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Processing of input impulses in a generic neuron
A binding neuron (BN) is an abstract concept of processing of input impulses in a generic neuron based on their temporal coherence and the level of neuronal
Binding_neuron
Mathematical function conceived as a crude model
An artificial neuron is a mathematical function conceived as a model of a biological neuron in a neural network. The artificial neuron is the elementary
Artificial_neuron
Topics referred to by the same term
pattern Binding neuron Binding problem, a term for several problems in cognitive science and philosophy Neural binding, synchronous activity of neurons and
Binding
Group of neurological disorders affecting motor neurons
Motor neuron diseases or motor neurone diseases (MNDs) are a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells
Motor_neuron_diseases
Primary cell of the nervous system
A neuron (American English), neurone (British English), or nerve cell, is a cell that is excitable, firing electric signals called action potentials. Neurons
Neuron
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Tang BL (2002). "Nogos and the Nogo-66 receptor: factors inhibiting CNS neuron regeneration". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 67 (5): 559–565. doi:10
Reticulon_4_receptor
Rare neurodegenerative disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), Lou Gehrig's disease or Charcot's disease (English: /ʃɑːrˈkoʊ/ shar-KOH
ALS
Mathematical descriptions of the properties of certain cells in the nervous system
Biological neuron models, also known as spiking neuron models, are mathematical descriptions of the conduction of electrical signals in neurons. Neurons (or
Biological_neuron_model
Unanswered question in the study of consciousness
via synchronization of the activity of different neurons in the cortex. The theory, called binding-by-synchrony (BBS), is hypothesized to occur through
Binding_problem
Protein in animal cells
Survival of motor neuron or survival motor neuron (SMN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMN1 and SMN2 genes. SMN is found in the cytoplasm
Survival_of_motor_neuron
Neurological ramifications of and for the Binding Problem in the study of consciousness
pairing of neuron assemblies. The Temporal Binding Hypothesis was first proposed as a way of addressing the combinatorial problem of neural binding, which
Neural_binding
Impulse transmission between neurons
terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron) a short
Neurotransmission
Chemical substance that enables neurotransmission
Depending on the receptor, binding of neurotransmitters may cause excitation, inhibition, or modulation of the postsynaptic neuron. In order to avoid continuous
Neurotransmitter
Neurons in the hypothalamus central to hormonal control of reproduction
dynorphin (KNDy) neurons are neurons in the hypothalamus of the brain that are central to the hormonal control of reproduction. KNDy neurons in the hypothalamus
KNDy_neuron
Structure connecting neurons in the nervous system
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that allows a neuron to exchange (receive or send) signals with another cell in its immediate vicinity
Synapse
Nerve cell that converts environmental stimuli into corresponding internal stimuli
Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are in the nervous system which convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action
Sensory_neuron
Junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber
junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing
Neuromuscular_junction
Fos-expressing neurons. Cre-ERT2 was first described in 1997. It consists of Cre fused to a modified human estrogen receptor alpha with the triple ligand-binding domain
Tamoxifen-induced gene expression
Tamoxifen-induced_gene_expression
Type of synapse
excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron depolarizes the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, and thus increases the
Excitatory_synapse
Soluble proteins secreted by auxiliary cells surrounding olfactory receptor neurons
Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small (10 to 30 kDa) soluble proteins secreted by auxiliary cells surrounding olfactory receptor neurons, including
Odorant-binding_protein
Protein-coding gene in humans
conformations: implications for GABA(A) receptor localization and tubulin binding". Neuron. 33 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00558-X. PMID 11779480. S2CID 14487823
GABARAP
Ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel
mechanism whereby GABA binding leads to ion channel opening. Because the reversal potential for chloride in most mature neurons is close to or more negative
GABAA_receptor
Brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system
vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood. The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information
Neural_oscillation
Neuron communication by electric impulses
An action potential (also known as a nerve impulse or "spike" when in a neuron) is a series of quick changes in voltage across a cell membrane. An action
Action_potential
Metalloprotein that binds with oxygen
around 35% of the total weight (including water). Hemoglobin has an oxygen-binding capacity of 1.34 mL of O2 per gram, which increases the total blood oxygen
Hemoglobin
Protein found in humans
Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TAR DNA-binding protein 43 or TDP-43) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TARDBP gene. TDP-43
TAR_DNA-binding_protein_43
calcium-binding proteins contribute to all aspects of the cell's functioning, from homeostasis to learning and memory. For example, the neuron-specific
Calcium-binding_protein
American biochemist and professor (1936–2024)
2025-05-29. Karlin, Arthur (March 25, 2004). "A touching picture of nicotinic binding". Neuron. 41: 841–2. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00151-5. PMID 15046715.
Arthur_Karlin
Mammalian protein found in humans
which stimulates the proliferation and survival of the target neuron. High affinity binding between proNGF, sortilin, and p75NTR can result in either survival
Nerve_growth_factor
Bacterial infection characterized by muscle spasms
presynaptic membrane of a motor neuron. The heavy chain C-terminal domain aids in binding to the correct site, recognizing and binding to the correct glycoproteins
Tetanus
Sensory neuron that detects odorants
receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory system. ORNs are the principal neurons of the
Olfactory_receptor_neuron
DNA-binding protein involved in methylation
However, the first large-scale mapping of MECP2 binding sites in neurons found that only 6% of the binding sites are in CpG islands, and that 63% of MECP2-bound
MECP2
Polymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton
disease recapitulates development and contributes to reduced microtubule binding". Neuron. 10 (6): 1089–99. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90057-X. PMID 8318230. S2CID 23180847
Microtubule
Change in a cell's electric charge distribution
of an organism. It is especially important to electrical signaling in neurons and muscle cells. It also affects many non-excitable cells by changing
Depolarization
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
organizes the DNA and regulates transcription. After binding, HMGB1 bends DNA, which facilitates the binding of other proteins. HMGB1 supports transcription
HMGB1
Lower motor neuron involved in muscle contraction
A gamma motor neuron (γ motor neuron), also called gamma motoneuron, or fusimotor neuron, is a type of lower motor neuron that takes part in the process
Gamma_motor_neuron
Family of proteins
function of neurons. They belong to a class of growth factors. Growth factors such as neurotrophins that promote the survival of neurons are known as
Neurotrophin
British neuroscientist
that within these PNGs exist neurons, called binding neurons. Binding neurons learn to represent the hierarchical binding relationships between lower and
Simon_Stringer
Small projection on a neuron that receives signals
or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons (usually via their
Dendrite
Type of protein
number via control of postsynaptic β-actin mRNA metabolism. Neuron-specific CELF family RNA-binding protein UNC-75 specifically binds to the UUGUUGUGUUGU mRNA
RNA-binding_protein
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
in the post synaptic density of neurons, and is involved in anchoring synaptic proteins. Its direct and indirect binding partners include neuroligin, NMDA
DLG4
InterPro Family
has important roles in the survival and function of neurons in the central nervous system. The binding of BDNF to TrkB receptor causes many intracellular
Trk_receptor
Biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent
which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form
Chemical_synapse
Antibody in molecular biology and neuroscience
is a neuronal nuclear antigen that is commonly used as a biomarker for neurons. NeuN was first described in 1992 by Mullen et al., who raised a series
NeuN
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
and characterization of the binding site for the regulatory subunit of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase on MAP2". Neuron. 3 (5): 631–8. doi:10
Microtubule-associated protein 2
Microtubule-associated_protein_2
Protein involved in multiple prion diseases
self-sustaining changes in learning-induced synaptic growth". Neuron. 44 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.017. PMID 15450159. S2CID 2637074. Barco A, Bailey
Major_prion_protein
Biochemical analysis procedure
on one neuron binds to the receptor on another, GFP expression is activated in the acceptor neuron demonstrating the usefulness of ligand binding assays
Ligand_binding_assay
Type of GABAergic neuron in the striatum
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of inhibitory GABAergic neuron representing approximately
Medium_spiny_neuron
American neuroscientist and biochemist
disease recapitulates development and contributes to reduced microtubule binding". Neuron. 10 (6): 1089–1099. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90057-x. PMID 8318230
Virginia_Man-Yee_Lee
Hypothetical neuron that responds to a single concept
grandmother cell, sometimes called the "Jennifer Aniston neuron", is a hypothetical neuron that represents a complex but specific concept or object.
Grandmother_cell
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
conformations: implications for GABA(A) receptor localization and tubulin binding". Neuron. 33 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00558-X. PMID 11779480. S2CID 14487823
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2
Gamma-aminobutyric_acid_receptor_subunit_gamma-2
Detectable change in the internal or external surroundings
normally glutamate, binding to a neuron's dendrites, causing an influx of sodium ions through channels located near the binding site. This change in
Stimulus_(physiology)
Protein family
domains bind different components to ensure correct arrangements. In the neuron, making sense of neurotransmitter activity requires specific receptors to
PDZ_domain
Protein found in humans
brain, it is primarily localized to the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons. There, it interacts with phospholipids and other proteins. Presynaptic
Alpha-synuclein
Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter
into the presynaptic neuron, increasing the concentration of neurotransmitter in the synapse. This increases neurotransmitter binding to pre- and postsynaptic
Reuptake
Transmembrane protein family
AMPA-Sensitive Glutamate Receptor: Crystal Structures of the GluR2 Ligand Binding Core". Neuron. 28 (1): 165–181. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00094-5. PMID 11086992
AMPA_receptor
Sensory neuron that detects pain
A nociceptor (from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat"
Nociceptor
1998 theory of neuron classification
in 1998, states that neurons in the thalamus belong to either a parvalbumin-immunopositive core of precisely projecting neurons, or to a calbindin-immunopositive
Core-matrix theory of thalamus
Core-matrix_theory_of_thalamus
Glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells
the binding of the ligands is typically not sufficient to open the channel as it may be blocked by Mg2+ ions which are only removed when the neuron is
NMDA_receptor
Type of ion channel transmembrane protein
membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter. When a presynaptic neuron is excited, it releases
Ligand-gated_ion_channel
presynaptic neuron in B-catenin knockouts. This effect of B-catenin is independent of cadherin-mediated adhesion, and is instead modulated by PDZ binding proteins
Cadherin–catenin complex in learning and memory
Cadherin–catenin_complex_in_learning_and_memory
Mammalian protein
puberty. This research led to the discovery that kisspeptin stimulates the neurons that were involved in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Kisspeptin
Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane
inhibit action potentials. Postsynaptic potentials occur when the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters
Postsynaptic_potential
Organic chemical and neurotransmitter
neuromuscular junction. In other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles. This property
Acetylcholine
Type of brain cell
nervous system. Apolipoprotein E transports cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons and other glial cells, regulating cell signaling in the brain. Astrocytes
Astrocyte
Protein family
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein, also known as PTB or hnRNP I, is an RNA-binding protein. PTB functions mainly as a splicing regulator, although it
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein
Polypyrimidine_tract-binding_protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(January 2010). "Experimental and computational studies indicate specific binding of pVHL protein to Aurora-A kinase". J Phys Chem B. 114 (3): 1486–1497
Aurora_kinase_A
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(September 1997). "Myelin-associated glycoprotein interacts with neurons via a sialic acid binding site at ARG118 and a distinct neurite inhibition site". The
Myelin-associated glycoprotein
Myelin-associated_glycoprotein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
RNA-binding protein Nova-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOVA1 gene. This gene encodes a neuron-specific RNA-binding protein, a member
NOVA1
Voltages associated with muscle fibre
propagated down a nerve until it reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron. The motor neuron then innervates the muscle fibers to contraction by causing an
End-plate_potential
Process of remodeling actin filaments in neurons
remodeling is a biochemical process in cells. In the actin remodeling of neurons, the protein actin is part of the process to change the shape and structure
Actin_remodeling_of_neurons
Biological process that adjusts the strength of connections between neurons in the brain
biological process that adjusts the strength of synaptic connections between neurons based on the relative timing of their action potentials (or spikes). It
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity
Spike-timing-dependent_plasticity
Electrical signal inhibiting a neuron from firing
probability of the postsynaptic neuron completing an action potential. Ionotropic GABA receptors are used in binding for various drugs such as barbiturates
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential
Group of six protein isoforms produced from the MAPT gene
maintaining the stability of microtubules in axons and are abundant in the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), where the cerebral cortex has the
Tau_protein
Cholesterol-transporting protein most notably implicated in Alzheimer's disease
is encoded in humans by the gene APOE. Apo-E belongs to a family of fat-binding proteins called apolipoproteins. In the circulation, it is present as part
Apolipoprotein_E
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Syntaxin-binding protein 1 (also known as Munc18-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STXBP1 gene. This gene encodes a syntaxin-binding protein
STXBP1
retrograde messengers by binding to presynaptic CB1 receptors, thereby indirectly modulating GABA and the excitability of dopamine neurons by reducing it and
Presynaptic_inhibition
Human protein and coding gene
FMRP has a diverse array of functions throughout different areas of the neuron; however these functions have not been fully characterized. FMRP has been
FMR1
Protein kinase found in humans
induced apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma cells and in mouse cortical neurons. Expression of LRRK2 mutants implicated in autosomal dominant Parkinson's
LRRK2
Motor protein in humans
KIF1A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF1A gene. KIF1A is a neuron-specific member of the kinesin-3 family and is a microtubule plus end-directed
KIF1A
Potential difference across the postsynaptic membrane
a neuronal synapse. In other words, it is the "incoming" signal that a neuron receives. There are two forms of synaptic potential: excitatory and inhibitory
Synaptic_potential
Changes in membrane potential varying in size
channels. They occur at the postsynaptic dendrite in response to presynaptic neuron firing and release of neurotransmitter, or may occur in skeletal, smooth
Graded_potential
midline crossing by hindbrain precerebellar neurons and axons". Neuron. 43 (1): 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.018. PMID 15233918. Simpson JH, Kidd
Slit-Robo
Mammalian protein found in humans
mediators. PCSK9 may also have a role in the differentiation of cortical neurons. Variants of PCSK9 can reduce or increase circulating cholesterol. LDL-particles
PCSK9
Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
Press. Malsburg, C. von der (1999). "The what and why of binding: The modeler's perspective". Neuron. 24: 95-104. Gray, C. M. & Singer, W. (1989). "Stimulus-specific
Cognitive_science
Class of proteins
CREB-TF (CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor. It binds to certain DNA sequences called cAMP response elements
CREB
Chemical compound
bind to excitatory neuroreceptors on postsynaptic neurons in the central nervous system. By the binding of caramboxin to NMDA and AMPA receptors (glutamatergic
Caramboxin
Critical protein in embryonic development
and in vivo result in floor plate induction and differentiation of motor neuron and ventral interneurons. On the other hand, mice mutants for SHH lack ventral
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
Repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell
endoplasmic reticulum in the sarcoplasm. Muscle cells are stimulated when a motor neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which travels across the neuromuscular
Sarcomere
Toxin harmful to nervous tissue
is capable of long term binding to and inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels located in the membranes of neurons but not those of muscle cells
Neurotoxin
Genetic brain disorder
Akbarian S, Tudor M, Jaenisch R (2001). "Deficiency of methyl-CpG binding protein-2 in CNS neurons results in a Rett-like phenotype in mice". Nature Genetics
Rett_syndrome
Mammalian protein found in humans
CD33 or Siglec-3 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3, SIGLEC3, SIGLEC-3, gp67, p67) is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage
CD33
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Specifically, it protects dopamine neurons from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced death. It exerts this action by binding to ERN1, the unfolded protein
MANF
Field of study
this binding process. Molecular neuropharmacology involves the study of neurons and their neurochemical interactions, and receptors on neurons, with
Neuropharmacology
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the axons of olfactory neurons to attach to the central nervous system in the mice model. During neural development, GnRH neurons migrate through one of
FEZF1
Protein that regulates the rate of DNA transcription
sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to DNA sequences
Transcription_factor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiPS) also known as 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78) or heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) is a protein that
Binding immunoglobulin protein
Binding_immunoglobulin_protein
Family of transport proteins
Vesicle filling may limit monoamine release from neurons with high rates of firing. Specific amine-binding affinity varies by VMAT isoform; studies indicate
Vesicular monoamine transporter
Vesicular_monoamine_transporter
Rare disorder of the nervous system
and trouble swallowing. Whereas lower motor neuron signs is observed in all cases of FOSMN, upper motor neuron associated weakness, which presents as brisk
Facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy
Facial_onset_sensory_and_motor_neuronopathy
Branch of neuroscience
that is considerably dynamic. In molecular biology, communication between neurons typically occurs by chemical transmission across gaps between the cells
Molecular_neuroscience
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BINDING NEURON
BINDING NEURON
BINDING NEURON
BINDING NEURON
BINDING NEURON
BINDING NEURON
BINDING NEURON
BINDING NEURON
BINDING NEURON
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