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Class of electoral systems
Bucklin voting is an election system that uses ranked (but nontransferable) votes and can be used for single-member and multi-member districts. As in
Bucklin_voting
Single-winner electoral system
sometimes called the usual judgment or continuous Bucklin voting, is a single-winner rated voting rule that selects the candidate with the highest median
Graduated_majority_judgment
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US/CA: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Method by which voters make a choice between options
have never been fully implemented.[citation needed] Ranked vote systems include Bucklin voting, the various Condorcet methods (Copeland's, Dodgson's, Kemeny-Young
Electoral_system
Plurality voting system
single-winner voting rule. Each voter marks one candidate as their favorite, or first-preference, and the candidate with more first-preference votes than any
First-past-the-post_voting
Election systems
Instant-runoff voting and single transferable vote, referred to as "preferential voting" in Australia by way of conflation Bucklin voting, used in some
Preferential_voting
Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals
(contingent voting), STV, instant-runoff voting, the Bucklin voting system of ranked (but non-transferable) votes, and list PR were used in different places, at
Proportional_representation
Topics referred to by the same term
Wayne County Bucklin Brook, Stream in Rhode Island, John Bucklin (1773-1844), the first mayor of Louisville, Kentucky Bucklin voting, a voting method This
Bucklin
Property of electoral systems
Plurality voting Instant-runoff voting Borda count Approval Voting Coombs' rule Bucklin voting (and the closely related median voting) Score Voting With plurality
Condorcet_winner
Property of electoral systems
include any Condorcet method, instant-runoff voting, Bucklin voting, plurality voting, and approval voting. The mutual majority criterion is a generalized
Majority_winner_criterion
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote system
Ranked_voting
Type of voting rules for an election
The highest median voting rules are a class of graded voting rules where the candidate with the highest median rating is elected. The various highest
Highest_median_voting_rules
Single-winner electoral system
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters approve of any number of candidates named on a ballot, and the candidate with the most
Approval_voting
Multi-winner electoral system
ticket voting. In Ireland and Malta, surplus votes are transferred as whole votes (there may be some randomness) and neither allows ticket voting. In Hare–Clark
Single_transferable_vote
Form of voting that allows delegation
Proxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence
Proxy_voting
Method to make collective decisions
decision-making procedure description. Research on herd animal voting behaviours show that voting can be emergent in groups as a signalling system mechanism
Voting
Multiple-winner electoral system
variant of block voting. Under both cumulative voting and block voting, a voter casts multiple votes but in the case of cumulative voting, can lump them
Cumulative_voting
Voting system
on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality
Two-round_system
Non-proportional electoral system
non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number
Plurality_block_voting
Mixed electoral system with compensation
The alternative vote plus (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, is a semi-proportional voting system. AV+ was devised by the 1998 Jenkins Commission which
Alternative_vote_plus
Vote supporting only a single candidate
expected value of the winner. Traditional Bucklin voting was infamous for its high vulnerability to bullet voting, due to its use of ranked ballots; however
Bullet_voting
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
other ranked-vote systems – such as single transferable voting (STV), instant-runoff voting (IRV), Coombs' method, and Baldwin's method – allow for many
Contingent_vote
Electoral system used in some cities and states
method and Bucklin voting, which have also been used, consider secondary rankings as pertinent alongside first preferences. The preferential voting system
Ranked-choice voting in the United States
Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States
Single-winner rated voting system
Score voting, sometimes called range voting, is an electoral system for single-seat elections. Voters give each candidate a numerical score, and the candidate
Score_voting
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
voters to study and vote on a public policy, while Deliberative opinion polling invites a random sample to deliberate together before voting on a policy. Andranik
Sortition
Single-winner cardinal voting system
single-winner voting system proposed in 2010 by Michel Balinski and Rida Laraki. It is a kind of highest median rule, a cardinal voting system that elects
Majority_judgment
Type of electoral system
required. Under single-winner plurality voting, in systems based on single-member districts, plurality voting is called single member [district] plurality
Plurality_voting
Invalid ballot that is not counted
In voting, a ballot is not included in the vote count if a law declares or an election authority determines that it is spoilt (chiefly British), spoiled
Spoilt_vote
Property of electoral systems
criterion. The Schulze method, ranked pairs, instant-runoff voting, Nanson's method, and Bucklin voting pass this criterion. Majority criterion#Borda count The
Mutual_majority_criterion
Point-based ranked voting system
respect, it is similar to other ranked voting systems such as instant-runoff voting, the single transferable vote or Condorcet methods. The integer-valued
Borda_count
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
the original on 2022-09-14. then the vote shall be performed using either a Condorcet voting system or a score voting system, as the participants shall decide
Condorcet_method
Single-winner electoral system
runoff voting (SRV). The runoff step was introduced in an attempt to reduce strategic incentives in ordinary score voting, such as bullet voting and tactical
STAR_voting
Individual voter's first choice
Methods like Condorcet voting, rated voting, and the Borda count do not exhibit such effects. Methods like anti-plurality voting and Coombs' method have
First-preference_vote
Single-winner electoral system
(/ˈʃʊltsə/), also known as the beatpath method, is a single winner ranked-choice voting rule developed by Markus Schulze. The Schulze method is a Condorcet completion
Schulze_method
Federal Bundestag election regulation
German Parliament's voting law even states that no elector is allowed to announce his decision in the polling station. Postal voting is problematic because
Electoral_system_of_Germany
Way to distribute seats in a legislative body
constituency electing 37 members via optional preferential voting. This created a one-vote, one-value system. The United States Constitution guarantees
Apportionment_(politics)
Document used to cast votes in an election
ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election and may be found as a piece of paper or a small ball used in voting. It was originally a small ball
Ballot
Type of mixed electoral system
Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still
Mixed-member proportional representation
Mixed-member_proportional_representation
features including compulsory enrolment; compulsory voting; majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house,
Electoral_system_of_Australia
Variant of party-list voting system
Party block voting (general ticket) with a closed list Côte d'Ivoire (party block voting in multi-member districts) Singapore (party block voting in multi-member
Closed_list
Multi-winner, semi-proportional electoral system
limited voting where each elector has one vote, or as a simple version of single transferable vote where votes are not transferred. Unlike block voting or
Single_non-transferable_vote
Phenomenon in electoral systems
Tactical voting – Voters in countries that can cast a vote in the list vote and cast a local vote (such as Germany) may decide not to vote for a local
Overhang_seat
Mixed electoral system
proportional representation (PR). First-past-the-post voting alongside PR is a common pairing in parallel voting, but many other combinations are possible. The
Parallel_voting
Decision rule that selects alternatives that have a majority
the majority rule is the plurality-rule family of voting rules, which includes ranked choice voting (RCV), two-round plurality, and first-preference plurality
Majority_rule
transferable vote, Instant Runoff Voting, Contingent vote, Coombs' method, Approval voting, Anti-plurality voting, Borda count, Range voting, Bucklin voting, Majority
Homogeneity_criterion
Legislative body in Portland, Oregon, US
Bucklin voting to elect the mayor and implemented interactive representation of the people through the commissioner system; each commissioner's vote would
Portland City Council (Oregon)
Portland_City_Council_(Oregon)
Proportional-representation voting system
particular, the largest remainder methods exhibit the no-show paradox, i.e. voting for a party can cause it to lose seats. The largest remainders methods are
Largest_remainder_method
Single-winner electoral system
S; Nurmi, Hannu (2018). Voting procedures for electing a single candidate : proving their (in)vulnerability to various voting paradoxes. Cham, Switzerland:
Black's_method
Property of electoral systems
methods include: plurality voting, supplementary voting, Sri Lankan contingent voting, approval voting, range voting, Bucklin voting and Minimax Condorcet
Condorcet_loser_criterion
Number of votes a candidate needs to win
a lesser number of seats. The common quotas used in single transferable voting elections (Hare and Droop) are such that no more can achieve quota than
Electoral_quota
Voting systems using paired comparisons
Round-robin, paired comparison, or tournament voting methods, are a set of ranked voting systems that choose winners by comparing every pair of candidates
Round-robin_voting
Electoral or law making voting system
Weighted voting are voting rules that grant some voters a greater influence than others (which contrasts with rules that assign every voter an equal vote). Such
Weighted_voting
Partially compensatory electoral system
mixed-member majoritarian representation, parallel voting.[citation needed] Like in parallel voting, a party that can gerrymander local districts can win
Vote_linkage
Method for allocating seats in parliaments
divided into 10 voting districts with 14 elected representatives each, sometimes the threshold can be higher, depending on the number of votes of "fallen lists"
D'Hondt_method
Single-winner ranked voting rule
electors voting against their least-favorite candidate; the candidate ranked last by the most voters is eliminated. The method fails several voting system
Coombs'_method
Family of proportional election methods
Multiwinner approval voting, sometimes also called approval-based committee (ABC) voting, is a kind of multiwinner elections in which the voters cast
Multiwinner_approval_voting
Votes required to win a seat in proportional systems
when the number of votes is exactly a whole number. Lundell, Jonathan; Hill, ID (October 2007). "Notes on the Droop quota" (PDF). Voting Matters (24): 3–6
Droop_quota
Type of multi-winner plurality/majority electoral system
where the voting system allows for the selection of multiple winners at once. Block voting falls under the multiple non-transferable vote category, a
Block_voting
district magnitude ranging from 14 to 45, and through first-past-the-post voting in two single-member constituencies. South Korea uses the additional member
List of electoral systems by country
List_of_electoral_systems_by_country
Comparative politics for electoral systems
methods to compare voting systems: Metrics of voter satisfaction, either through simulation or survey. Adherence to logical criteria. Voting methods can be
Comparison of electoral systems
Comparison_of_electoral_systems
Grouping of candidates for election
Zealand Parliament. Voters cast two votes: one for an electorate candidate and one for the party at large. The "party vote" determines the overall distribution
Electoral_list
Multiple-winner electoral system
proportional approval voting (SPAV) or reweighted approval voting (RAV) is an electoral system that extends the concept of approval voting to a multiple winner
Sequential proportional approval voting
Sequential_proportional_approval_voting
Multiple-winner electoral system
approval voting (SAV), also known as equal and even cumulative voting, is an electoral system that is a form of multiwinner approval voting as well as
Satisfaction_approval_voting
Collective decision-making procedure
Quadratic voting (QV) is a voting system that encourages voters to express their true relative intensity of preference (utility) between multiple options
Quadratic_voting
Self-contradiction of majority rule
to be voted for. One important implication of the possible existence of the voting paradox in a practical situation is that in a paired voting process
Condorcet_paradox
Single-winner electoral system
pairings. This system of ranked voting was first proposed by Nicolaus Tideman in 1987. Unlike Instant Runoff Voting, Ranked Pairs is guaranteed to satisfy
Ranked_pairs
Vote share required for representation
representation through ranked voting in multi-seat (as opposed to single seat) organizations or constituencies (voting districts). Ranked voting systems are widely
Electoral_threshold
Combination of direct and representative democracy
foundation of proxy voting but differs from this earlier model in the degree of scale. Unlike proxy voting, liquid democratic votes may be delegated to
Liquid_democracy
Multiple-winner electoral system
Limited voting (also known as partial block voting) is a voting system in which electors have fewer votes than there are positions available. The positions
Limited_voting
Measure of equal representation
The seats-to-votes ratio, also known as the advantage ratio, is a measure of equal representation of voters. The equation for seats-to-votes ratio for a
Seats-to-votes_ratio
Agreement by all people in a situation
Order, a "unanimous vote" is not specifically defined, although an abstention is not counted as a vote regardless of the voting threshold. Also in this
Unanimity
Axiom of decision theory and social sciences
fail IIA after C {\displaystyle C} is removed. The Borda count and Bucklin voting both elect C {\displaystyle C} in the scenario above, and thus fail
Independence of irrelevant alternatives
Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives
Proportional-representation electoral system
to avoid bias between large parties and small parties to avoid strategic voting. André Sainte-Laguë showed theoretically that the Sainte-Laguë method shows
Sainte-Laguë_method
(c^{2})} . For Bucklin voting the compilation complexity is Θ ( c 2 ) {\displaystyle \Theta (c^{2})} . For the closely related highest median voting rules, the
Batch_summability
Family of voting systems
various mixed systems, using either additional member systems or parallel voting. Some apportionment methods may favor small parties; others may favor large
Party-list proportional representation
Party-list_proportional_representation
System by which New Zealand parliament is elected
allowed to vote (in 1969 the voting age was lowered from 21 to 20. It was lowered further to 18 in 1974). However, the voting rules that applied to the European
Electoral system of New Zealand
Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand
Multiple transferable voting, sometimes called block preferential, block instant-runoff, multi-pass, or cascade voting, is a winner-take-all system for
Block_preferential_voting
Spoiler effect in RCV and two-round systems
distance, score voting will always select the candidate closest to some central tendency of the voter distribution. As a result, while score voting does not
Center_squeeze
Index of articles associated with the same name
include any Condorcet method, instant-runoff voting, Bucklin voting, plurality voting, and approval voting. The mutual majority criterion is a generalized
Voting_criteria
Elections where only a part of the body is elected at a time
body being represented, but can also minimize the impact of cumulative voting. Many companies use staggered elections as a tool to prevent takeover attempts
Staggered_elections
Electoral pathology or paradox
keeping it from affecting the results. Runoff-based voting systems such as ranked choice voting (RCV) are typically vulnerable to negative response.
Non-negative_responsiveness
Votes that do not impact an election
reduce wasted votes. Strategic voting, also known as tactical voting, is a voting behaviour that attempts to reduce the chance of a vote being wasted.
Wasted_vote
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
Rated, evaluative, graded, or cardinal voting rules are a class of voting methods that allow voters to state how strongly they support a candidate, by
Rated_voting
Political term about incumbents losing elections
factor in PAP vote swing: Sylvia Lim". TODAY. Retrieved 9 May 2025. "GE2O15: Workers' Party retains Aljunied GRC with 50.95 per cent of the vote". The Straits
Unseating
Theorem in political science
Arrow. Similar median voter theorems exist for rules like score voting and approval voting when voters are either strategic and informed or if voters' ratings
Median_voter_theorem
Electoral system quota formula
proportion that under the first-past-the-post voting system) so the quota is a cue to the number of votes that are used to actually elect someone. The
Hare_quota
Voting requirement above 50% for passage
decision-making Minoritarianism Unanimity Voting in the Council of the European Union—described the "qualified majority voting" requirement in that body Schwartzberg
Supermajority
(preferential voting; ordinal voting) (allows vote transfers) score (cardinal voting) Decision rule No quotas Plurality (candidate or candidates with most votes wins
List_of_electoral_systems
Method of counting ballots following elections
various European cities. MES can be described as a member of a class of voting methods called expanding approvals rules introduced earlier in 2019 by Aziz
Method_of_equal_shares
Electoral system in parts of Indonesia
Court in 2009. There is no standard process for noken voting. Each polling station establishes a voting process in cooperation with local tribal chiefs and
Noken_system
Single-winner electoral system
ranked-choice voting is flawed. But there's an easy fix". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-11-09. the way Alaska uses ranked-choice voting also
Nanson's_method
Multiple-winner electoral system
is a special case of Thiele's voting rule, proposed by Thorvald N. Thiele. It was used in combination with ranked voting in the Swedish elections from
Proportional_approval_voting
Single-winner electoral system
votes from the number of approval votes. It is a cardinal system and a variant of score voting. It has also been referred to as dis&approval voting,
Combined_approval_voting
Weakly optimal allocation of resources
in fair random assignment or random social choice or fractional approval voting, there is a difference between ex-post and ex-ante Pareto efficiency: Ex-post
Pareto_efficiency
Election result affecting losing candidate
severity of spoiler effects depends substantially on the voting method. First-past-the-post voting, especially if without winnowing or primary elections[citation
Spoiler_effect
Type of mixed electoral system
seats. The most common type of MMM system is parallel voting, whereby representatives are voted into a chamber using at least two different systems independently
Mixed-member majoritarian representation
Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation
Single-winner ranked-choice voting system
candidates) before they become a Condorcet winner. In short, we must find the voting profile with minimum Kendall tau distance from the input, such that it has
Dodgson's_method
Function that ranks states of society according to their desirability
Ordinal (or ranked voting) functions only use ordinal information; i.e., whether one choice is better than another. Cardinal (or rated voting) functions also
Social_welfare_function
Personalized list proportional voting system
needs to receive 5% of the party's votes for the personal vote to overrule the ordering on the party list. Voting without expressing a preference between
Open_list
Proportional-representation ranked voting system
have additional resistance to forms of tactical voting which are specific to single transferable voting methods, in particular a phenomenon that Schulze
Schulze_STV
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