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Specialized anatomy and physiology of bacteria
efficient cell structures, which allow them to fill many ecological niches. While resembling other prokaryotes, many features of bacterial cells are unique
Bacterial_cell_structure
Polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope in many bacteria
The bacterial capsule is a large structure common to many bacteria. It is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope, and is thus deemed
Bacterial_capsule
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
transcribe RNA to DNA). Bacterial cell structure Evolution of cells List of sequenced archaeal genomes List of sequenced bacterial genomes Marine prokaryotes
Prokaryote
Protective outer structure of bacterial cells
This envelope is not present in the Mollicutes where the cell wall is absent. Bacterial cell envelopes fall into two major categories: a gram-positive
Cell_envelope
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
bind to membrane proteins in cells Artificial cell – Engineered component of a biological cell Bacterial cell structure – Specialized anatomy and physiology
Cell_membrane
Domain of microorganisms
bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells contain circular chromosomes, do not contain a nucleus
Bacteria
Cellular appendage functioning as locomotive or sensory organelle
outside the cell, and rotate to propel the cell. Archaeal flagella have a unique structure which lacks a central channel. Similar to bacterial type IV pilins
Flagellum
Outermost layer of some cells
agar, distinct from those in land plants. Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, while archaeal cell walls vary in composition, potentially consisting
Cell_wall
Plasma membrane found in gram-negative bacteria
associated with bacterial cell structure and morphology; cell membrane homeostasis; the uptake of nutrients; protection of the cell from toxins including
Bacterial_outer_membrane
Growth of bacterial colonies
Bacterial growth is proliferation of bacterium into two daughter cells, in a process called binary fission. Providing no mutation event occurs, the resulting
Bacterial_growth
Basic unit of life forms
"24.1B: Fungi Cell Structure and Function". Biology LibreTexts. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2025. Jurtshuk P (1996). "Bacterial Metabolism". Medical
Cell_(biology)
Method of bacterial gene transfer
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between
Bacterial_conjugation
Protein family
Bacterial adhesins are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually
Bacterial_adhesin
Organic compound
such as cellulose, which form protective envelopes around the cells. While bacterial cellulose is produced in nature, many methods are currently being
Bacterial_cellulose
Historically, a biological kingdom
prokaryotic structure. Archaea differ from Bacteria in having a different 16S srna. They also have a different cell wall structure. Bacterial cell structure Endosymbiont
Monera
Network of filamentous proteins that forms the internal framework of cells
organelles within the cell) and can be a template for the construction of a cell wall. Furthermore, it can form specialized structures, such as flagella,
Cytoskeleton
Proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria
for bacterial conjugation. All conjugative pili are primarily composed of pilin – fibrous proteins, which are oligomeric. Dozens of these structures can
Pilus
Investigative procedure in microbiology
bonds of the stain with the cell wall. Gram staining is almost always the first step in the identification of a bacterial group. While Gram staining is
Gram_stain
Bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test
through an optical microscope. The thick layer of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it has been fixed in place by iodine. During
Gram-positive_bacteria
Class of peptides that have antimicrobial activity
protein folding, and cell wall synthesis. The initial contact between the peptide and the target organism is electrostatic, as most bacterial surfaces are anionic
Antimicrobial_peptides
Shapes characteristic of certain bacteria and archaea
Bacterial cellular morphologies are the shapes that are characteristic of various types of bacteria and often key to their identification. Their direct
Bacterial cellular morphologies
Bacterial_cellular_morphologies
Group of bacteria that do not retain the Gram stain used in bacterial differentiation
staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is that their cell envelope consists of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched
Gram-negative_bacteria
Class of molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
(in the original sense of toxins that are inside the bacterial cell that are released when the cell disintegrates) that are not related to LPS, such as
Lipopolysaccharide
Protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances
Bacterial secretion systems are protein complexes present on the cell membranes of bacteria for secretion of substances. Specifically, they are the cellular
Bacterial_secretion_system
Polymer in bacterial cell walls
the 3D mesh-like layer. Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall, giving structural strength, as well as counteracting the osmotic
Peptidoglycan
Film of microorganisms on a surface
biofilm grows by a combination of cell division and recruitment. Polysaccharide matrices typically enclose bacterial biofilms. The matrix exopolysaccharides
Biofilm
Controlled release of substances by cells or tissues
interior (cytoplasm or cytosol) of a bacterial cell to its exterior. Secretion is a very important mechanism in bacterial functioning and operation in their
Secretion
Protective structure formed by bacteria
impermeability of the endospore wall to dyes and stains. While the rest of a bacterial cell may stain, the endospore is left colourless. To combat this, a special
Endospore
Genetic alteration of a cell by uptake of genetic material from the environment
alteration of a bacterial cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s)
Genetic_transformation
Ability of bacteria to move independently using metabolic energy
which pull the cell forwards in a manner similar to the action of a grappling hook, providing energy to move the cell forward. Bacterial gliding uses different
Bacterial_motility
Structures in bacteria
the normal structure of bacterial cells. These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae. These structures are invaginations of the
Mesosome
Specialized subunit within a cell
within a biological cell, that has a specific function. The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to
Organelle
Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
that lack a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are often much larger and contain more genetic information than bacterial cells. This genetic information is divided
Eukaryote
DNA experiment
composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not. Hershey and Chase and subsequent
Hershey–Chase_experiment
Type of physical variation in bacteria
Bacterial morphological plasticity refers to changes in the shape and size that bacterial cells undergo when they encounter stressful environments. Although
Bacterial morphological plasticity
Bacterial_morphological_plasticity
Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species
same function. An example is the forelimb structure shared by cats and whales. Analogous structures - structures similar in different organisms because,
Comparative_anatomy
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
Process in genetics
Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) with use of
Bacterial_transcription
Membrane-bound organelle in cells containing fluid
membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which
Vacuole
Disease of the lungs
Bacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae (J13) is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia
Bacterial_pneumonia
Genome of bacteria
Bacterial genomes are generally smaller and less varied in size between species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes. Bacterial genomes can range
Bacterial_genome
Rank based classification of bacteria
such as cell shape, Gram stain (number of lipid bilayers) or bilayer composition (see Bacterial cellular morphologies, Bacterial cell structure) Bacteria
Bacterial_taxonomy
Vesicles released from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria
which are gram-negative bacterial vesicles containing portions of both the outer and inner bacterial membrane. In 1965, cell-free lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Outer_membrane_vesicle
Virus that infects bacteria
combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these toxin-encoding prophages have been proposed. Bacterial cells are protected by a cell wall of polysaccharides
Bacteriophage
Synthetic antibiotic class
structure of cephalosporin, a cephem. Carbacephems are similar to cephems, but with a carbon substituted for the sulfur. It prevents bacterial cell division
Carbacephem
Communications in cell biology
being washed away before infection occurs. Bacterial cells can bind to many host cell surface structures such as glycolipids and glycoproteins which
Cell–cell_interaction
Superfamily of proteins that make up microtubules
in segregating low copy-number plasmids during bacterial cell division. The protein forms a structure unusual for a tubulin homolog; two helical filaments
Tubulin
DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell
into a structure called the nucleoid. The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however
Chromosome
Organelle-like structure in bacteria with a protein shell containing enzymes
Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are organelle-like structures found in bacteria. They consist of a protein shell that encloses enzymes and other proteins
Bacterial_microcompartment
Hypothesis for classification of life
host cell of eukaryotes had evolved from Asgard archaea was widely accepted. The genome of living eukaryotes is composed of both archaeal and bacterial DNA
Three-domain_system
Structural filaments in prokaryotes
element, forms a filamentous ring structure located in the middle of the cell called the Z-ring that constricts during cell division, similar to the actin-myosin
Prokaryotic_cytoskeleton
its target protein. Bacterial display is often coupled with magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques
Bacterial_display
Aspect of immunity
cleaved into subunits that either form a structure called the membrane attack complex (MAC) on the bacterial cell wall to destroy the bacteria or act as
Humoral_immunity
Protein complex found in bacteria and archaea
transport proteins and DNA across the cell membrane. The type IV secretion system is just one of many bacterial secretion systems. Type IV secretion systems
Type_IV_secretion_system
pathogens to cause damage to the host, hence they are molecules or bacterial cell structures involved in the various stages of pathogenesis such as adhesion
Antivirulence
Class of broad-spectrum antibiotics
carbacephems. Most β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics
Β-Lactam_antibiotic
hereafter) is a major cell wall component of some Archaea that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles bacterial peptidoglycan
Pseudopeptidoglycan
Organism that consists of only one cell
a bacterial process for transferring DNA from one cell to another, and is apparently an adaptation for repairing DNA damage in the recipient cell. In
Unicellular_organism
Adaptive behavior by microscopic organisms including bacteria and protists
(known as bacterial intelligence) is the intelligence shown by microorganisms. This includes complex adaptive behavior shown by single cells, and altruistic
Microbial_intelligence
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
infection without harming the cells of the infected person. Due to the differences in their structures, the bacterial 70S ribosomes are vulnerable to
Ribosome
Phyla of the domain Bacteria
Bacterial phyla constitute the major lineages of the domain Bacteria. While the exact definition of a bacterial phylum is debated, a popular definition
Bacterial_phyla
Anti-microbial epithelial cell of the small intestine
occupy most of their cytoplasm. When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens, Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably defensins
Paneth_cell
External body part or natural prolongation
prosthecae. Other appendages are bacterial nanowires. Cell appendages are membrane protrusions that extend from the cell membrane, examples are microvilli
Appendage
Protein complexes that move compounds, generally toxic, out of bacterial cells
potential difference created by pumping hydrogen or sodium ions into the cell. Bacterial efflux pumps are classified into five major superfamilies, based on
Efflux_pump
American developmental biologist
the basis of stem cell function and the generation of biological diversity. Her ideas have revolutionized understanding of bacterial genetic networks and
Lucy_Shapiro
Process of cell attachment
between cell surfaces such as cell junctions or indirect interaction, where cells attach to surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), a gel-like structure containing
Cell_adhesion
Long carbohydrate polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
important role in bacterial multicellularity. Cellulose and chitin are examples of structural polysaccharides. Cellulose is used in the cell walls of plants
Polysaccharide
Origin of three known varieties of flagella
varieties of flagella – (eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal) each represent a sophisticated cellular structure and the interaction of multiple components
Evolution_of_flagella
New cell wall that forms between two daughter cells in cell division
meiosis, and the division of bacterial cells. The formation of the septum (a new cell wall) allows the two daughter cells to be separate from one another
Septum_(cell_biology)
Study of the form or morphology of fishes
skin cells called goblet cells that produce a slimy substance to the surface of the skin. This aids in insulation and protection from bacterial infection
Fish_anatomy
substances more soluble, and therefore more readily exocytosed from the cell. Bacterial glutathione transferases are widely distributed in aerobic bacteria
Bacterial glutathione transferase
Bacterial_glutathione_transferase
Type of chromosome
base was incorporated uniformly into the bacterial chromosome. He then isolated the chromosomes by lysing the cells gently and placed them on an electron
Circular_chromosome
two bacterial cells that provides a passageway for DNA in bacterial conjugation. A mating bridge is different from a sex pilus, which is a structure made
Mating_bridge
Bacterial protein
filament in a bacterial flagellum. Flagellin has a mass on average of about 40,000 daltons. Flagellins are the principal component of bacterial flagella that
Flagellin
extracellular environment rather than into host cells, supporting its unique ecological roles. The Type IX bacterial secretion system contains 18 genes that are
Type_IX_secretion_system
Species of multicellular bacteria
Brazil. It has a multicellular structure and consists of an organised sphere of flagellated, gram-negative bacterial cells. As it has not yet been cultured
Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis
Candidatus_Magnetoglobus_multicellularis
Soft outer covering organ of vertebrates
few structures for specific purposes, such as pheromone-secreting cells in some reptiles, or the uropygial gland of most birds. Cutaneous structures arise
Skin
Organelle in eukaryotic cells
but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many. The main structures making up
Cell_nucleus
Electrically conductive appendages produced by a number of bacteria
in a microbial fuel cell setting for the first time using Shewanella bacteria to reduce an Fe(III) electrode. In 2010, bacterial nanowires were shown
Bacterial_nanowires
Bacterial virulence factor
(T3SS or TTSS) is one of the bacterial secretion systems used by bacteria to secrete their effector proteins into host cells to promote virulence and colonisation
Type_III_secretion_system
Events leading to cell division
replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells. In single-celled organisms, a single cell-division cycle is how the organism
Cell_cycle
Overview of and topical guide to cell biology
guide to cell biology: Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function;
Outline_of_cell_biology
Polymer of tubulin that forms part of the cytoskeleton
tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton to provide structure and shape to a eukaryotic cell. Microtubules can be as long as 50 micrometres, as wide
Microtubule
Class of proteins
bacterial cell walls. Bacterial cell wall synthesis is essential to growth, cell division (thus reproduction) and maintaining the cellular structure in
Penicillin-binding_proteins
Species of red algae
species for Rhodophyta. Remarkably, bacterial plasmids can replicate in its cell nucleus unchanged: the bacterial origin of replication "just works".
Porphyridium_purpureum
Bactericidal antibiotics
essential for bacterial growth, cell division and cellular structure. Therefore, bacteria need enzymes that can cleave the cell wall during bacterial growth
Discovery and development of cephalosporins
Discovery_and_development_of_cephalosporins
Protein domain
Kasperkiewicz K, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Skurnik M (2012). "Bacterial cell surface structures in Yersinia enterocolitica". Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz)
YadA bacterial adhesin protein domain
YadA_bacterial_adhesin_protein_domain
Sequence of DNA
resistance within bacterial cells and the oriT structure and mechanism within plasmid DNA is complementary to its function in bacterial conjugation. The first
Origin_of_transfer
Bacterial small RNAs are small RNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several
Bacterial_small_RNA
Microorganisms present in the vagina
4. Production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a proposed mechanism for bacterial antagonism in vitro, inhibiting growth of microorganisms via direct interaction
Vaginal_flora
Process of cells digesting parts of themselves
to the formation of an autophagosome and bacterial degradation. Autophagy degrades damaged organelles, cell membranes and proteins, and insufficient autophagy
Autophagy
dissection of the membrane assemblies involved in infection, virulence and bacterial cell wall synthesis is having major impact in the development of therapeutic
Natalie_Strynadka
Macrophages located in the liver
hepatic lobules. Kupffer cell function and structures are specialized depending on their location. Periportal Kupffer cells tend to be larger and have
Kupffer_cell
Study of the structure of plants
morphology studies plant structure at a range of scales. At the smallest scales are ultrastructure, the general structural features of cells visible only with
Plant_morphology
Process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions
in bacterial cultures, more complex proteins that are glycosylated (carbohydrate-modified) currently must be made in animal cells. Mammalian cells ensure
Cell_culture
Cellulose synthesizing enzyme in plants and bacteria
losing its shape viability Several structures of the bacterial cellulose synthase BcsAB have been resolved. The bacterial enzyme consists of two different
Cellulose synthase (UDP-forming)
Cellulose_synthase_(UDP-forming)
Bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell
plasma membrane, degrading the internal structure of the cell, allowing the flexibility required for the cell to separate into individual bulges or pockets
Bleb_(cell_biology)
Engineered component of a biological cell
artificial cell, synthetic cell or minimal cell is an engineered particle that mimics one or many functions of a biological cell. Often, artificial cells are
Artificial_cell
Evolutionary theory
chloroplasts, and also bacterial cell membranes; and that cardiolipin is found only in the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial cell membranes. They also
Symbiogenesis
Additionally, there are approximately an equal number of bacterial cells. The exact count of human cells has not yet been empirically measured in its entirety
List_of_human_cell_types
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