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See searches and references containing DESTRUCTION LAYER!DESTRUCTION LAYER
Archaeological stratum showing evidence of violent or catastrophic destruction
A destruction layer is an archaeological stratum showing clear evidence of widespread burning, structural collapse, weapon finds, human remains, or other
Destruction_layer
Roman castrum where Colchester, England, now stands
commercial settlement of Londinium (London). The destruction of the early town by the rebels has left a thick layer of ash, destroyed buildings and smashed pottery
Camulodunum
Type of forest with high rainfall
high humidity, the presence of moisture-dependent vegetation, a moist layer of leaf litter, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of
Rainforest
Ancient Hebrew seal stamped on Judahite jars
the ancient city of Lachish, where they were buried underneath a destruction layer caused by Sennacherib, who reigned over the Neo-Assyrian Empire from
LMLK_seal
Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BC
summarizes the history and results of radiocarbon dating of volcanic destruction layer with pre-2018 calibration curves: In 2018, a team led by tree ring
Minoan_eruption
Jewish rebellion against Roman rule (132–136 CE)
revolt coinage and destruction layers there, as well as Galilee's geographic and logistical separation from Judea. Some destruction layers near the Sea of
Bar_Kokhba_Revolt
234. Harding, p. 14. Gantz, p. 235. See also Iliupersis Troy VIIa destruction layer at c. 1190 BC Pausanias's Description of Greece – Volume 3 – Page
List_of_kings_of_Athens
es-Safi, identified with the biblical city of Gath. It was under the destruction layer at the beginning of Iron Age IIA (1000–925 BCE). Seven letters, interpreted
Tell_es-Safi_inscription
King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 486 to 465 BC
defeated. Xerxes ordered the Destruction of Athens and burnt the city, leaving an archaeologically attested destruction layer, known as the Perserschutt
Xerxes_I
4th-century work by St. Jerome
the capture of Troy of 1183 BC corresponds remarkably well with the destruction layer of Troy VIIa, the main candidate for the historical inspiration of
Chronicon_(Jerome)
Ancient Israelite city and sanctuary
uncovered from this era, included one with carbonized wheat. The destruction layer evident throughout the tell may have occurred in the wake of the Philistine
Shiloh_(biblical_city)
Purported ancient tribal confederation of the Late Bronze Age
sources to other Late Bronze Age evidence of migration, piracy, and destruction. In early scholarship, the Sea Peoples were often regarded as a primary
Sea_Peoples
Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant
Jerusalem. Several complete jars were found in situ buried under a destruction layer caused by Sennacherib at Tel Lachish. None of the original seals have
Kingdom_of_Judah
Atmospheric phenomenon
Ozone depletion in the stratosphere (the ozone layer) consists of two related phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a lowered total amount of ozone
Ozone_depletion
Framework for communication protocols used in IP networking
the layers are the link layer, containing communication methods for data that remains within a single network segment (link); the internet layer, providing
Internet_protocol_suite
Eighth gate to the capital city of Babylon
significantly different than the one recorded for the time of Jerusalem's destruction layer (148.9±3.9 ZAm2)." Garcia, Brittany. "Ishtar Gate". World History
Ishtar_Gate
Part of the First Jewish–Roman War
consistent with the archaeological finds." Price 2011, pp. 409–410: "The destruction layer of 70 C.E., found by archaeologists throughout the city, revealing
Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)
Ancient city in northwest Asia Minor
to the destruction of the Mycenaean palaces. The destruction layer shows evidence of enemy attack, including scorch marks. After the destruction of Troy VIIa
Troy
Archaeological tell in Jerusalem District, Israel
Fortification. Middle Bronze IIC (c. 1590-1550 BCE). Hyksos Period. Destruction layer. The Southern Gate is a Syrian-style ‘three-entrance’ gate with a
Tel_Beit_Shemesh
Archaeological site in Jericho
destruction layer date to 1617–1530 BCE. Although this destruction is dated to 16th century by carbon dating, scholars propose that this destruction could
Tell_es-Sultan
Societal collapse in the Late Bronze Age
was burned and the corpses left unburied. Many Anatolian sites have destruction layers dating to this general period. Some of them such as Troy were immediately
Late_Bronze_Age_collapse
Archeological site in Israel
violently destroyed during the Bar Kokhba revolt, as evidenced by a destruction layer and a mass grave found in a mikveh, which contained the remains of
Horvat_'Ethri
Archaeological site in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains
details. Among other things is a discovery of a thick destruction layer may be dated to the destruction at the hands of the Egyptians, which some associate
Gezer
Ancient Levantine city
excavations discovered a destruction layer connected to the Muslim conquest of the city. Some newer research posits that there was no destruction caused by the Persians
Caesarea_Maritima
Archaeological tell in northwest Syria
analysis determined that in those dating from before the c. 1200 BC destruction layer the copper were sourced from the area of Cyprus and in those afterward
Tell_Tweini
Site of an ancient city in northern Israel's Jezreel Valley
Machine, Tel Aviv University. Bruins, Hendrik J., (2023): "...the destruction layer of Stratum VA-IVB dates to the ninth century BC, supporting Finkelstein
Tel_Megiddo
Environmental protocol
production of chlorofluorocarbons due to their contribution to the destruction of the ozone layer, resulting in an increased threat of skin cancer. During the
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
Vienna_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Ozone_Layer
Ancient Greek city-state
the earthquake destruction layer consisting of cobblestones, clay roof tiles, and pottery was uncovered in 2012. This destruction layer is in good agreement
Helike
Ancient Hebrew city
either 71/2 or 82/3 CE. A collapse layer from the Second Temple period supports Josephus's narrative of the Roman destruction of Magdala during the First Jewish–Roman
Magdala
Palestinian city in the West Bank
Middle Bronze Age, the calibrated carbon remains from its City-IV destruction layer dating to 1617–1530 BCE. Carbon dating c. 1573 BCE confirmed the accuracy
Jericho
Overview of genocides before 1914
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part. The term was coined in 1944 by Raphael Lemkin. It is defined in Article 2 of
Genocides in history (before 1490)
Genocides_in_history_(before_1490)
Ancient city and port in Red Sea
showing a strong affinities with the late Axumite kingdom, but a destruction layer. This in turn prompted Kobishchanov to later argue that Adulis had
Adulis
Settlement in Northumberland, England
preserved the altar. The shrine has a destruction layer around AD 300, roughly the same time as a destruction layer at the Temple to Mithras. The third
Carrawburgh
Part of the Hunnic invasion of the Roman province of Gaul
attacked in these accounts, although archaeological evidence shows no destruction layer dating to the timeframe of the invasion. The most likely explanation
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains
Sartaba, an ancient Hasmonean fort
The fifth and final phase included squatter walls, a tabun, and a destruction layer from the first century AD - these likely represent the activities
Alexandrium
Early Bronze Age city
confined to the cemetery (charnel house tombs) and are not found in the destruction layer of the city. Around 2900 BCE the residents of Bab edh-Dhra abandoned
Bab_edh-Dhra
Archaeological site in Israel
during the Hasmonean conquest of Idumaea under John Hyrcanus. This destruction layer is followed by evidence of renewed occupation by a Jewish population
Khirbet_Beit_Lei
2021 Israeli film about the Siege of Jerusalem and destruction of the 2nd Temple
Legend of Destruction (Hebrew: אגדת חורבן, romanized: Agadat Khurban) is a 2021 animated historical drama film, directed by director Gidi Dar, who wrote
Legend_of_Destruction
Prehistoric settlement in Greece
also seem to be a short gap between LN I and LN II. It ended with a destruction layer. The EBA occupation started around 3300-2900 BC. A long sequence of
Dikili_Tash
Archeological site of an ancient city in Israel
represented a major destruction event with extensive burning. In the 2014 and 2015 seasons the Iron Age II thru 8th century BCE layer of area M3 and the
Tel_Hazor
Region in the ancient Near East
(2017). Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples'. In Fischer
Canaan
Material evidence for the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE)
revealed widespread destruction layers and abandonment deposits dating to the revolt period, attesting to the near-total destruction of Jewish settlement
Archaeology of the Bar Kokhba Revolt
Archaeology_of_the_Bar_Kokhba_Revolt
Undecyphered bronze-age Cretan writing system
and a Linear A inscribed roundel. The deposit was in a destruction layer dated between layers LM IA and LM IB. Symbol inventories have been compiled by
Cretan_hieroglyphs
Archaeological site in the central West Bank
area, a residential building was uncovered; in one of its rooms, a destruction layer yielded a coin from the second year of the First Jewish–Roman War
Bir_ed-Duwali
People of the ancient Near East
glass beakers were found during the 1964 excavation in a (c. 800 BC) destruction layer of Hasanlu, in northwest Iran. The mosaic glass beakers are thought
Kassites
2000-1700 BCE Minoan structural ensemble discovered in 2024
Protopalatial period (MM IB). Neopalatial pottery was found in the destruction layer, implying that the construction continued to be used through later
Papoura Hill Circular Structure
Papoura_Hill_Circular_Structure
City in Israel
against the Neo-Assyrian emperor Shalmaneser V. There is a clear destruction layer in the ruins, probably dating to the 7th century BC. Acre served as
Acre,_Israel
City in Balqa Governorate, Jordan
and one uninscribed, were discovered. The tablets were found in the destruction layer of storerooms dated by a cartouche of Queen Twosret of Egypt to around
Deir_Alla
Archaeological type site
phase 3 by another destruction layer) is sealed by a destruction layer and the site is abandoned afterward. The date of destruction is uncertain and there
Mumbaqat
Ancient city and archaeological site
Clive; Shahack-Gross, Ruth; Weiner, Steve (2011). "The 9th century BCE destruction layer at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel: integrating macro- and microarchaeology"
Gath_(city)
2009 studio album by Bobby Previte
"Deep Lake" 10:17 "Stay on Path" 5:39 "The Eternity Clause" 8:11 "Destruction Layer" 8:47 "Pan Atlantic" 8:55 "Question Mark" 7:09 "Veltin" 8:37 Gianluca
Pan_Atlantic
Gas layer surrounding Earth
The atmosphere of Earth consists of a layer of mixed gas (commonly referred to as air) that is retained by gravity, surrounding the Earth's surface. It
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Egyptian pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty for the Old Kingdom
and the Dakhla Oasis. At Ebla, an alabaster lid was found in the destruction layer of Mardikh IIB1. Only a small number of pharaohs were immortalized
Pepi_II_Neferkare
Archeological site of ancient city on the Sea of Galilee
crucial importance is a massive early-10th-century BCE (Iron Age I) destruction layer with excellently preserved remains, which included a rare Euboean
Tell_Hadar
Organization certifying that items are kosher
BC), based on several complete jars found in situ buried under a destruction layer caused by Sennacherib at Lachish. None of the original seals have
Kosher_certification_agency
Greek myth and discredited archaeological theory
the Dorians. Destruction layers at Mycenaean palatial sites were then attributed to this putative invasion, even though such destruction went unmentioned
Dorian_invasion
Process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species
potential cause for the habitat destruction by depleating ozone layer in upper atmosphere of a planet. Habitat destruction caused by humans includes land
Habitat_destruction
Near Eastern civilization during the Iron Age
cities were unoccupied during the relevant periods, though Hazor's destruction layer does align with the biblical account. While biblical texts often portray
Ancient_Israel_and_Judah
American archaeologist and Young Earth creationist
During a series of excavations from 1930 to 1936 John Garstang found a destruction layer at Jericho corresponding to the termination of City IV which he identified
Bryant_G._Wood
4th-century Byzantine ruins
using primarily local materials. It may have been built over the destruction layer of a fire that cleared an area. Expansive areas of mosaic are preserved
Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda
Historicity of Israelite founding myth
effect be escaping from Egypt to Egypt, and its cities do not show destruction layers consistent with the Book of Joshua's account of the occupation of
Sources and parallels of the Exodus
Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus
Middle Bronze Age. From there in the hill country between Halys the destruction layers from this time tell the same story. Karaoglan, Bitik, Polatli and
Middle Bronze Age migrations (ancient Near East)
Middle_Bronze_Age_migrations_(ancient_Near_East)
a regnal length of 31 years for the final king, Samsu-Ditana, the destruction layer at Babylon is dated to his 26th year and no later sources have been
List_of_kings_of_Babylon
2015 video game
Bravely Second: End Layer is a 2015 role-playing video game developed by Silicon Studio for the Nintendo 3DS handheld console and is the direct sequel
Bravely_Second:_End_Layer
Minoan archaeological site in Eastern Crete, Greece
inscribed with Cretan hieroglyphs. The deposit was in a destruction layer dated between layers LM IA and LM IB. Human remains were found in caves at the
Zakros
Structure uncovered during Benjamin Mazar's excavations south of Jerusalem's Temple Mount
modified and sealed off from the rest of the building. A destruction layer testifies to the destruction of the building in a great conflagration, probably during
Monastery_of_the_Virgins
Place
that they were only preserved because they were buried under the destruction layer when the city was burned by the Kaskas. The Hittites' capital at this
Maşat_Höyük
Kings of an ancient Syrian city
might have ascended the throne for a short period Pottery seals of the Egyptian pharaoh Pepi I have been found in the destruction layer of the city
List_of_kings_of_Ebla
Archaeological site in the Khabur River Valley, north Syria
Antiquities of Syria in 1987 and 1988. The Early Dynastic era includes a destruction layer, and an early adoption of cuneiform. It may have been known in antiquity
Tell_Kashkashok
Portion of the Herodian kingdom
destroyed or abandoned in its course. Evidence for this includes a destruction layer from the early decades of the second century uncovered at Tel Abu
Perea
2023 dam breach in Ukraine
Examples include rocket attack against Kyiv dam on 26 February 2022, the destruction of the Oskil Dam by Russian land forces in July and the missile attack
Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam
Destruction_of_the_Kakhovka_Dam
Kuwaiti island in the Persian Gulf
finding two c.2000 BC occupation levels (both stone robbed with a destruction layer between) before hitting virgin soil. A Hellenistic period area B6
Failaka_Island
Land branch of the armed forces of the Byzantine Empire
the Serce Limani shipwrecks, and the 12th–13th century Great Palace destruction layer. Maces (called a rabdion, vardoukion, or matzouka) and axes (called
Byzantine_army
Archaeological site in the northern Negev, Israel
designation which has been maintained. These remains lie above a destruction layer which contained a jar shard with the mark of Egyptian pharaoh Seti
Tell_el-Far'ah_(South)
Ancient Mesopotamian empire (626–539 BC)
arrowheads, originally of steppe origin, first appear in the Levant in destruction layers associated with Nebuchadnezzar II's conquest of the Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Babylonian_Empire
Ancient region and kingdom on the northeastern Black Sea coast
son Gorgippus", within Satyrus' historical reign (c. 433–389 BC). A destruction layer of around 400 BC has been identified at the site of the later Gorgippia
Sindica
Ancient Greek city state in Sicily
extended well beyond its sacred centre. Stratigraphic evidence of destruction layers dating to the late 5th century BCE also corresponds with the Carthaginian
Akragas_(metropolis)
Ancient city in Transjordan
cultic objects such as a pillar figurine. Multiple areas feature destruction layer caused by intense fire, indicating the site was destroyed likely in
Beth_Nimrah
Relationship between historic and biblical events
Kitchen claims, and view the destruction layers of the period as corroboration of the biblical account. The destruction of Hazor in the mid-13th century
Historicity_of_the_Bible
Jewish kingdom in the southern Levant (140–37 BC)
and conflict with the local non-Jewish population, as evidenced by destruction layers and fortifications in the region. Bezalel Bar-Kochva, following an
Hasmonean_Judea
Archaeological site in Wasit Governorate, Iraq
used in the rebuilding had stamps of Nebuchadnezzar II. An apparent destruction layer was found dating to the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Mound TB4 was
Tulul_al-Baqarat
Home of many cradles of civilization
and destroyed the cities there. This corresponds well with burnt destruction layers discovered by archaeologists at town sites in Ishuwa of roughly the
Ancient_Near_East
Ancient people who inhabited Canaan's southern coast
(2017). "Sea Peoples, Philistines, and the Destruction of Cities: A Critical Examination of Destruction Layers 'Caused' by the 'Sea Peoples.'". In Fischer
Philistines
Historic site in Morelos, Mexico
temples have layers of burning and destruction that cover the deposits from the main Epiclassic occupation. Underneath destruction layers, numerous objects
Xochicalco
Large Chalcolithic village and Early Bronze Age city, Israel
rural settlement, of an agricultural nature, which was covered by a destruction layer. It was located in the northern 2.5 acres of the mound. Finds included
'En_Esur
Roman town in the central Pyrenees, capital of the Convenae
revolt of the pretender Gundovald. Robert Sablayrolles, finding no destruction layer in the excavations, reads the siege as a literary construction and
Lugdunum_Convenarum
Historic site in Imereti, Georgia
BC, are all possible candidates. According to Lordkipanidze, two destruction layers can be observed within a few years of each other: one attributed to
Vani_archaeological_site
Part of the War against the Islamic State (2014–present)
contradiction of that which is permissible in its ideology. IS justifies the destruction of cultural heritage sites by its Salafism, which, according to its followers
Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State
Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State
Biblical figure and Israelite monarch
through multiple conquests which are archaeologically attested in destruction layers of many urban centres dating to his time. Lester L. Grabbe wrote in
David
Ancient Near East archaeological site in Raqqa Governorate of Syria
have reported dates ranging from 1400 BC down to 1200 BC for the destruction layer. A Mitanni period cylinder seal was found. A few geometrically-shaped
Tall_Bazi
Coins of ancient Carthage
minted before 300 BC and its presence at Montagna dei Cavalli in the destruction layer of ca. 260 BC shows that they remained in circulation at the start
Carthaginian_coinage
Archaeological site in the central West Bank
zenith between the first century BCE and the first century CE. No destruction layer from the First Jewish Revolt (66–73 CE) was identified, suggesting
Khirbet_Abu_ad-Danin
Species of eagle
inhabits tropical lowland rainforests in the upper (emergent) canopy layer. Destruction of its natural habitat has caused it to vanish from many parts of
Harpy_eagle
Celtic people of ancient Pannonia
Boii or by the other Celtic peoples of northern Pannonia, and no destruction layers of the conquest have been found at their sites, which has been taken
Boii_(Pannonia)
French public garden
Claude Lemaître suggests that the destruction was linked to the unrest of 275–276 CE. In the destruction layers, coins were found, dated to the 3rd
Archaeological Garden of the Hospital of Lisieux
Archaeological_Garden_of_the_Hospital_of_Lisieux
Archeological site in Kandahar, Afghanistan
earlier destruction. Both the "palace" and the "temple" and possibly the city walls as well date from this period. Another destruction layer and a marked
Mundigak
1987 treaty to protect the ozone layer
Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous
Montreal_Protocol
Ancient Cilician city
and Soli may have suffered an attack from the Sea Peoples. This "destruction layer" is populated by burned and broken pottery and is followed by a hiatus
Soli_(Cilicia)
Sanctuary and fortified structure in Suwayda Governorate, Syria
structure probably built against the rear wall. Looting disturbed a later destruction layer containing numerous basalt panels carved with geometric motifs (chevrons
Khirbet_Massakeb
Growth form of lichen as a continuously adherent crust
without destruction. The basic structure of crustose lichens consists of a cortex layer, an algal layer, and a medulla. The upper cortex layer is differentiated
Crustose_lichen
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