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Codon that marks the end of a protein-coding sequence
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation
Stop_codon
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
out of 64 codons in their experiments. Khorana, Holley and Nirenberg received the Nobel Prize (1968) for their work. The three stop codons were named
Genetic_code
List of standard rules to translate DNA encoded information into proteins
different codons in the genetic code and the below tables; most specify an amino acid. Three sequences, UAG, UGA, and UAA, known as stop codons, do not
DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables
Type of mutation in a DNA sequence
point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a nonsense codon, or a premature stop codon in the transcribed mRNA, and leads to a truncated, incomplete
Nonsense_mutation
DNA section marked with start and stop codon of different length
reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic
Open_reading_frame
First codon of a messenger RNA translated by a ribosome
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine in eukaryotes
Start_codon
Topics referred to by the same term
skull Stop codon, a type of RNA molecule in genetic code STOP protein, a protein in animals Surgical termination of pregnancy, a type of abortion Stop consonant
Stop
Genetic bias in coding DNA
termination of translation (stop codons). There are 64 different codons (61 codons encoding for amino acids and 3 stop codons) but only 20 different translated
Codon_usage_bias
Cellular process of protein synthesis
depends on the release factor eRF1 that recognizes all three stop codons. When a stop codon is reached, termination of the polypeptide occurs the ribosome
Translation_(biology)
only permit short (< 600bp) open reading frames (ORFs) due to frequent stop codons. The short ORFs could have contained the short protein-coding exons observed
Split_gene_theory
Elimination of mRNA with premature stop codons in eukaryotes
gene expression by eliminating mRNA transcripts that contain premature stop codons. Translation of these aberrant mRNAs could, in some cases, lead to deleterious
Nonsense-mediated_decay
Amino acid that is incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation
nearby UGA codon as selenocysteine (UGA is normally a stop codon). In some methanogenic prokaryotes, the UAG codon (normally a stop codon) can also be
Proteinogenic_amino_acid
Mutation that shifts codon alignment
reading of the codons after the mutation to code for different amino acids. The frameshift mutation will also alter the first stop codon ("UAA", "UGA"
Frameshift_mutation
Concept in molecular genetics regarding misreading of genes
genetics that suggests that the prevalence of “hidden” or off-frame stop codons in DNA selectively deters off-frame translation of mRNA to save energy
Ambush_hypothesis
Modified genetic code
number of 64 codons in the bacterial genome to 61 codons (eliminating two out of the six codons coding for serine and one out of three stop codons) – of which
Expanded_genetic_code
Topics referred to by the same term
variant that causes loss of a stop codon Stop-Loss (film), a 2008 film about soldiers subject to the stop-loss policy "Stop-Loss" (Dollhouse), an episode
Stop-loss
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
the ERF1 gene. In Eukaryotes, eRF1 is an essential protein involved in stop codon recognition in translation, termination of translation, and nonsense mediated
Eukaryotic translation termination factor 1
Eukaryotic_translation_termination_factor_1
Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
includes a SECIS element, which causes the UGA codon to encode selenocysteine instead of a stop codon. Pyrrolysine is used by some methanogenic archaea
Amino_acid
Genetic disorder affecting mostly the lungs
ribosome to overcome the stop codon and produce a full-length CFTR protein. About 10% of CF results from a premature stop codon in the DNA, leading to early
Cystic_fibrosis
RNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein
are arranged into codons consisting of three ribonucleotides each. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid, except the stop codons, which terminate
Messenger_RNA
Genetic code in mitochondria of various organisms and in mycoplasma/spiroplasma
with slight variations, notably the use of UGA as a tryptophan codon rather than a stop codon. AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma code
Mold,_protozoan,_and_coelenterate_mitochondrial_code_and_the_mycoplasma/spiroplasma_code
Intracellular mechanisms
NMD are currently disputed. A premature stop codon must be recognized as different from a normal stop codon so that only the former triggers a NMD response
MRNA_surveillance
Alternative genetic code
all vertebrata. AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution. However, at least in humans it has now
Vertebrate_mitochondrial_code
Non-stop decay (NSD) is a cellular mechanism of mRNA surveillance to detect mRNA molecules lacking a stop codon and prevent these mRNAs from translation
Non-stop_decay
Chemical compound
Pyrrolysine (symbol Pyl or O), encoded by the "amber" stop codon UAG, is a proteinogenic amino acid that is used in some methanogenic archaea and in bacteria
Pyrrolysine
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
for tryptophan and not arginine; however, the codon in the processed RNA was discovered to be the UGG codon, consistent with the standard genetic code for
Mitochondria
Technique used in protein engineering
degenerate codons are used. 'NNK' and 'NNS' have the benefit of encoding all 20 amino acids, but still encode a stop codon 3% of the time. Alternative codons such
Saturation_mutagenesis
Dog breed
it is caused by a nonsense mutation in codon 1027 of the COL4A5 gene on the X chromosome (glycine to stop codon), which is similar to Alport's syndrome
Samoyed_dog
DNA mutation with no observable effect on an organism's phenotype
amino acids involved in the swap correlate. The premature insertion of a stop codon, a nonsense mutation, can alter the primary structure of a protein. In
Silent_mutation
Typically codons, sets of three mRNA nucleotides, correspond to one specific amino acid. Codon reassignment is the exception to this rule. When a codon is reassigned
Codon_reassignment
Protein family
for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence. They are named so because they release new peptides
Release_factor
Medical condition
Resulting in a stop codon after 21 codons 0.0 Male C to A substitution in intron V, at 3' splicing acceptor site before exon VI Premature stop codon - Male Insertion
Aromatase_deficiency
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
termination, and ribosome recycling. The start codon in all mRNA molecules has the sequence AUG. The stop codon may either be UAA, UAG, or UGA; since there
Ribosome
Protein found in humans
single mRNA transcript larger than 16 kb. ApoB48 is generated when a stop codon (UAA) at residue 2153 is created by RNA editing. There appears to be a
Apolipoprotein_B
sense/coding or antisense/template strand. sense codon Any codon that specifies an amino acid, as opposed to a stop codon, which does not specify any particular
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Technique for the automated directed evolution of proteins
addition of a TAG stop codon in the middle of gIII. Synthetases that aminoacylate the TAG codon's suppressor tRNA prevents stop codon activity, allowing
Phage-assisted continuous evolution
Phage-assisted_continuous_evolution
Topics referred to by the same term
shortened to TAG Tumor-associated glycoprotein, a type of protein TAG, a stop codon Tag (game), a playground game Tag (horse), an 18th-century thoroughbred
Tag
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and possibly a truncated, and often
Mutation
Ribosome binding site
holds the tRNA which is linked to the growing polypeptide chain. When a stop codon is reached, the peptidyl-tRNA bond of the tRNA located in the P-site is
P-site
Gene variant
(homozygotes). CCR5 Δ32 is a 32-base-pair deletion that introduces a premature stop codon into the CCR5 receptor locus, resulting in a nonfunctional receptor. CCR5
CCR5-Δ32
Breed of cat
was identified to have a 4 base pair deletion. This induces a premature stop codon in the receptor that is absent in all straight haired cats analyzed. LPAR6
Cornish_Rex
RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein
tRNA specifies which three-nucleotide codon from the genetic code corresponds to which amino acid. Each mRNA codon is recognized by a particular type of
Transfer_RNA
Duchenne muscular dystrophy medication
premature stop codon mutation for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and rescues striated muscle function. Studies in mice with the premature stop codon mutation
Ataluren
Hormone that inhibits hunger
hyperphagia. A nonsense mutation in the leptin gene that results in a stop codon and lack of leptin production was first observed in mice. In the mouse
Leptin
Genus of unicellular ciliates
Paramecium, only UGA is decoded as a stop codon, while UAG and UAA are reassigned as sense codons (that is, codons that code for standard amino acids)
Paramecium
System of rules to convert information into another form or representation
sequence of amino acids that form a protein molecule; a type of codon called a stop codon signals the end of the sequence. In mathematics, a Gödel code
Code
Dataset of protein-coding regions
"Consensus" is defined as protein-coding regions that agree at the start codon, stop codon, and splice junctions, and for which the prediction meets quality
Consensus_CDS_Project
Gene editing method
correct all three stop codons, but cannot create a stop codon. Therefore, the changes led >25% correction of the targeted stop codon with read through
CRISPR_gene_editing
Species of fruit fly
synthase, which is encoded on chromosome 3L. The gene has a premature stop codon in sepia flies, so that the flies cannot produce the pyrimidodiazepine
Drosophila_melanogaster
Ways of movement of equines
DMRT3, which is related to limb movement and motion, causes a premature "stop codon" in horses with lateral ambling gaits. The major ambling gaits include:
Horse_gait
RNA family
for example when reaching the end of a messenger RNA which has lost its stop codon. The tmRNA is remarkably versatile: it recycles the stalled ribosome,
Transfer-messenger_RNA
nonsense codons placed in the coding sequence of a gene. Start codons can also be suppressed with suppressor initiator tRNAs, such as the amber stop codon suppressor
Nonsense_suppressor
Molecular process
create start and stop codons, but it cannot destroy existing start and stop codons. A cryptic start codon is created when the codon ACG is edited to be
RNA_editing
Genetic mutation not inherited from a parent
or harmful. Nonsense mutation A nonsense mutation causes a premature stop codon in the nucleotide sequence, which leads to a discontinuation of protein
De_novo_mutation
Molecular cloning method for DNA assembly
an eight-nucleotide scar sequence, which codes for a tyrosine and a stop codon, is left between every segment added into the plasmid. Golden Gate assembly
Golden_Gate_Cloning
changes by e.g. truncation of C-terminus after introducing premature stop codon. Site-directed mutagenesis Phi value analysis missense mutation nonsense
Mutant_protein
Functionless relative of a gene
identification, the most commonly identified disablements are premature stop codons and frameshifts, which almost universally prevent the translation of
Pseudogene
Genetic disorders due to increases in the number of repeating nucleotides
located in introns or in a 3' untranslated region of code beyond the stop codon. The third category, largely producing toxic proteins with polyalanines
Trinucleotide_repeat_disorder
Rare blood type
Tyr316Ter mutation in the coding region of FUT1. The mutation introduces a stop codon, leading to a truncated enzyme that lacks 50 amino acids at the C-terminal
Hh_blood_group
Medical condition
mutation can affect all downstream functional domains if a premature stop codon or framing error results; such a mutation can result in a completely unusable
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome
neurological circuits related to limb movement and motion, causes a "premature 'stop codon'" in horses with lateral ambling gaits. Such breeds include the following:
List_of_gaited_horse_breeds
Mammalian protein
polymorphic site represents the third position in a stop codon. When the adenosine is absent, a downstream stop codon is used, and the encoded protein extends for
Kisspeptin
Largest known protein in human muscles
splicing creates some transcripts that do not encounter the premature stop codon, ameliorating its effect. mRNA splicing factors such as RBM20 and SLM2
Titin
Class of enzymes
mRNA, but the stop codon is interpreted as an amino acid-encoding codon. In consequence, translation continues to the next stop codon. This leads to
Lactate_dehydrogenase
Popular model for studying Duchenne muscular dystrophy
mutation in its DMD gene, changing the amino acid coding for a glutamine to STOP codon. This causes the muscle cells to produce a small, nonfunctional dystrophin
Mdx_mouse
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
of the growing polypeptide chain occurs when the ribosome encounters a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) in the mRNA molecule. When this occurs, no tRNA can
Protein_biosynthesis
Species of snake
from this genome. 85% of these predicted proteins contained start and stop codon, and 12% contained an N-terminal secretion signal sequence, which is an
Indian_cobra
Molecule produced by a living organism
into some proteins at a UGA codon, which is normally a stop codon. Pyrrolysine is incorporated into some proteins at a UAG codon. For instance, in some methanogens
Biomolecule
Type of mutation
will cause the active translation of the gene to encounter a premature stop codon, resulting in an end to translation and the production of a truncated
Insertion_(genetics)
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
PSI+ state and express dormant genetic features normally terminated by stop codon mutations. Prion-based epigenetics has also been observed in Saccharomyces
Epigenetics
Process by which a gene can code for multiple proteins
intron must encode amino acids in frame with the neighboring exons, or a stop codon or a shift in the reading frame will cause the protein to be non-functional
Alternative_splicing
DNA or mRNA sequence representing the end of transcription or translation
terminators. In the context of translation, a termination signal is the stop codon on the mRNA that elicits the release of the growing peptide from the ribosome
Termination_signal
redundancy of the 3 codons that encode a "stop" signal. If one of these can be substituted by another stop codon, then that codon can in principle be
Alloprotein
Strain of bacteria
used to drive the T7 RNA polymerase), ind1 (inducible), sam7 ("amber" stop codon used to inactivate phage S gene), nin5 ("N-independent" deletion). Can
Escherichia_coli_BL21(DE3)
Non-coding regions on either end of mRNA
eukaryotes. The 3' UTR is found immediately following the translation stop codon. The 3' UTR plays a critical role in translation termination as well as
Untranslated_region
Redundancy of codons in the genetic code
Degeneracy or redundancy of codons is the redundancy of the genetic code, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations that specify
Codon_degeneracy
Enzyme for controlling the production of melanin
mutation in nucleotide 1431 which converts a Tryptophan (TGG) into a stop codon (TGA), resulting in a shorter and inactive tyrosinase gene. Other albinos
Tyrosinase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
inhibition of viral replication. Its function relies on introducing a stop codon into apolipoprotein B (ApoB) mRNA, which alters lipid metabolism in the
APOBEC1
Genome editing strategy
readthrough of premature stop codons. The mechanism targets the general molecular mechanism of ribosomal recognition of premature stop codons and is therefore
Prime editing-mediated readthrough of premature termination codons
Prime_editing-mediated_readthrough_of_premature_termination_codons
Study of the role of the genome in drug response
of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon). The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenomics
Protein synthesis process in bacteria
translate the remaining codons on the mRNA as more aminoacyl-tRNA bind to the A site, until the ribosome reaches a stop codon on mRNA(UAA, UGA, or UAG)
Bacterial_translation
Genetics behind Labrador Retriever coat colour
R.; Rothuizen, J.; van Oost, B (2000). "Identification of a premature stop codon in the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor gene (MC1R) in Labrador
Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics
Labrador_Retriever_coat_colour_genetics
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
begins folding into the correct conformation. Translation ends with a stop codon which may be a UAA, UGA, or UAG triplet.[citation needed] The mRNA does
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
Replacement, insertion, or deletion of a single DNA or RNA nucleotide
Nonsense mutations include stop-gain and start-loss. Stop-gain is a mutation that results in a premature termination codon (a stop was gained), which signals
Point_mutation
readthrough site facilitates the mechanism of translation readthrough of the stop codon at the gag-pol junction producing the gag and pol fusion protein in certain
Gag/pol translational readthrough site
Gag/pol_translational_readthrough_site
File format used for genomes
longer displayed in a thicker way on a graphical representation (e.g.: the stop codon of a gene) No 9 itemRgb RGB value in the form R, G, B (e.g. 255,0,0) determining
BED_(file_format)
RNA base pair that does not follow Watson–Crick base pair rules
codon) then a different tRNA is required for that anticodon. The minimum requirement to satisfy all possible codons (61 excluding three stop codons)
Wobble_base_pair
Classification of blood types
group A allele, a guanosine base is subsequently deleted. A premature stop codon results from this frame-shift mutation. This variant is found worldwide
ABO_blood_group_system
Section of nucleic acid sequence
phages. The Rho-dependent terminator occurs downstream of translational stop codons and consists of an unstructured, cytosine-rich sequence on the mRNA known
Terminator_(genetics)
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64 possible codons (four possible
Gene
Portion of gene's sequence which codes for protein
mutations, where base alterations in the coding region code for a premature stop codon, producing a shorter final protein. Point mutations, or single base pair
Coding_region
Convergence of pathology with physiology
Colberg, J; Caro, JF (Jun 1995). "Evidence against either a premature stop codon or the absence of obese gene mRNA in human obesity". The Journal of Clinical
Pathophysiology
End-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid
which does not contain protein coding sequence. Everything between the stop codon and the polyA tail is considered to be 3′-untranslated. The 3′-untranslated
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality_(molecular_biology)
Topics referred to by the same term
translation of mRNA molecules lacking a stop codon Non-stop flight, an airplane flight with no intermediate stops This disambiguation page lists articles
Nonstop
Mechanism which genetically encodes phenotypes through evolutionary processes
the existence of genetic assimilation in evolution; in yeast, when a stop codon is lost by mutation, the reading frame is preserved much more often than
Genetic_assimilation
Characteristic of a group of organisms with a common ancestor
definitive evidence in favor of universal common descent. The way that codons (DNA triplets) are mapped to amino acids seems to be strongly optimised
Common_descent
American breed of horse
The point mutation causes early termination of the gene by coding for a stop codon, thus altering the function of this transcription factor. Uniquely, both
Standardbred
Species of fungus
in ORF 11 of the PR toxin biosynthetic cluster introduces a premature stop codon; a deletion in the lipase/esterase domain of the mpaC gene prevents MPA
Penicillium_roqueforti
Parasitic disease caused by a family of nematode worms
had an extra 29 amino acid long extension. The WbSXP-1 variant, where a stop codon has been introduced at the amino acid position 153 has been shown to be
Filariasis
Percentage of guanine and cytosine in DNA or RNA molecules
proportional to higher G+C content. This has been pointed to the fact that the stop codon has a bias towards A and T nucleotides, and, thus, the shorter the sequence
GC-content
STOP CODON
STOP CODON
Girl/Female
Tamil
Point or full stop, Rocky
Girl/Female
Tamil
Someone you cannot stop loving
Boy/Male
Indian, Sikh
First Step
Girl/Female
Hindu
Point or full stop, Rocky
Boy/Male
Hebrew Biblical
Stop.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
One who can Stop Indra
Boy/Male
Tamil
Point or full stop, Rocky
Boy/Male
English
Horse
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Grading; Step by Step Achiever
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Stop.
Girl/Female
Indian
Someone you cannot stop loving
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada
Growing Step by Step; Prosperity
Surname or Lastname
Dutch and North German
Dutch and North German : from Middle Dutch stoop, Middle Low German stÅp ‘pitcher’, ‘stone bottle’, hence a nickname for a heavy drinker, or a metonymic occupational name for a wine seller or innkeeper.English : of uncertain origin, perhaps from Middle English stulpe, stolpe ‘post’ or ‘boundary marker’ (Old Norse stolpi), or from Middle English stoppe ‘bucket’ (Old English stoppa), hence a topographic name for someone who lived either by a boundary post or in a deep hollow. Alternatively, it could be a habitational name from a place so named, most probably Stop in Fonthill Giffard in Wiltshire, named with Old English stoppa ‘bucket’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Point or full stop, Rocky
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Stowe.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Sikh
Never Stop
Boy/Male
English
From the Tree Stump
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Point or Full Stop
Girl/Female
Indian
Step Forward
Boy/Male
English
From the tree stump.
STOP CODON
STOP CODON
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Giving Gold
Boy/Male
English American
Rock.
Boy/Male
English American Teutonic
Powerful in the law.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Sunrise
Boy/Male
English American
King. King's field. Title used as a surname by the members of a royal household. Famous...
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Chinese, French
Destiny
Boy/Male
English Scottish
Redheaded. Surname.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Best; Excellent
Boy/Male
Indian
Worshipers
Surname or Lastname
English (Norfolk)
English (Norfolk) : possibly a variant of Calk.
STOP CODON
STOP CODON
STOP CODON
STOP CODON
STOP CODON
v. i.
To cease to go on; to halt, or stand still; to come to a stop.
v. t.
To arrest the progress of; to hinder; to impede; to shut in; as, to stop a traveler; to stop the course of a stream, or a flow of blood.
v. t.
To draw over, or rub upon, a strop with a view to sharpen; as, to strop a razor.
n.
In the organ, one of the knobs or handles at each side of the organist, by which he can draw on or shut off any register or row of pipes; the register itself; as, the vox humana stop.
n.
That which stops, impedes, or obstructs; as obstacle; an impediment; an obstruction.
v. i.
The space passed over by one movement of the foot in walking or running; as, one step is generally about three feet, but may be more or less. Used also figuratively of any kind of progress; as, he improved step by step, or by steps.
v. t.
To rise to the top of; to go over the top of.
v. t.
To hinder from acting or moving; to prevent the effect or efficiency of; to cause to cease; to repress; to restrain; to suppress; to interrupt; to suspend; as, to stop the execution of a decree, the progress of vice, the approaches of old age or infirmity.
v. t.
To close, as an aperture, by filling or by obstructing; as, to stop the ears; hence, to stanch, as a wound.
adv.
On or at the top.
a.
Permitting one to stop over; as, a stop-over check or ticket. See To stop over, under Stop, v. i.
n.
One who is set to stop balls which pass the wicket keeper.
n.
Top-boots.
v. i.
A small space or distance; as, it is but a step.
v. t.
To fix the foot of (a mast) in its step; to erect.
v. t.
To bend forward and downward; to bow down; as, to stoop the body.
n.
A building in which mechanics or artisans work; as, a shoe shop; a car shop.
n.
Some part of the articulating organs, as the lips, or the tongue and palate, closed (a) so as to cut off the passage of breath or voice through the mouth and the nose (distinguished as a lip-stop, or a front-stop, etc., as in p, t, d, etc.), or (b) so as to obstruct, but not entirely cut off, the passage, as in l, n, etc.; also, any of the consonants so formed.
v. i.
To spend a short time; to reside temporarily; to stay; to tarry; as, to stop with a friend.
v. t.
To obstruct; to render impassable; as, to stop a way, road, or passage.