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Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote
Ranked_voting
Electoral system used in some cities and states
that ranked-choice voting does not fully prevent vote splitting. In a nonpartisan primary followed by ranked choice voting, as used in Alaska, vote splitting
Ranked-choice voting in the United States
Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States
Multi-winner electoral system
The single transferable vote (STV) or proportional-ranked choice voting (P-RCV), also known as PR-STV and "proportional representation by means of the
Single_transferable_vote
Method to make collective decisions
but cumulative voting allows a voter's votes to be piled on to one candidate. With ranked voting, as used in instant-runoff voting system in some elections
Voting
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
other ranked-vote systems. Unlike the contingent vote, other ranked-vote systems – such as single transferable voting (STV), instant-runoff voting (IRV)
Contingent_vote
Method by which voters make a choice between options
(showing that ranked voting cannot eliminate the spoiler effect) and Gibbard's theorem (showing it is impossible to design a straightforward voting system,
Electoral_system
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Index of articles associated with the same name
Instant-runoff voting (IRV), a specific ranked voting system with single-winner districts Single transferable vote (STV), a specific ranked voting system with
Ranked-choice_voting
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
winner, path voting, and path winner. Smith Score is a rated voting method which elects the Score voting winner from the Smith set. Ranked Pairs and Schulze
Condorcet_method
Single-winner electoral system
Ranked Pairs (RP), also known as the Tideman method, is a ranked voting method that determines a single winner from ballots that rank candidates in order
Ranked_pairs
Class of ranked-choice electoral systems
Positional voting is a ranked voting electoral system in which the options or candidates receive points based on their rank position on each ballot and
Positional_voting
Single-winner electoral system
(/ˈʃʊltsə/), also known as the beatpath method, is a single winner ranked-choice voting rule developed by Markus Schulze. The Schulze method is a Condorcet
Schulze_method
Election systems
Preferential voting or preference voting (PV) may refer to several different types of electoral systems. Many preferential voting systems originated in
Preferential_voting
Type of preferential voting system
Semi-optional preferential voting requires ranking more than one candidate but not necessary to rank all the candidates. Ranked-voting systems typically use
Optional_preferential_voting
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
Rated, evaluative, graded, or cardinal voting rules are a class of voting methods that allow voters to state how strongly they support a candidate, by
Rated_voting
Process of electing more than one winner in the same election / district
multiwinner voting is finding reasonable adaptations of concepts from single-winner voting. These can be classified based on the voting type—ranked voting as used
Multiwinner_voting
Process by which a population chooses the holder of a public office
Charlie. Ranked voting systems, such as those used in Australia and Ireland, use a ranked vote. In a voting system that uses a scored vote (or range vote), the
Election
Comparative politics for electoral systems
methods to compare voting systems: Metrics of voter satisfaction, either through simulation or survey. Adherence to logical criteria. Voting methods can be
Comparison of electoral systems
Comparison_of_electoral_systems
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
majority-rule (Condorcet) methods of ranked voting uniquely minimize the number of spoiled elections by restricting them to voting cycles, which are rare in ideologically-driven
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Votes that do not impact an election
otherwise be a wasted vote to other candidates. The goal of ranked voting is to reduce the waste that occurs in many elections due to votes being cast for unsuccessful
Wasted_vote
Type of electoral system
required. Under single-winner plurality voting, in systems based on single-member districts, plurality voting is called single member [district] plurality
Plurality_voting
Point-based ranked voting system
a positional voting rule that gives a candidate a number of points equal to the number of candidates ranked below them: the lowest-ranked candidate (the
Borda_count
Criterion that prevents lesser-evil voting
ranked voting systems fail this criterion. Lesser-evil-voting is particularly prevalent in plurality-based voting systems like ranked choice voting (RCV)
Sincere_favorite_criterion
Self-contradiction of majority rule
to be voted for. One important implication of the possible existence of the voting paradox in a practical situation is that in a paired voting process
Condorcet_paradox
Type of cast ballot in ranked voting
In electoral systems which use ranked voting, a donkey vote is a cast ballot where the voter ranks the candidates based on the order they appear on the
Donkey_vote
Index of articles associated with the same name
voting (often called ranked-choice in the United States), first-past-the-post voting, and the two-round system. Most rated systems (like score voting
Voting_criteria
Use of approximation algorithms in voting
loss) caused by using the ranked-voting rule to approximate utility. Some achievements in the theory of IUV are: Designing voting rules that minimize the
Implicit_utilitarian_voting
Single-winner ranked voting rule
Coombs' method is a ranked voting system. Like instant-runoff (IRV-RCV), Coombs' method is a sequential-loser method, where the last-place finisher according
Coombs'_method
Vote supporting only a single candidate
candidates, just like Approval bullet voting. Borda voting assign multiple votes based on ranked ballots, like three votes for the first, two for the second
Bullet_voting
Single-winner electoral system
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters approve of any number of candidates named on a ballot, and the candidate with the most
Approval_voting
the municipal electoral voting system in the city of Toronto from a first-past-the-post voting system to instant runoff voting. Founded by "community choreographer"
Ranked Ballot Initiative of Toronto
Ranked_Ballot_Initiative_of_Toronto
Individual voter's first choice
candidate. In certain ranked systems such as first preference plurality, ranked-choice voting (RCV), and the single transferable vote, first preferences
First-preference_vote
U.S. electoral reform organization
their choice. FairVote advocated for a number of alternative methods, such as ranked choice voting, single voting, and cumulative voting. The City of Palmdale
FairVote
Class of electoral systems
Bucklin voting is an election system that uses ranked (but nontransferable) votes and can be used for single-member and multi-member districts. As in
Bucklin_voting
Votes required to win a seat in proportional systems
determined by how votes are split and therefore that charge can apply to any ranked voting system no matter what quota is used. Some analysis states that no-show
Droop_quota
American non-profit organization
ranked choice elections that featured three or more candidates in this frame of time. Overall, the report found that the use of ranked choice voting in
RepresentWomen
Choosing a candidate other than preferred to undercut a less desired one
Strategic or tactical voting is voting in consideration of possible ballots cast by other voters in order to maximize one's satisfaction with the election's
Strategic_voting
Political slogan
constitutionality of Maine's use of ranked-choice voting, stating that "'one person, one vote' does not stand in opposition to ranked voting so long as all electors
One_man,_one_vote
Single-winner ranked vote system
Llull method is a ranked-choice voting system based on counting each candidate's pairwise wins and losses. In the system, voters rank candidates from best
Copeland's_method
Voting systems using paired comparisons
Round-robin, paired comparison, or tournament voting methods, are a set of ranked voting systems that choose winners by comparing every pair of candidates
Round-robin_voting
American politician (born 1965)
four-way race and 31.6% of the vote. However, Maine is one of two states (the other being Alaska) that uses ranked-choice voting and so the initial primary
Joe_Baldacci
initiatives to enact ranked choice voting in 2020 include the Alaska Ballot Measure 2. Ranked choice voting is a voting system where voters can rank multiple candidates
2020_Massachusetts_Question_2
Single-winner electoral system
a hybrid between (rated) score voting and (ranked) instant runoff voting. The first movement to implement STAR voting was centered in Oregon, with chapters
STAR_voting
Nonpartisan blanket primary
in the general election. Ranked ballots enables a majority winner among more than two candidates. Final-Five Voting is a voting system that combines a single
Top-four_primary
Methods of voting on motions
of voting on motions (formal proposal by members of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action). The regular methods of voting in such
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies
Voting system
than holding a ranked-choice runoff (RCV), as the counting of votes in each round is simple. By contrast, ranked-choice runoff voting involves a longer
Two-round_system
Model simulating voters in an election
ideological or ideal-point) model of voting, also known as the Hotelling–Downs model, is a mathematical model of voting behavior. It describes voters and
Spatial_voting
Electoral system thresholds
second preference as a whole. Not every second preference is a spare vote. Ranked voting systems differ in terms of their field of application, choice of
Spare_vote
adopted ranked-choice voting, it is only used for primary and federal general elections. Therefore, the primary was conducted with ranked-choice voting, and
2026 Maine gubernatorial election
2026_Maine_gubernatorial_election
Method of counting votes and determining results
Phragmén's voting rules are rules for multiwinner voting. They allow voters to vote for individual candidates rather than parties, but still guarantee
Phragmen's_voting_rules
Multiple-winner electoral system
who gave it the name "proportional approval voting." Like its close cousin, satisfaction approval voting, PAV can be thought of as selecting a committee
Proportional_approval_voting
Criterion for proportional representation
(PSC) is a criterion of proportionality for ranked voting systems. It is an adaptation of the quota rule to voting systems in which there are no official party
Proportionality for solid coalitions
Proportionality_for_solid_coalitions
states to legalize recreational cannabis. Voters in Nevada also approved ranked voting over first-past-the-post, while those in Illinois and Tennessee approved
2022_United_States_elections
Election result affecting losing candidate
severity of spoiler effects depends substantially on the voting method. First-past-the-post voting without winnowing or primary elections[citation needed]
Spoiler_effect
System favoring larger parties over smaller ones
includes both first-past-the-post and single-winner ranked voting methods. A multi-winner voting system can still be winner-take-all if a plurality of
Winner-take-all_system
Collective decision-making procedure
Quadratic voting (QV) is a voting system that encourages voters to express their true relative intensity of preference (utility) between multiple options
Quadratic_voting
Single-winner rated voting system
Score voting, sometimes called range voting, is an electoral system for single-seat elections. Voters give each candidate a numerical score, and the candidate
Score_voting
Instant-runoff voting (IRV) is a ranked voting method used in single-winner elections. IRV is also known outside the US as the alternative vote (AV) or preferential
History and use of instant-runoff voting
History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting
features including compulsory enrolment; compulsory voting; majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house,
Electoral_system_of_Australia
winner in Stackelberg voting games.[clarification needed] Let r be a voting rule: a function that takes as input a list of n ranked ballots, representing
Batch_summability
US political parties other than the two major parties
June 11, 2025 "Where is Ranked Choice Voting Used?". FairVote. Retrieved July 8, 2023. "Perspective | How ranked-choice voting saved the Virginia GOP from
Third_party_(U.S._politics)
citizens to vote in. Maine used the first-past-the-post voting system for all elections until 2017, when it was replaced with ranked choice voting upon enactment
Elections_in_Maine
Element of hierarchy in armed forces
vote would serve as tie-breaker if necessary. As an elected official a Strategos is by definition not a military rank. Strategos is a Political Rank in
Military_rank
Topics referred to by the same term
of voting are held sequentially. Last-place candidates are eliminated one by one until a round of voting sees a candidate receive a majority of votes. This
Runoff_voting
Impossibility of straightforward game forms
voting", i.e. it depends on their beliefs about other voters' ballots. A corollary of this theorem is the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem about voting rules
Gibbard's_theorem
When two people commit to voting in a mutually agreed way
Vote swapping, also called co-voting or vote pairing or vote trading, is an informal strategic agreement between two voters to "exchange" their votes
Vote_swapping
Proportional-representation ranked voting system
Schulze STV is a multi-winner ranked voting system designed to achieve proportional representation. It was invented by Markus Schulze, who developed the
Schulze_STV
Efforts to change electoral systems
generally in staggered terms in FPTP elections, although some states use ranked-choice voting, jungle primaries, or runoff elections. US House seats must be reapportioned
Electoral reform in the United States
Electoral_reform_in_the_United_States
Method for group decision-making
The median voting rule or median mechanism is a rule for group decision-making along a one-dimensional domain. Each person votes by writing down his/her
Median_voting_rule
election took place on June 24, 2025. Voters ranked up to five candidates using ranked-choice voting. The early voting period began on June 14. Incumbent mayor
2025 New York City Democratic mayoral primary
2025_New_York_City_Democratic_mayoral_primary
satisfy a fairness property called Proportionality for Solid Coalitions. Ranked voting – a setting in which the input consists of rankings of candidates, and
Rank_aggregation
Function that ranks states of society according to their desirability
Ordinal (or ranked voting) functions only use ordinal information; i.e., whether one choice is better than another. Cardinal (or rated voting) functions
Social_welfare_function
Ballot measure in Colorado regarding ranked-choice voting
non-partisan blanket primaries and would have implemented ranked-choice (instant-runoff) voting for most statewide and state legislative general elections
2024_Colorado_Proposition_131
preferential voting), and compulsory voting has resulted - since they were introduced in 1983. This results in the near 95% usage of partisan group voting tickets
Issues affecting the single transferable vote
Issues_affecting_the_single_transferable_vote
Electronic record of voter selections
electronic voting data is not subject to release under public records law". WHYY. Retrieved May 25, 2025. FairVote and the Ranked Choice Voting Resource
Cast_vote_record
Spoiler effect in RCV and two-round systems
ISSN 1572-9907. "Ranked Choice Voting". FairVote. Retrieved 2024-07-22. "Avoid Vote-Splitting and Weak Plurality Results". RCV Resources. Ranked Choice Voting Resource
Center_squeeze
Multiple-winner electoral system
variant of block voting. Under both cumulative voting and block voting, a voter casts multiple votes but in the case of cumulative voting, can lump them
Cumulative_voting
Machine used to vote in elections
electronic voting machines. Traditionally, a voting machine has been defined by its mechanism, and whether the system tallies votes at each voting location
Voting_machine
In social choice theory, veto voting is a method of voting by which individual voters, or coalitions of voters, can veto a certain number of outcomes that
Veto_voting
Vote share required for representation
representation through ranked voting in multi-seat (as opposed to single seat) organizations or constituencies (voting districts). Ranked voting systems are widely
Electoral_threshold
focus on all films, while others focus on a particular genre or country. Voting systems differ, and some surveys suffer from biases such as self-selection
List_of_films_voted_the_best
Theorem in political science
Highest median voting rules Lesser of two evils principle Ranked voting Median income Median voting rule Probabilistic voting model Swing vote Dasgupta, Partha;
Median_voter_theorem
Society that ranks individuals by relation to chief
A ranked society in anthropology is one that ranks individuals in terms of their genealogical distance from the chief. Another term for a "ranked society"
Ranked_society
Bingo voting is an electronic voting scheme for transparent, secure, end-to-end auditable elections. It was introduced in 2007 by Jens-Matthias Bohli,
Bingo_voting
Electronic voting systems company
Dominion Voting Systems Corporation was a North American company that produced and sold electronic voting hardware and software, including voting machines
Dominion_Voting_Systems
2024 referendum
If enacted, it would have repealed Alaska's electoral system of ranked-choice voting and nonpartisan blanket primaries, which was enacted by Alaska Measure
2024_Alaska_Ballot_Measure_2
Mixed electoral system with compensation
The alternative vote plus (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, is a semi-proportional voting system. AV+ was devised by the 1998 Jenkins Commission which
Alternative_vote_plus
Non-proportional electoral system
non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number
Plurality_block_voting
Lying about which of two candidates is preferred
many voting rules creates incentives for dishonesty among voters. First-preference methods like first-past-the-post and ranked-choice runoff voting (RCV)
Insincere_voting
Relationship between social class and voting behavior
Class voting is the relationship between social class and voting behavior. The concept is central in political sociology, as political parties are seen
Class_voting
How choices are tallied under multi-winner ranked-choice voting
transferable vote (STV) is a proportional representation system and also a ranked vote system that elects multiple winners. Under STV, an elector's vote is initially
Counting single transferable votes
Counting_single_transferable_votes
2011 referendum in the UK on reforming the voting system
The United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, also known as the UK-wide referendum on the Parliamentary voting system, was held on Thursday 5 May 2011
2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum
2024 referendum
Constitution of Missouri to prohibit ranked-choice voting and affirm the state ban on non-citizen voting. The initiative's vote was held on November 5, 2024 and
2024_Missouri_Amendment_7
Politics and government
Lesser-evil voting is a common strategy in plurality-based systems like first-past-the-post and ranked-choice voting (RCV), but not approval or score voting. The
Lesser-evil_voting
American politician (born 1973)
upset. It was the first election to take place under the state's new ranked-choice voting system. Peltola is the first Alaska Native member of Congress, the
Mary_Peltola
Algorithm used by Google Search to rank web pages
mayoclinic.org. The rank value indicates an importance of a particular page. A hyperlink to a page counts as a vote of support. The PageRank of a page is defined
PageRank
Correction method used in some voting systems
vote linkage and seat linkage. Vote linkage compensation in a single-tier system occurs in many ranked voting systems such as instant-runoff voting and
Compensation (electoral systems)
Compensation_(electoral_systems)
conducted with ranked-choice voting. Voting for U.S. president will continue to utilize primaries based on political party, but ranked-choice voting will still
2020_Alaska_Measure_2
2024 Washington, D.C., ballot measure
voter-approved ballot initiative in Washington, D.C., that would permit ranked-choice voting and open the primary elections to independent voters. It allows voters
Initiative_83
Plurality voting system
votes/total seats. The need for strategic voting is mostly obviated under preferential voting systems, such as STV or IRV. Voters are allowed to rank
First-past-the-post_voting
RANKED VOTING
RANKED VOTING
Boy/Male
Hindu
Signal, Goal
Female
Finnish
Finnish form of Hebrew Rachel, RAAKEL means "ewe."
Boy/Male
English American
Variants of Randolph 'Wolf's shield.' Surname.
Boy/Male
Hindu
King of poor
Boy/Male
Hindu
Veda
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of Hanke.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a gamekeeper or warden, from Middle English ranger, an agent derivative of range(n) ‘to arrange or dispose’.German : variant of Rang 2, 3.German : habitational name for someone from any of the places named Rangen, in Alsace, Bavaria, and Hesse.French : from a Germanic personal name formed with rang, rank ‘curved’, ‘bent’; ‘slender’.A person called Ranger from La Rochelle, France, is documented in Quebec City in 1684 with the secondary surname
Female
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of Hebrew Rachel, RAKEL means "ewe."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Rake.
Male
English
Scottish Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Raghnall, RANALD means "wise ruler."
Male
German
Low German pet form of German Johann, HANKE means "God is gracious."
Male
Yiddish
(×™Ö·×× Ö°×§×œ) Yiddish form of Hebrew Yaaqob, YANKEL means "supplanter."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hanks.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : metronymic from Khanke (a pet form of the Yiddish female personal name Khane; see Hanna 1), with the Yiddish possessive suffix -s.
Boy/Male
Scottish
Rules with counsel. Form of Ronald.
Boy/Male
English
Little shield.
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : variant spelling of Banks 1.
Surname or Lastname
English (Cornwall)
English (Cornwall) : habitational name from Mankea in Cornwall, named with Corinsh men ‘stone’ + kee ‘bank’, ‘hedge’.Americanized form of German Manke.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name from northern Middle English bank(e) ‘hillside slope’, ‘riverbank’ + the suffix -er denoting an inhabitant (see Banks).Scottish : habitational name from Bankier in Stirlingshire.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name from Polish bankier ‘banker’.German (Bänker) : occupational name from an agent derivative of Middle Low German banc ‘bench’, ‘counter’ (see Bank).
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : variant spelling of Hankin.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in Lancashire, named with an ancient British river name, perhaps meaning ‘sacred’, ‘holy’.Irish : when not of English origin (see 1 above), a rare reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Seanchaidhe ‘son of the chronicler’, a name found in Sligo and Leitrim, which is more commonly Anglicized as Fox, as the result of an erroneous association with sionnach ‘fox’.
RANKED VOTING
RANKED VOTING
Girl/Female
Hindu
Is wakeful
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Caravan Leader; Name of an Ancestor
Girl/Female
Indian
Male
Egyptian
, a son of King Tetet.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Small diamond
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Blossom; Wise
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English
Copying Something
Boy/Male
Indian
Actor Power
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Sussex)
English (mainly Sussex) : from Middle English schulder ‘shoulder’; a nickname for someone with exceptionally broad shoulders or some deformity or other peculiarity of the shoulders.Americanized form of Slovenian Šolar (see Sholar).
Boy/Male
Hindu
RANKED VOTING
RANKED VOTING
RANKED VOTING
RANKED VOTING
RANKED VOTING
a.
Used with both hands; as, a two-handed sword.
v. i.
To long (for) with a keen appetite and uneasiness; to have a vehement desire; -- usually with for or after; as, to hanker after fruit; to hanker after the diversions of the town.
a.
Packed in tin cases; canned; as, tinned meats.
a.
Having fangs or tusks; as, a fanged adder. Also used figuratively.
v. t.
To affect as a canker; to eat away; to corrode; to consume.
n.
A corroding or sloughing ulcer; esp. a spreading gangrenous ulcer or collection of ulcers in or about the mouth; -- called also water canker, canker of the mouth, and noma.
a.
Eaten out by canker, or as by canker.
a.
Having angles; as, a six canted bolt head; a canted window.
a.
Open-handed; liberal.
a.
Left-handed; hence, unlucky.
a.
Coarsely ground or broken; as, cracked wheat.
a.
Formed with, or having, a bend or crank; as, a cranked axle.
v. i.
To be or become diseased, or as if diseased, with canker; to grow corrupt; to become venomous.
a.
Banded or marked with circles.
a.
Having a back; fitted with a back; as, a backed electrotype or stereotype plate. Used in composition; as, broad-backed; hump-backed.
a.
Having ankles; -- used in composition; as, well-ankled.
a.
Close-handed; close-fisted; covetous; avaricious.
imp. & p. p.
of Rankle
a.
Consisting in real estate or land; as, landed property; landed security.