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Hypothetical force carrier particle connected to dark matter
The dark photon (also hidden, heavy, para-, or secluded photon) is a hypothetical hidden sector particle, proposed as a force carrier similar to the photon
Dark_photon
Particle whose invariant mass is zero
particle is the photon. The photon (carrier of electromagnetism) is one of two known gauge bosons thought to be massless. The photon is well-known from
Massless_particle
Hypothetical particle dual to the photon
In theoretical physics, the dual photon is a hypothetical elementary particle that is a dual of the photon under electric–magnetic duality which is predicted
Dual_photon
Elementary particle or quantum of light
A photon (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light') is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic
Photon
Class of subatomic particle
bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gauge bosons: γ photon – the force carrier of the electromagnetic field g gluons (eight different
Boson
Something that has mass and volume
mass and volume. However it does not include massless particles such as photons, or other energy phenomena or waves such as light or heat. Matter exists
Matter
List of particles in matter including fermions and bosons
interaction is mediated by the W and Z bosons, electromagnetism by the photon, and gravity by the graviton, which is still hypothetical. Composite particles
List_of_particles
Theory of forces and subatomic particles
elementary particles, except the photon and gluon, are massive. In particular, the Higgs boson explains why the photon has no mass, while the W and Z bosons
Standard_Model
Exotic particle made of an antiproton and positron
ground state as they were They can absorb another photon, which ionizes the atom They can emit a single photon and return to the ground state via the 2p state—in
Antihydrogen
Smallest unit of a chemical element
a photon, traveling in a random direction, and so drop back to lower energy levels. Thus the atoms behave like a filter that forms a series of dark absorption
Atom
Subatomic particle having no substructure
elementary particles exist in the visible universe (not including dark matter), mostly photons and other massless force carriers. The Standard Model of particle
Elementary_particle
Elementary particle that mediates the strong force
difficult to analyze compared to quantum electrodynamics (QED) where the photon carries no electric charge. The term was coined by Murray Gell-Mann in 1962
Gluon
Particle smaller than an atom
force-carrying particles are called bosons[citation needed]. Some bosons, such as photons and gluons, have zero rest mass, whereas others, such as the W and Z bosons
Subatomic_particle
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
exclusion limits on dark hadrons in that channel. Dark photons: Lighter mediators that could bridge the Standard Model and the dark sector. Experiments
Dark_matter
Hypothetical collections of yet-unobserved quantum fields and particles
hypothetical mediating particles in this class of theories include the dark photon, sterile neutrino, and axion. In many cases, hidden sectors include a
Hidden_sector
Small localized object
with non-zero rest mass while a massless particle has zero rest mass. The photon and gluon are massless. The hypothetical graviton is expected to be massless
Particle
Others address specific phenomena, including hidden-sector bosons such as dark photons or light force carriers proposed to explain nuclear anomalies. Hypothetical
List of hypothetical particles
List_of_hypothetical_particles
Family of subatomic particles
More rarely, the Δ+ can decay into a proton and a photon and the Δ0 can decay into a neutron and a photon. [a] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here
Delta_baryon
Hadron (subatomic particle) that is composed of three quarks
doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3. Pais, A. (1953). "On the Baryon-meson-photon System". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 10 (4): 457–469. Bibcode:1953PThPh
Baryon
Antiparticle of the electron
weak interactions), or by pair production from a sufficiently energetic photon which is interacting with an atom in a material. In 1928, Paul Dirac published
Positron
Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling
quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves (photon) with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation (state) of solid
Polariton
Hypothetical faster-than-light particle
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Tachyon
Type of atom
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Muonium
Composite subatomic particle
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Hadron
Subatomic particle
patterns of photons as electron neutrinos do. Electron neutrinos and tau neutrinos, in contrast to muon neutrinos, both cause sphere-shaped photon detection
Tau_neutrino
Elementary particles that are force carriers
each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles. Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge bosons. All known gauge bosons have
Gauge_boson
Subatomic particle
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Antineutron
Type of quark
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Up_quark
Type of subatomic particle
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Fermion
Subatomic particle; lightest meson
electrons with photons. The π0 was identified definitively at the University of California's cyclotron in 1949 by observing its decay into two photons. Later
Pion
Elementary subatomic particle with negative electric charge
detector. They could detect and distinguish between leptons, hadrons, and photons. They did not detect the tau directly, but rather discovered anomalous
Tau_(particle)
Physics term for multiple concepts
mainstream physics. Forms of matter that are poorly understood, such as dark matter and mirror matter. Ordinary matter that when placed under high pressure
Exotic_matter
Subatomic particle
CERN succeeds in transporting antimatter". Hori, M.; et al. (2011). "Two-photon laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium and the antiproton-to-electron
Antiproton
Transient quantum fluctuation (physics)
thought of as resulting from the exchange of virtual photons between the charges. Virtual photons are the exchange particles for the electromagnetic interaction
Virtual_particle
Atoms composed of exotic particles
However, it has been shown that kaonium emerges as a sharp resonance in photon-photon to meson-meson cross sections . The true analogs of positronium in the
Exotic_atom
Elementary particle with negative charge
the Lorentz force law. Electrons radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when they are accelerated. Laboratory instruments are capable of trapping
Electron
Subatomic particle
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Electron_neutrino
Elementary particle, fundamental constituent of matter
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Quark
Type of quark
possible to produce pairs of top–antitop through the decay of an intermediate photon or Z-boson. However, these processes are predicted to be much rarer and
Top_quark
Type of quark
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Strange_quark
Boson with spin 1
vector bosons; the situation differs for massless particles such as the photon, for reasons beyond the scope of this article. See Wigner's classification
Vector_boson
Hypothetical superpartner to the graviton
gravitino is the fermion mediating supergravity interactions, just as the photon is mediating electromagnetism, and the graviton is presumably mediating
Gravitino
Hypothetical elementary particle that mediates gravity
tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally
Graviton
Hypothetical elementary particle
particle. For instance, with two copies of supersymmetry in four dimensions, a photon would have two fermion superpartners and a scalar superpartner.[citation
Superpartner
Type of quark
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Down_quark
Concept in quantum mechanics
concept in quantum mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental
Wave–particle_duality
Particle physics experiment
new exotic particles not predicted by the standard model (for example Dark Photons). In order to achieve the desired precision, the NA62 experiment requires
NA62_experiment
Subatomic particle with positive charge
Diniz, G.; Harakeh, Muhsin (2017). "Production mechanisms of leptons, photons, and hadrons and their possible feedback close to lightning leaders". Journal
Proton
Effect in quantum electrodynamics
hydrogen atom. The Lamb shift is caused by interactions between the virtual photons created through vacuum energy fluctuations and the electron as it moves
Lamb_shift
Quasiparticle of mechanical vibrations
of as quantized sound waves, similar to the way photons are quantized light waves, but unlike photons, phonons are vibrations in a lattice of atoms. Phonons
Phonon
Hypothetical particle composed of gluons
patterns of glueballs. For example, glueballs would not have radiative or two photon decays, but would have decays into pairs of pions, pairs of kaons, or pairs
Glueball
Class of elementary particles
with the quantum of the electromagnetic field, the photon. The Feynman diagram of the electron–photon interaction is shown on the right. Because leptons
Lepton
Core of an atom composed of nucleons
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Atomic_nucleus
Boson with spin equal to zero
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Scalar_boson
Subatomic particle with no charge
the energy ( B d {\displaystyle B_{d}} ) of the single 2.224 MeV gamma photon emitted when a deuteron is formed by a proton capturing a neutron (this
Neutron
Neutral mass eigenstate formed from superpartners of gauge and Higgs bosons
its partner particle. Since the superpartners of the Z boson (zino), the photon (photino) and the neutral higgs (higgsino) have the same quantum numbers
Neutralino
Type of quark
earlier ambiguous evidence for the charmed baryon. By the time of the Lepton–Photon Symposium in August 1975, eight new heavy particles had been discovered
Charm_quark
Type of quark
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Bottom_quark
Hypothetical elementary particle
by converting them to photons, using a strong magnetic field, motivating a number of experiments. For example, the Axion Dark Matter Experiment attempts
Axion
Hypothetical superpartner of the photon
a hypothetical subatomic particle, the fermion WIMP superpartner of the photon predicted by supersymmetry. It is an example of a gaugino. Even though no
Photino
Tendency of matter subjected to an electric field to acquire an electric dipole moment
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Polarizability
Concept in condensed matter physics
wave. In materials, a photon quasiparticle is a photon as affected by its interactions with the material. In particular, the photon quasiparticle has a
Quasiparticle
Spin 1 quasiparticle; quantum of a spin wave
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Magnon
Hypothetical subatomic particle
charged leptons. In the Standard Model, there are also bosons, including the photons and gluons; W+, W−, and Z bosons; and the Higgs boson; and an open space
Preon
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
muons) and a photon ( ℓℓγ ), via virtual photon decay. This can happen in three ways: Higgs to virtual photon to ℓℓγ in which the virtual photon ( γ* ) has
Higgs_boson
Instrument in physics used to search for dark matter
axions into detectable photons via the Primakoff effect. A similar mechanism may also be used to detect dark photons, another dark matter candidate, using
Haloscope
Baryon made of specific quark combinations
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Lambda_baryon
Classification scheme of hadrons
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Quark_model
Particle with opposite charges
antiparticle of the positron is the electron. Some particles, such as the photon, are their own antiparticle. Otherwise, for each pair of antiparticle partners
Antiparticle
Fermion that is its own antiparticle
interaction with electromagnetic fields makes them potential candidates for cold dark matter. In superconducting materials, a quasiparticle can emerge as a Majorana
Majorana_fermion
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
with electrons in the detector material created photons with an energy of about 0.5 MeV. Pairs of photons in coincidence could be detected by the two scintillation
Neutrino
Quasiparticle which is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole
Doris E.; Weihs, Gregor (2025-07-11). "Keeping the photon in the dark: Enabling quantum dot dark state control by chirped pulses and magnetic fields"
Exciton
Bound state of an electron and positron
even number of photons (2, 4, 6, ...), but the probability quickly decreases with the number: the branching ratio for decay into 4 photons is 1.439(2)×10−6
Positronium
Study of subatomic particles and forces
corresponding form of matter called antimatter. Some particles, such as the photon, are their own antiparticle. These elementary particles are excitations
Particle_physics
Bosonic superpartner of a fermion
Hegarty; Keith, Potter; Emanuele, Quercigh (1992). Joint International Lepton-photon Symposium And Europhysics Conference On High Energy Physics - Lp-hep '91
Sfermion
Isosinglet meson made of quarks and antiquarks
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Eta_and_eta_prime_mesons
Conceptual opposite of an electron
positron collide, they annihilate each other and the energy is emitted as photons or other radiation. An analogous process, recombination, happens in semiconductors
Electron_hole
Subatomic particle
other particles that have no net charge and spin of zero (e.g., a pair of photons, or an electron-positron pair), are produced. The mean lifetime, τ = ħ/Γ
Muon
Symmetry between bosons and fermions
supersymmetry could help explain certain phenomena, such as the nature of dark matter and the hierarchy problem in particle physics. A supersymmetric theory
Supersymmetry
Electrically neutral group of two or more atoms
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Molecule
Type of massless subatomic particle
which served as the original source of inspiration for Nambu, namely, the photon develops a dynamical mass (expressed as magnetic flux exclusion from a superconductor)
Goldstone_boson
Particle in physics
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
D_meson
Collective excitation in superfluid helium-4 (a quasiparticle)
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Roton
Predicted exotic atom
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
True_muonium
Subatomic particle
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Muon_neutrino
Classification scheme for hadrons
smallest bits of matter were. There were electrons, protons, neutrons, and photons (the components that make up the vast part of everyday experience such
Eightfold_way_(physics)
Quantum physics terminology
energy by emitting a photon. A positronium "atom" is an unstable bound state of an electron and a positron. It decays into photons. Any state in the quantum
Bound_state
Quasiparticle of charge oscillations in condensed matter
plasma oscillation. Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered
Plasmon
Hypothetical particle that interacts only via gravity
phenomena in physical cosmology and astrophysics, including dark matter, baryogenesis or hypothetical dark radiation. In May 2018, physicists of the MiniBooNE
Sterile_neutrino
Mathematics of a particle physics model
{2}}}\left(W_{1}\mp iW_{2}\right)} where θW is the Weinberg angle. The A field is the photon, which corresponds classically to the well-known electromagnetic four-potential –
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model
Subatomic particle
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
B_meson
Bosons that mediate the weak interaction
masses limit the range of the weak interaction. By way of contrast, the photon is the force carrier of the electromagnetic force and has zero mass, consistent
W_and_Z_bosons
Hypothetical subatomic particle
17 MeV/c2 (about 33 times heavier than the electron). In an effort to find a dark photon, the team fired protons at thin targets of lithium-7, which created beryllium-8
X17_particle
Short-lived hadronic particle that is an isospin triplet
of the neutral rho to leptons can be interpreted as a mixing between the photon and rho. In principle the charged rho mesons mix with the weak vector bosons
Rho_meson
Type of topological solutions in non-linear sigma models
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Skyrmion
Charmed particle
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Ξcc++
Subatomic particles consisting of quarks and gluons
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Exotic_hadron
Type of strange baryon
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
Hyperon
Subatomic particle made of a charm quark and antiquark
Graviton Inflaton Leptoquark Magnetic monopole Majoron Majorana fermion Dark photon Preon Sterile neutrino Tachyon W′ and Z′ bosons X and Y bosons Composite
J/psi_meson
Elementary particle which moves close to the speed of light
m_{0}} is the rest mass, when the rest mass tends to be zero, e.g. for a photon, or the momentum tends to be large, e.g. for a large-speed proton, this
Relativistic_particle
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