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Term used in microbial thermal death time calculations
Z-value is a term used in microbial thermal death time calculations. It is the number of degrees the temperature has to be increased to achieve a tenfold
Z-value_(temperature)
Measure of temperature relative to absolute zero
whiter. The 2500 K value is approximate. Effective photosphere temperature. For a true black body (which the plasma was not). The Z machine's dominant
Thermodynamic_temperature
Amount of heat released by combustion of a quantity of substance
delivered at temperatures below 150 °C (302 °F) can be put to use. The lower heating value (LHV; net calorific value; NCV, or lower calorific value; LCV) is
Heat_of_combustion
Smooth approximation of one-hot arg max
expressions σ(𝐳)i=eβzi∑j=1Keβzjorσ(𝐳)i=e−βzi∑j=1Ke−βzjfor i=1,…,K. A value proportional to the reciprocal of β is sometimes referred to as the temperature: β=1/kT
Softmax_function
SI unit of temperature
doubling of Kelvin temperature, regardless of the starting temperature, and "infinite cold" (absolute zero) has a numerical value of negative infinity
Kelvin
Correction factor which describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behavior
behaviour, be taken into account. The value of Z generally increases with pressure and decreases with temperature. At high pressures molecules collide
Compressibility_factor
Physical quantity of hot and cold
measurements of temperatures near absolute zero. This scale has a reference temperature at the triple point of water, the numerical value of which is defined
Temperature
Temperature difference per unit of length
T = T ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle T=T(x,y,z)} where x, y and z are the coordinates of the location of interest, then the temperature gradient is the
Temperature_gradient
Method of calculating heat transfer in flow systems
heat flux at z is proportional to the temperature difference: q(z)=α(T2(z)−T1(z))=αΔT(z) The heat that leaves the fluids causes a temperature gradient according
Logarithmic mean temperature difference
Logarithmic_mean_temperature_difference
Typical temperature range found in humans
circumstances also affect the body's temperature. The core body temperature of an individual tends to have the lowest value in the second half of the sleep
Human_body_temperature
Physical systems hotter than any other
The resulting values for S, E, and Z all increase with T and never need to enter a negative temperature regime. The previous example is
Negative_temperature
Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature
at temperature T have probability Pi of occupying a state i with energy E weighted by the corresponding Boltzmann factor: Pi∝exp(−EkT)Z, where Z is the
Boltzmann_constant
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
High-temperature superconductivity (high-Tc or HTS) is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature (the temperature below which the material
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Locus of colors of incandescent black bodies within a color space
specified by a set of three numbers (the CIE coordinates X, Y, and Z, for example, or other values such as hue, colorfulness, and luminance) which specify the
Planckian_locus
State of matter of many bosons
critical temperature. The equation for the number of particles can be written in terms of the normalized temperature as: N = g 0 z 1 − z + N Li α ( z ) ζ
Bose_gas
Atmospheric model
reference for temperature and pressure and consists of tables of values at various altitudes, plus some formulas by which those values were derived. The
International Standard Atmosphere
International_Standard_Atmosphere
Time (or dose of an antimicrobial) required to kill 90% microbes
condition (e.g. temperature) or set of conditions, to achieve a one-log reduction, that is, to kill 90% of relevant microorganisms. A D-value is denoted with
D-value_(microbiology)
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
here); γ is, itself, temperature-dependent, with a greater value at lower temperatures and a lower value at higher temperatures. For dry air, for example
Speed_of_sound
Relation of magnetization to applied magnetic field and temperature
sufficiently high temperatures and small fields. However, if the material is heated, this proportionality is reduced. For a fixed value of the field, the
Curie's_law
Measure of temperature sensitivity in muscles
biological systems, the Q10 value is ~ 2 to 3 (the rate doubles or triples for every 10 °C increase in temperature). The temperature of a muscle has a significant
Q10_(temperature_coefficient)
Units defined only by physical constants
of these physical constants in terms of Planck units yields a numerical value of 1. They are a system of natural units, defined using fundamental properties
Planck_units
Fixed-value capacitor using ceramic
capacitance values in the lower range. Class 1 capacitors have a temperature coefficient that is typically fairly linear with temperature. These capacitors
Ceramic_capacitor
Comparison of a wide range of temperatures
Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shaded
Orders of magnitude (temperature)
Orders_of_magnitude_(temperature)
Color code to indicate values of electronic components
additional band indicating temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), in units of ppm/K. All coded components have at least two value bands and a multiplier;
Electronic_color_code
Temperature at which the partition function of a statistical-mechanical system diverges
the entropy of the system rather than the temperature, and "the temperature becomes stuck at a limiting value". A self-consistency principle was applied
Hagedorn_temperature
Average temperature of the Earth's surface
from a value over a specified reference period". Put simply, the global surface temperature (GST) is calculated by averaging the temperature at the surface
Global_surface_temperature
Control loop feedback mechanism
a regulation where the actuator and the measured value are not in the same unit (e.g., temperature regulation using a motor controlling a valve), Kp
PID_controller
Politics of those born from 1997 to 2012
Generation Z (or Gen Z), colloquially referred to as "zoomers" in the West, is the demographic cohort succeeding Millennials and preceding Generation
Political views of Generation Z
Political_views_of_Generation_Z
Comparison of various scales
product is still Z: Z=ni×[Z]i×(cij×[Z]j/[Z]i) For example, we have an expression for a physical value Z involving the unit feet per second ([Z]i) and we want
Conversion_of_units
Function in thermodynamics and statistical physics
constant temperature T, and a chemical potential μ. The grand canonical partition function, denoted by 𝒵, is the following sum over microstates 𝒵(μ,V,T)=∑iexp(Niμ−EikBT)
Partition function (statistical mechanics)
Partition_function_(statistical_mechanics)
Fundamental building block of control systems
(FCE) to alter the value of the manipulated variable (MV). In this example, a flow control loop is shown, but can be level, temperature, or any one of many
Control_loop
{\displaystyle T(z)} are the temperatures at the surface and at the atmospheric level z {\displaystyle z} and W ( z ) {\displaystyle W(z)} is the atmospheric
Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements
Microwave_Sounding_Unit_temperature_measurements
Concept in thermodynamics
conditions, the potential temperature increases with height, ∂ θ ∂ z > 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \theta }{\partial z}}>0} and vertical motions
Potential_temperature
diagrams." For example, the U.S. Standard Atmosphere derives the values for air temperature, pressure, and mass density, as a function of altitude above sea
Reference_atmospheric_model
Theorem in classical statistical mechanics
system at a given temperature, from which the system's heat capacity can be computed. However, equipartition also gives the average values of individual components
Equipartition_theorem
Method in physics
the Debye temperature to become temperature dependent; for example, the value for ice increases from about 222 K to 300 K as the temperature goes from
Debye_model
Law of electrical current and voltage
contains only resistances R (or conductances G) having real values, not complex impedances Z (or admittances Y) which may be expressed in terms of capacitance
Ohm's_law
Measure of variation in statistics
empirical rule. For various values of z, the percentage of values expected to lie in and outside the symmetric interval, CI = (−z'σ, z'σ), are as follows: The
Standard_deviation
Amount of time that it takes to kill a bacteria via heat
given temperature. This D-value reference (DR) point is 250 °F (121 °C). z or z-value is used to determine the time values with different D-values at different
Thermal_death_time
Criterion for igniting a nuclear fusion chain reaction
and plasma temperature T. The triple product also has a minimum required value, and the name "Lawson criterion" may refer to this value. On August 8
Lawson_criterion
Factors found in materials science
model, crystal growth with larger values of α is smooth, whereas crystals growing at smaller α (below the threshold value of 2) have rough surfaces. According
Alpha_factor
Partial differential equation describing the evolution of temperature in a region
heat in a homogeneous and isotropic medium, with u(x,y,z,t) being the temperature at the point (x,y,z) and time t. If the medium is not homogeneous and isotropic
Heat_equation
Type of noise in signal processing
the case of digital imaging— z {\displaystyle z} represents the grey level, μ {\displaystyle \mu } the mean grey value and σ {\displaystyle \sigma }
Gaussian_noise
Dimensionless metric in fluid dynamics
{u}}}{\partial z}}+{\overline {v'w'}}{\frac {\partial {\overline {v}}}{\partial z}}}},} where T v {\displaystyle T_{\text{v}}} is the virtual temperature, θ v {\displaystyle
Richardson_number
Type of altitude above mean sea level
ambient temperature and geopotential height for measurement by barometric altimeters regardless of latitude or geometric elevation: dP=−g ρ dZ=−g0 ρ dH=−g0 PR T dH
Geopotential_height
Passive heat exchanger that transfers heat
dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool CPUs, GPUs, and some chipsets
Heat_sink
Independent parameter describing the state of a physical system
with a different value. By the equipartition theorem, internal energy per mole of gas equals cv T, where T is absolute temperature and the specific heat
Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)
Electronic oscillator circuit
resistance excursions localized at certain temperatures, with their temperature position dependent on the value of the load capacitors. Mechanical stresses
Crystal_oscillator
difference in temperature (ΔT, in units K or °C) may be calculated by subtracting the initial temperature from the final temperature. The value ΔHneutralization
Calorimeter_constant
Formula used to model how air pressure varies with altitude
this expression from the surface to the altitude z we get: P=P0e−∫0zMgdz/R∗T Assuming linear temperature change T=T0−Lz and constant molar mass and gravitational
Barometric_formula
Phenomenon of non-ideal fluids changing temperature
compressibility factor). At low pressure, the value of Z always moves towards unity as a gas expands. Thus at low temperature, Z and PV will increase as the gas expands
Joule–Thomson_effect
Thermodynamic potential
expectation value of the energy and can be expressed in terms of Z as follows: U≡⟨E⟩=∑rPrEr=∑re−βErErZ=∑r−∂∂βe−βErZ=−∂∂β∑re−βErZ=−∂logZ∂β. If the system
Helmholtz_free_energy
Electrical noise due to thermal vibration within a conductor
and the temperature of the resistor alone should be used, even if the resistor and the capacitor are at different temperatures. Some values are tabulated
Johnson–Nyquist_noise
Ratio of the resistivity of a material
impurities, etc. act as scattering sources that contribute a temperature independent ρ0 value. This shifts the intercept of the curve to a higher number
Residual-resistance_ratio
Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
(or E3) series values. Capacitance typically varies with temperature. The different dielectrics express great differences in temperature sensitivity. The
Capacitor_types
Kinetic energy of an unbound neutron
detection temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's kinetic energy, usually given in electron volts. The term temperature is used
Neutron_temperature
Model of thermodynamic properties
ideal gas enthalpy change due to the temperature change from T1 to T2, then subtract the departure function value between v2 and infinite volume. Departure
Departure_function
Measure in meteorology
as air temperature and pressure. A single value for CIN is calculated from one balloon ascent by use of the equation below. The z-bottom and z-top limits
Convective_inhibition
Second-order partial differential equation
gradient operator (also symbolized "grad"), and f(x,y,z) is a twice-differentiable real-valued function. The Laplace operator therefore maps a scalar
Laplace's_equation
Ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries
ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. A thermoconforming
Thermoregulation
Symmetry in statistical physics
low temperature expansion Z N ( K ∗ , L ∗ ) {\displaystyle Z_{N}(K^{*},L^{*})} and the high-temperature expansion Z N ( K , L ) {\displaystyle Z_{N}(K
Kramers–Wannier_duality
Basic statistical model
value Λc where z = 1 and N=(VfΛc3)ζ(3/2), where ζ(z) denotes the Riemann zeta function. The temperature at which Λ = Λc is the critical temperature.
Gas_in_a_box
Δ θ v Δ z ( Δ U ) 2 + ( Δ V ) 2 {\displaystyle R_{B}={\frac {(g/T_{v})\Delta \theta _{v}\Delta z}{(\Delta U)^{2}+(\Delta V)^{2}}}} High values indicate
Bulk_Richardson_number
Concept in astrophysics regarding radiation transparency
radiation path: τ ν ( z ) ≡ ∫ 0 z α ν ( z ′ ) d z ′ = σ ν N , {\displaystyle \tau _{\nu }(z)\equiv \int _{0}^{z}\alpha _{\nu }(z')\,dz'=\sigma _{\nu }N
Optical_depth_(astrophysics)
Post-apocalyptic horror series on Syfy
"Citizen Z (DJ Qualls) is especially horrible." Merrill Barr of Forbes magazine said the show had a high entertainment value. In its first season, Z Nation
Z_Nation
{Fe/H}}]_{\odot }} , where the values represent the number densities of the given element. [M/H] - Metallicity ratio. Z - Metallicity Z☉, ZS - Metallicity of the
List of common astronomy symbols
List_of_common_astronomy_symbols
Equation in polymer science
transition temperature is the temperature at which the free space available for molecular motions achieved a minimum value. While its accuracy is usually
Flory–Fox_equation
Material which exhibits superconductivity above 0 °C
that is a superconductor at room temperature and atmospheric pressure? More unsolved problems in physics A room-temperature superconductor is a hypothetical
Room-temperature superconductor
Room-temperature_superconductor
Optical law in astrophysics
describes the opacity of a medium in terms of the ambient density and temperature, assuming that the opacity is dominated by bound-free absorption (the
Kramers'_opacity_law
Thermodynamic phase transition energy
00006T^{3}\right)~{\text{J/g}},} where the temperature T {\displaystyle T} is taken to be the numerical value in °C. For sublimation and deposition from
Latent_heat
Random temperature-influenced deviations of particles from their average state
neighborhood about this value of the energy. This enables the definition of a proper probability density according to f ( E ; β ) = e − β E Z ( β ) Ω ( E ) ,
Thermal_fluctuations
Physical law in electrochemistry
ideal gas constant: R = 8.31446261815324 J K−1 mol−1, T is the temperature in kelvins, z is the number of electrons transferred in the cell reaction or
Nernst_equation
NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material
x-axis, crosswise is along the y-axis, and the z-axis is referred to as the through-plane direction. The values shown below are an example of a certain manufacturer's
FR-4
Thermoplastic polymer
formula (C8H8)x·(C4H6)y·(C3H3N)z) is a thermoplastic polymer, in common use since the 1950s. At room temperature it is an amorphous solid and has no
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene
Fundamental trigonometric functions
imaginary and real parts of eiθ as: sinθ=Im(eiθ),cosθ=Re(eiθ). When z=x+iy for real values x and y, where i=−1, both sine and cosine functions can be expressed
Sine_and_cosine
Measurable property of a material or system
a quantity Z is denoted [Z]. Following ISO 80000-1, any value of a physical quantity Z is expressed as the product of a numerical value {Z} (a pure number)
Physical_quantity
Statistical ensemble
{J} _{i}} for a given temperature T {\displaystyle T} and rotational velocity ω {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\omega }}} . p i = 1 Z e − β ( E i − ω ⋅ J
Gibbs_rotational_ensemble
Distance over which a quantity decreases by a factor of e
law: P=ρkBTm¯ with T = the gas temperature in the disk, where the temperature is a function of r, but independent of z m¯ = the mean molecular mass of
Scale_height
Autoprotolysis or exchange of a proton between two water molecules
the water ionization on temperature and pressure has been investigated thoroughly. The value of pKw decreases as temperature increases from the melting
Self-ionization_of_water
Formula for temperature dependence of rates of chemical reactions
of about 2 to 3 for every 10 °C rise in temperature, for common values of activation energy and temperature range. The exp(−EaRT) factor denotes the
Arrhenius_equation
Multivariate derivative (mathematics)
Consider a room where the temperature is given by a scalar field, T, so at each point (x, y, z) the temperature is T(x, y, z), independent of time. At
Gradient
Mineral
about the size and type of the unit cell, the formula to be used, and the value of Z, the number of formula units per unit cell. Bustamite is a triclinic mineral
Bustamite
Hamiltonian is known, it is at a given temperature and it follows the Boltzmann statistics. To obtain the mean value of some macroscopic variable, say A
Monte Carlo method in statistical mechanics
Monte_Carlo_method_in_statistical_mechanics
Property of light based on human perception
Correlated color temperature (CCT, Tcp) refers to the "temperature of a Planckian radiator whose perceived color most closely resembles that of a given
Correlated_color_temperature
Machine learning method to transfer knowledge from a large model to a smaller one
the temperature, a parameter which is set to 1 for a standard softmax. The softmax operator converts the logit values z i ( x ) {\displaystyle z_{i}(\mathbf
Knowledge_distillation
Concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid
the vapor components have certain values depending on all of the liquid component concentrations and the temperature. The converse is also true: if a vapor
Vapor–liquid_equilibrium
Opposition to the passage of an electric current
(230 V mains) is 900 Ω. The resistance of a filament is temperature-dependent; these values are for when the filament is already heated up and the light
Electrical resistance and conductance
Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
Physical law relating thermal and electrical conductivities
has approximately the same value for different metals at the same temperature. The proportionality of κ/σ with temperature was discovered by Ludvig Lorenz
Wiedemann–Franz_law
State of matter
value: 𝒟c=ζ(3/2) in 3D uniform space. This is equivalent to the above condition on the temperature. In a 3D harmonic potential, the critical value is
Bose–Einstein_condensate
Maximum stress that will not cause fatigue failure
limiting value of stress at which failure occurs as N f {\displaystyle N_{f}} becomes very large". ASTM does not define endurance limit, the stress value below
Fatigue_limit
Type of filter in signal processing
impedance is given by 1 Z in = 1 Z 0 + Z ′ + 1 Z + Z 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{Z_{\text{in}}}}={\frac {1}{Z_{0}+Z'}}+{\frac {1}{Z+Z_{0}}}} Substituting
Zobel_network
Gas molar flow rate
different standard conditions for temperature and pressure, so care is taken when choosing a particular standard value. Worldwide, the "standard" condition
Standard cubic feet per minute
Standard_cubic_feet_per_minute
Measure of the non-sphericity of molecules
ω→0. In many cases, Tr=0.7 lies above the boiling temperature of liquids at atmosphere pressure. Values of ω can be determined for any fluid from accurate
Acentric_factor
Proportionality constant in some physical laws
negative value of the mole fraction gradient and the molar flux. This distinction is especially significant in gaseous systems with strong temperature gradients
Mass_diffusivity
Difference of two numbers divided by the logarithm of their quotient
difference of the logarithm. For n = 2 this leads to LMV(x,y,z)=(x−y)(y−z)(z−x)2((y−z)lnx+(z−x)lny+(x−y)lnz). The integral interpretation can also be
Logarithmic_mean
Model of a crystalline solid
noticeably deviates from experimental values at low temperatures. See Debye model for how to calculate accurate low-temperature heat capacities. Heat capacity
Einstein_solid
Multivalued function in mathematics
Wn(z ez)=z is true. f=z ez implies that there exists an n such that z=Wn(f)=Wn(z ez) , where n depends upon the value of z . For
Lambert_W_function
Gas equation of state which accounts for non-ideal gas behavior
6). In this case, the value of Z passes through 1 when bρB=1−TB/T∗. Here TB=(27Tc/8)(1−bρB) is called the Boyle temperature. It ranges between 0≤TB≤27Tc/8
Van_der_Waals_equation
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
superconductivity appear when the temperature T is lowered below a critical temperature Tc. The value of this critical temperature varies from material to material
Superconductivity
the neutral greys have no hue value, which is effectively ignored—i.e., left blank.) A–F G–M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Basic Color Terms: Their Universality
List_of_colors:_N–Z
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