain
in RNA interference as an antiviral defense, and in the dynamics of viral evolution during infection and transmission. Andino has warned of a “silent epidemic”
Raul_Andino
American virologist
interests in molecular biology, virus-host relationships, pathogenesis and viral evolution and population dynamics. "Tufts profile". Archived from the original
John_Coffin_(scientist)
Internet meme based on video by Gary Brolsma
Dance is considered one of the web's most important viral videos, and, much like the video Evolution of Dance by Judson Laipply, inspired many YouTube viewers
Numa_Numa_(video)
American virologist
development. Overbaugh's research has also focused on understanding how viral evolution impacts disease and she showed that the viruses that evolve over the
Julie_Overbaugh
Education. 3 (9): 37. Nasir A, Kim KM, Caetano-Anollés G (2012). "Viral evolution: Primordial cellular origins and late adaptation to parasitism". Mobile
Introduction_to_viruses
Species of virus
of the virion contains the viral RNA genome, which is made of eight separate segments. The nucleoprotein (NP) coats the viral RNA to form a ribonucleoprotein
Influenza_A_virus
Amoebic virus
September 2021). "The genomes of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses: viral evolution writ large". Microbial Genomics. 7 (9). doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000649.
Yaravirus
2007 Internet viral video
known as "Charlie Bit My Finger" or "Charlie Bit Me", is a 2007 Internet viral video famous for being at the time the most viewed YouTube video. As of
Charlie_Bit_My_Finger
Antiviral drug
with letermovir underscores the ongoing selective pressure on CMV's viral evolution and its continued ability to evade therapeutic suppression through
Letermovir
virus – vestibular system – vicariance – virology – viral classification – virus – viral evolution – viridamide – visible light – vision – vitamin - Viroid
Index_of_biology_articles
Scientific hypotheses on the origin and evolution of DNA
unavailable, researchers must rely on studying extant molecular biology, viral genetics, and astrochemistry to piece together how the molecule originated
Origin_of_DNA
of an active viral infection. viral matrix viral particle See virion. viral plaque viral protein viral shedding viral transformation viral vector viremia
Glossary_of_virology
Study of viruses
and animals. The study of the manner in which viruses cause disease is viral pathogenesis. The degree to which a virus causes disease is its virulence
Virology
American evolutionary biologist
6,000 times. Although Turner is known for his foundational work in viral evolution, he has recently begun to apply his insights towards advancing the
Paul_E._Turner
American male professional wrestler (born 1988)
entire section of metal bleachers during a match at The Resistance went viral. Evolution Pro Wrestling EPW Openweight Championship (1 time) Freelance Underground
Shane_Mercer
DNA sequence whose position in the genome is variable
study their characteristics and evolution refer to them as mobile genetic elements. This is based on the fact that viral agents are simple particles or
Mobile_genetic_elements
Professor of Virology
studies how viral evolution impacts public health practises and policy. Breuer demonstrated a methodology that enables the recovery of low copy viral DNA from
Judith_Breuer
Realm of viruses
essential for replicating the viral genome and transcribing viral genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation of viral proteins. Riboviria was established
Riboviria
Organism that consists of more than one cell
work of linking one cell to another, in viral infections. The fact that all known cell fusion molecules are viral in origin suggests that they have been
Multicellular_organism
Taxonomic rank
Katzourakis A (May 2015). "Endogenous Viruses: Connecting Recent and Ancient Viral Evolution". Virology. 479–480: 26–37. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.011. PMID 25771486
Realm_(virology)
Ghanaian parasitologist
Vanessa (2020-12-16). "Genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reveals local viral evolution in Ghana". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 246 (8): 960–970. doi:10
Gordon_Awandare
Unsolved problem in biology What selection pressures led to the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction? More unsolved problems in biology Sexually
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Carnegie Mellon University from August 2020 to May 2021, focusing on viral evolution and the role of monocytes in severe COVID-19. In May 2021, Taylor joined
Kishana_Taylor
Organization and management of preventive measures against pandemics
against whole categories of viruses. It might be possible to predict viral evolution using machine learning. In April 2020 it was reported that researchers
Pandemic_prevention
Indian pulmonologist (born 1972)
World Health Organization (WHO) Technical Advisory Group for SARS CoV2 viral evolution and also as a member of the pathogens project of the Bulletin of the
Anurag Agrawal (medical scientist)
Anurag_Agrawal_(medical_scientist)
Genus of viruses
consist of a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes five viral proteins: polymerase L, matrix protein M, phosphoprotein P, nucleoprotein
Lyssavirus
preserved during viral evolution. RNA viruses are known to acquire host sequences. In some cases whole enzymes have been acquired by viral genomes; the papain-like
SSHHPS
Species of parrot endemic to Mauritius
Black, S. A.; Chowrimootoo, A.; Groombridge, J. J. (2012). "Tracking viral evolution during a disease outbreak: the rapid and complete selective sweep of
Echo_parakeet
New Zealand plant pathologist
returned to studying plants, and undertook postdoctoral research on viral evolution and genetically modified crops at CSIRO, the University of Queensland
Colleen_Higgins
Human viral infection
by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. It can cause both acute and chronic infection. Many people have
Hepatitis_B
Genus of viruses
produce messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation by host ribosomes to produce viral proteins and replicates the genome for progeny viruses. Old World hantaviruses
Hantavirus
international act / Montreux / Switzerland Judson Laipply, creator of viral "Evolution of Dance" clip, which inspired Krosny to create a similar performance
Ireneusz_Krosny
Biomedical research institute, government agency in Jakarta, Indonesia
to control COVID-19, and surveilling local variants and SARS-CoV-2 viral evolution in Indonesia thru Whole Genome Sequencing equipments owned by the agency
National Institute of Health Research and Development (Indonesia)
National_Institute_of_Health_Research_and_Development_(Indonesia)
Study of how viruses cause diseases
Viral pathogenesis is the study of the process and mechanisms by which viruses cause diseases in their target hosts, often at the cellular or molecular
Viral_pathogenesis
Proposed alternative scenarios related to abiogenesis
S2CID 105299840. Katzourakis, A. (2013). "Paleovirology: Inferring viral evolution from host genome sequence data". Philosophical Transactions of the
Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
Alternative_abiogenesis_scenarios
Viruses found in marine environments
Krupovic M, Poulet A, Debroas D, Enault F (2012). "Evolution and diversity of the Microviridae viral family through a collection of 81 new complete genomes
Marine_viruses
Viruses that can cause cancer
(2025). "Within- and between-host evolutionary effects on viral oncogenicity". Virus Evolution. 11 (1) veaf043. doi:10.1093/ve/veaf043. PMC 12218219. PMID 40606504
Oncovirus
American bioinformatician and computational biologist
Caetano-Anollés G (2015) A phylogenomic data-driven exploration of viral origins and evolution. Science Advances 1(8): e1500527. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500527
Gustavo_Caetano-Anollés
Undersea unicellular organisms
Culley AI, Shakya M, Lang AS (2015). "Viral evolution at the limits". In Bakermans C (ed.). Microbial Evolution under Extreme Conditions. Walter de Gruyter
Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
Hydrothermal_vent_microbial_communities
Academic journal
processes, virus classification, viral molecular epidemiology, viral phylodynamics, and environmental virology. Virus Evolution is indexed in Academic OneFile
Virus_Evolution_(journal)
Organisation of viruses into a taxonomic system
Viriforms are a polyphyletic category of endogenous viral elements. Sometime in their evolution, they became "domesticated" by their host as a key part
Virus_classification
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template
Bolfíková B, Valdés JJ, Grubhoffer L, Růžek D (2014). "Evolution of tertiary structure of viral RNA dependent polymerases". PLOS ONE. 9 (5) e96070. Bibcode:2014PLoSO
RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase
VIRAL EVOLUTION
VIRAL EVOLUTION
Boy/Male
Hindu
Pure
Girl/Female
Hungarian
Flower.
Boy/Male
Sikh
Heroic protector, Protector of the brave
Girl/Female
Muslim
Boy/Male
Hindu
Continuous
Boy/Male
Hindu
Biggest in universe, The Sun or the king, Resplendent, Splendor (Celebrity Names: Celina Jaitly and Peter Haag)
Boy/Male
Hindu
Massive, Very big, Giant proportioned
Boy/Male
Hindu
Twilight, Evening, Close of the day
Boy/Male
Hindu
Precious, Rare
Girl/Female
Hindu
Priceless, Valuable, Rare, Precious
Boy/Male
Hindu
Priceless, Precious
Male
Spanish
Spanish form of Roman Latin Vitalis, VIDAL means "of life; vital."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Not any affection, Jealousy to other
Boy/Male
Latin English French Portuguese Spanish
Life.
Girl/Female
Indian
Lustrous
Boy/Male
Hindu
Spear warrior
Girl/Female
Hindu
Priceless, Precious
Surname or Lastname
English (Sussex, Essex, and Kent)
English (Sussex, Essex, and Kent) : unexplained. Reaney derives it from Vynall’s Farm in Pebmarsh in Essex, but it seems more likely that the surname gave rise to the farm name.Galician and Spanish (Viñal) : habitational name from any of six places in Galicia named Viñal, from a derivative of viña ‘vineyard’.in some cases also a Castilianized spelling of Catalan Vinyal, of the same derivation as Spanish Viñal.
Male
Hindi/Indian
(विमल) Hindi name VIMAL means "clean, pure."
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit
Priceless; Natural; Deep Thinker
VIRAL EVOLUTION
VIRAL EVOLUTION
Girl/Female
Indian
Stock-pile of good qualities
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Lotus
Girl/Female
French American
Favor; grace.
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Rain; Love
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
A Gandharva King
Female
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Latin Lætitia, LETICIA means "happiness." Compare with another form of Leticia.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ananda | ஆநஂதா, ஆநஂதÂ
Joy, Happiness
Boy/Male
Tamil
Strong and complete (Son of Lord Sun)
Male
Irish
Irish form of Latin Columbanus, COLMÃN means "dove."
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Star; Planet
VIRAL EVOLUTION
VIRAL EVOLUTION
VIRAL EVOLUTION
VIRAL EVOLUTION
VIRAL EVOLUTION
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Vial
n.
A vital part; one of the vitals.
imp. & p. p.
of Vial
n.
A small bottle, usually of glass; a little glass vessel with a narrow aperture intended to be closed with a stopper; as, a vial of medicine.
a.
Pertaining to life; vital.
n.
See Vital force, under Vital.
a.
Capable of living; in a state to live; viable.
a.
Belonging or relating to life, either animal or vegetable; as, vital energies; vital functions; vital actions.
a.
Contributing to life; necessary to, or supporting, life; as, vital blood.
a.
Vital; as, teleorganic functions.
n.
Vital statistics.
a.
Derived from, or dependent upon, vital processes; -- said of certain electric currents supposed by some physiologists to circulate in the nerves of animals.
n.
See Vital force.
adv.
In a vital manner.
v. t.
To put in a vial or vials.
n.
Nerve force. See Vital force, under Vital.
n.
A vial.
a.
Fatally vulnerable; vital.