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Diversity and variations in ecosystems
Ecosystem diversity deals with the variations in ecosystems within a geographical location and its overall impact on human existence and the environment
Ecosystem_diversity
Variety and variability of life forms
for example, genetic variability, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distributed evenly on Earth — it
Biodiversity
Ecological communities abruptly losing biodiversity, often irreversibly
An ecosystem, short for ecological system, is defined as a collection of interacting organisms within a biophysical environment. Ecosystems are never static
Ecosystem_collapse
Ecological niche
plant diversity. Biodiversity may also be affected by ecosystem engineer's ability to increase the complexity of processes within an ecosystem, potentially
Ecosystem_engineer
Topics referred to by the same term
the diversity of a population Ecosystem diversity, the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems Functional diversity (ecology), the elements of biodiversity
Diversity
Agricultural concept
Aquatic diversity is an important component of agricultural biodiversity. The conservation and sustainable use of local aquatic ecosystems, ponds, rivers
Agricultural_biodiversity
Community of living organisms together with the nonliving components of their environment
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system formed by organisms in interaction with their environment, where the biotic and abiotic components are
Ecosystem
Typically mathematical representation of an ecological system
An ecosystem model is an abstract, usually mathematical, representation of an ecological system (ranging in scale from an individual population, to an
Ecosystem_model
Study of organisms and their environment
includes species diversity, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity and scientists are interested in the way that this diversity affects the complex
Ecology
Non-living factors that affect organisms and ecosystems
of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. Abiotic factors and the phenomena associated with them underpin biology
Abiotic_component
Species with a large effect on its environment
area, and documented the effects on the ecosystem. In his 1966 paper, Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity, Paine had described such a system in Makah
Keystone_species
Ecosystem in saltwater environment
ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These contrast with freshwater ecosystems
Marine_ecosystem
Ecosystem in a body of water
aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem found in and around a body of water, in contrast to land-based terrestrial ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems contain communities
Aquatic_ecosystem
on Biological Diversity has seen ecosystem-based management as a supporting topic/concept for the ecosystem approach. Similarly, ecosystem management has
Ecosystem_approach
Discontinuities in an organism's environment causing population fragmentation
preferred environment (habitat), causing population fragmentation and ecosystem decay. Causes of habitat fragmentation include geological processes that
Habitat_fragmentation
Graphical representation of biomass or biomass productivity
designed to show the biomass or bioproductivity at each trophic level in an ecosystem. A pyramid of energy shows how much energy is retained in the form of
Ecological_pyramid
Description of the condition of an ecosystem
Ecosystem health is a metaphor used to describe the condition of an ecosystem. Ecosystem condition can vary as a result of fire, flooding, drought, extinctions
Ecosystem_health
Fissure in a planet's surface from which heated water emits
extremely dynamic nature of a hydrothermal vents ecosystem. Mining of an active deep sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem would depend on the recolonization of chemosynthetic
Hydrothermal_vent
Aspect of ecosystems
within an ecosystem that others within the same ecosystem, or the entire ecosystem itself, rely upon. Keystone species' are so vital for an ecosystem that
Food_chain
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively plant material
herbivores can play a prevalent role in ecosystem dynamics such community structure and functional processes. Plant diversity and distribution is often driven
Herbivore
Rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem
an ecosystem increases. Other researchers believe that the relationship between species diversity and productivity is unimodal within an ecosystem. A
Productivity_(ecology)
Predator at the top of a food chain
dynamics and populations of other predators, both in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Non-native predatory fish, for instance, have sometimes devastated formerly
Apex_predator
Part of Earth's aquatic ecosystems
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems that include the biological communities inhabiting freshwater waterbodies such as lakes
Freshwater_ecosystem
Event or force driving ecological change via mortality
changes—which all play a role in the diversity and succession of an ecosystem. With environmental moderation, diversity increases because of the intermediate-disturbance
Disturbance_(ecology)
Scientific study of renewing and restoring ecosystems
Ecological restoration, or ecosystem restoration, is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, destroyed
Ecological_restoration
Study of living and non-living components of ecosystems and their interactions
Ecosystem ecologists study these relationships on large scales, linking biological diversity with ecosystem sustainability and function. Ecosystem ecology
Ecosystem_ecology
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively animal tissue
entelodonts, ptolemaiidans, arctocyonids and mesonychians, representing a great diversity of eutherian carnivores in the northern continents and Africa. In South
Carnivore
Area of low biodiversity
A depauperate ecosystem is an ecosystem characterized by low species richness or species diversity. Such ecosystems will have short or simplified food
Depauperate_ecosystem
Animal that can eat and survive on both plants and animals
PMID 26222383. Dewey, T. & Bhagat, S. (2002). "Canis lupus familiaris". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2016
Omnivore
Change of species in a region over time
conditions. It has a wide diversity of species, a well-drained spatial structure, and complex food chains. The climax ecosystem is balanced. There is equilibrium
Ecological_succession
Number of distinct species in a biological community
Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community (a dataset). The effective number of species refers to
Species_diversity
Species introduced by human activity
accidentally. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place
Introduced_species
Emission of light by a living organism
of these phytoplankton exhibit luminosity. Luminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are present in warm water lagoons and bays with narrow openings to the
Bioluminescence
Species protected to aid further species
species which may be targeted for conservation due to its impact on an ecosystem. Umbrella species can be used to help select the locations of potential
Umbrella_species
Animal that feeds on decomposing plant and animal parts as well as faeces
important aspect of many ecosystems. They can live on any type of soil with an organic component, including marine ecosystems, where they are termed interchangeably
Detritivore
Benefits provided by intact ecosystems
Ecosystem services are the various benefits that humans derive from ecosystems. The interconnected living and non-living components of the natural environment
Ecosystem_service
Type of aquatic ecosystem with flowing freshwater
River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms
River_ecosystem
Smallest size a biological population can exist without facing extinction
stochasticity Small, random changes in the abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem that a population inhabits fall under environmental stochasticity. Examples
Minimum_viable_population
Biological interaction
to mammals, birds, and insects but is found in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. Egg predation includes both specialist egg predators such as some colubrid
Predation
Flow of energy through food chains in ecological energetics
Energy flow is the flow of energy through living things within an ecosystem. All living organisms can be organized into producers and consumers, and those
Energy_flow_(ecology)
Scientific study of life
evolutionary processes that engender genetic, population, species, and ecosystem diversity. The concern stems from estimates suggesting that up to 50% of all
Biology
When an ecosystem does not drastically change over time even after perturbation
investigate the relation between the diversity and stability of an ecosystem. To analyze the stability of large ecosystems, May drew on ideas from statistical
Ecological_stability
Type of environment in which an organism lives
preferred environment (habitat), causing population fragmentation and ecosystem decay. Causes of habitat fragmentation include geological processes that
Habitat
Behavior characterized by activity during the night and sleeping during the day
Scott-Brown, Alison S. (2020-06-01). "Nocturnal pollination: an overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change". Emerging Topics in Life Sciences
Nocturnal_animal
Organism type
terrestrial, aquatic, and other ecosystems, and especially in aerated caves and other highly nutrient-limited ecosystems, such as Antarctica. Aerotrophs
Autotroph
Study of distribution of species
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and throughout geological time. Organisms and biological communities
Biogeography
Variety of species in an ecological community, landscape or region
abundance). Species richness and species diversity are sometimes erroneously used as synonyms, but species diversity is a scientific assessment of both species
Species_richness
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
PMID 31641747. Chapin FS, Matson PA, Mooney HA (2002). Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. New York: Springer. pp. 97–104. ISBN 978-0-387-95443-1. Archived
Photosynthesis
Virus that infects bacteria
Wommack KE, Colwell RR (March 2000). "Virioplankton: viruses in aquatic ecosystems". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 69–114. Bibcode:2000MMBR
Bacteriophage
Topics referred to by the same term
influence how ecosystems function; see diversity-function debate Functional diversity (geography), a term in geography Functional diversity (organizational)
Functional_diversity
Animal that feeds on carrion
1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12378.x. Whelan, CJ; Wenny, DG; Marquis, RJ (2008). "Ecosystem services provided by birds". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Necrophage
Study of threats to biological diversity
evolutionary processes that engender genetic, population, species, and ecosystem diversity. The concern stems from estimates suggesting that up to 50% of all
Conservation_biology
biodiversity on ecosystem function have been studied are the relationship between diversity and productivity, and the relationship between diversity and community
Ecological effects of biodiversity
Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity
Branch of ecology
within the ecosystem. In the 1990s, biodiversity became better understood as the diversity of species' ecological functions within an ecosystem, rather than
Functional_ecology
Dead particulate organic material
microorganisms may be decomposers, detritivores, or coprophages. In terrestrial ecosystems detritus is present as plant litter and other organic matter that is intermixed
Detritus
Mutually beneficial interaction between species
evolution. For example, mutualistic interactions are vital for terrestrial ecosystem function as: about 80% of land plants species rely on mycorrhizal relationships
Mutualism_(biology)
Set of processes exchanging nutrients between parts of a system
which includes water. Recycling in natural systems is one of the many ecosystem services that sustain and contribute to the well-being of human societies
Nutrient_cycle
Natural interconnection of food chains
; et al. (2010). "Scaling of food web properties with diversity and complexity across ecosystems.". In Woodwoard, G. (ed.). Advances in Ecological Research
Food_web
Type of ecosystem
A lake ecosystem or lacustrine ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical and chemical
Lake_ecosystem
Maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can support
The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is the maximum population size of a living biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment
Carrying_capacity
Concept in ecology
that a species plays in its biotic environment, its relationship to the ecosystem, and its use of resources. In 1957, G. Evelyn Hutchinson coined the Hutchinsonian
Ecological_niche
Introduced species that harms its new environment
pointed to highly diverse, but heavily invaded ecosystems, arguing that ecosystems with high species diversity were more susceptible to invasion. This debate
Invasive_species
Ecosystems found in mountains
Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures fall
Montane_ecosystem
Position of an organism in a food chain
material and wastes and release it again as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi (mushrooms), feed
Trophic_level
Organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms
digesters, and decomposition. The term "decomposer" refers to a role in an ecosystem, not to a particular class or type of organism, or even to a specific
Decomposer
Relative representation of a species in an ecosystem
abundance is the relative representation of a species in a particular ecosystem. It is usually measured as the number of individuals found per sample
Abundance_(ecology)
Living creatures that eat organisms from a different population
directly from the sun or from chemical bonds. Autotrophs are vital to all ecosystems because all organisms need organic molecules, and only autotrophs can
Consumer_(food_chain)
Relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems
relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial
Landscape_ecology
How many different types are in a dataset
Diversity index Diversity indices Archived 2005-12-19 at the Wayback Machine gives some examples of estimates of Simpson's index for real ecosystems.
Diversity_index
Process of progressive accumulation in food chain
studies and thus allows for an examination of real food web structures and ecosystem dynamics. In a review, a large number of studies, Suedel et al. concluded
Biomagnification
Mature ecological community of organisms best adapted to an area
Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. "Alaskan Pacific maritime ecosystems". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved
Climax_community
Growth is limited by the scarcest resource
factor). The law has also been applied to biological populations and ecosystem models for factors such as sunlight or mineral nutrients. This was originally
Liebig's_law_of_the_minimum
Ecological theory concerning the selection of life history traits
play distinct roles in the ecological succession that regenerates the ecosystem. Because of their higher reproductive rates and ecological opportunism
R/K_selection_theory
Capacity of ecosystems to resist and recover from change
In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and subsequently recovering. Such
Ecological_resilience
Study of the ecology of isolated habitats
now used in reference to any ecosystem (present or past) that is isolated due to being surrounded by unlike ecosystems, and has been extended to mountain
Insular_biogeography
Ecosystem event
Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems, occurring when a trophic level in a food web is suppressed. For example
Trophic_cascade
Subarctic terrestrial ecozone
ecosystem is an ecosystem with a subarctic climate located in the Northern Hemisphere, approximately between 50° and 70°N latitude. These ecosystems are
Boreal_ecosystem
Hypothesis that predators are the primary regulators of ecosystems
world hypothesis proposes that predators are the primary regulators of ecosystems: they are the reason the world is 'green', by regulating the herbivores
Green_world_hypothesis
Equations modelling predator–prey cycles
Predator–Prey Dynamics with Type-Two Functional Response Predator–Prey Ecosystem: A Real-Time Agent-Based Simulation Lotka-Volterra Algorithmic Simulation
Lotka–Volterra_equations
Theory concerning metabolism and observed patterns in ecology
rates and times) at all levels of organization (from individual up to ecosystem level). MTE is a macroecological theory that aims to be universal in scope
Metabolic_theory_of_ecology
Group of sympatric species with similar ecological function
The number of guilds occupying an ecosystem is termed its disparity. Members of a guild within a given ecosystem could be competing for resources, such
Guild_(ecology)
Temperate plant ecosystem typical of region of north America
The longleaf pine ecosystem is a temperate coniferous forest ecosystem found within the Southern United States. Spanning pine savannas, sandhills and montane
Longleaf_pine_ecosystem
Wildland-ocean interface
A marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi)
Marine_coastal_ecosystem
Ecological competition between different species
individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space). This can be contrasted with mutualism, a
Interspecific_competition
Biological process
remains relevant for use in innovative technologies, conservation of ecosystems, human life in general.[citation needed] Primary nutritional groups Autotroph
Chemosynthesis
Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts
A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of matter within and between ecosystems A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter, is the movement
Biogeochemical_cycle
Ecological system found on land
have been existing for many years and have allowed diversity into our ecosystems . Terrestrial ecosystems occupy 55,660,000 mi2 (144,150,000 km2), or 28.26%
Terrestrial_ecosystem
Species that is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions
between species, reducing the amount of resources for all generalists in an ecosystem. Specialist herbivores can have morphological differences as compared
Generalist and specialist species
Generalist_and_specialist_species
Effect that organisms have on other organisms
2015). "Habitat modification drives benthic trophic diversity in an intertidal soft-bottom ecosystem" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Biological_interaction
When a population of a species exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment
migration, leading to an overabundant species and other animals in the ecosystem competing for food, space, and resources. The animals in an overpopulated
Overpopulation
Transition area between two biological communities
and forest) or regional (the transition between forest and grassland ecosystems). An ecotone may appear on the ground as a gradual blending of the two
Ecotone
Series of secondary extinctions
extinctions that are triggered by the primary extinction of a key species in an ecosystem. Secondary extinctions are likely to occur when the threatened species
Cascade_effect_(ecology)
Organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments
environments (such as deep sea vents) and are the primary producers in such ecosystems. Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups: methanogens, sulfur
Chemotroph
Process of breaking down organic matter
Mooney, Harold A. (2002). "Soil properties and ecosystem functioning". Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 61–67
Decomposition
Harvestable population growth in an ecosystem
Ecological yield is the harvestable population growth of an ecosystem. It is most commonly measured in forestry: sustainable forestry is defined as that
Ecological_yield
Ecogeographical principle
rule to "explain" greater species diversity in the tropics in the sense that latitudinal gradients in species diversity and the rule have identical exceptional
Rapoport's_rule
Ecological hypothesis about species diversity
organisms will push subordinate species to extinction and dominate the ecosystem. At high levels of disturbance, due to frequent forest fires or human
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Intermediate_disturbance_hypothesis
Associated populations of species in a given area
important to understand the origin, maintenance, and consequences of species diversity when evaluating community ecology. Community ecology also takes into account
Community_(ecology)
Rocky pool on a seashore, separated from the sea at low tide, filled with seawater
nitrogen and phosphorus in coastal marine tide pools which allows the ecosystem the nutrients to be more productive. The shell of a California mussel
Tide_pool
Ecological concept
boundary habitat can support higher levels of biodiversity than adjacent ecosystems with increased habitat fragmentation because they serve as transitional
Edge_effects
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