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Algorithms for processing data too large to fit into a computer's main memory at once
In computing, external memory algorithms or out-of-core algorithms are algorithms that are designed to process data that are too large to fit into a computer's
External_memory_algorithm
Topics referred to by the same term
The term external memory is used with different meanings in different fields: For the use of the term in psychology, see external memory (psychology)
External_memory
External memory is memory that uses cues from the environment to aid in the remembrance of ideas and sensations. When a person uses something besides
External_memory_(psychology)
Class of sorting algorithms that can handle massive amounts of data
main memory of a computing device (usually RAM) and instead they must reside in the slower external memory, usually a disk drive. Thus, external sorting
External_sorting
external memory (PEM) model is a cache-aware, external-memory abstract machine. It is the parallel-computing analogy to the single-processor external
Parallel_external_memory
Bus protocol
An external memory interface is a bus protocol for communication from an integrated circuit, such as a microprocessor, to an external memory device located
External_memory_interface
External memory graph traversal is a type of graph traversal optimized for accessing externally stored memory. Graph traversal is a subroutine in most
External memory graph traversal
External_memory_graph_traversal
Type of information retrieval using LLMs
described combining a parametric language model with a non-parametric external memory accessed through retrieval at inference time. LLMs can provide incorrect
Retrieval-augmented generation
Retrieval-augmented_generation
American computer scientist (born 1984)
his doctoral studies in computer science. His Master's dissertation, External-Memory Search Trees with Fast Insertions, was supervised by Bradley C. Kuszmaul
Jelani_Nelson
Type of computer memory
the capacitor would soon be lost. To prevent this, DRAM requires an external memory refresh circuit which periodically rewrites the data in the capacitors
Dynamic_random-access_memory
Storage of digital data readable by computers
capacities of secondary storage. Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage) differs from primary storage in that it is not
Computer_data_storage
Data storage outside a computer's own hardware
optical disc), compact flash drives (USB flash drive and memory card), portable storage devices (external solid-state drive and enclosed hard disk drive), or
External_storage
Psychological hypothesis proposed by Daniel Wegner
transactive memory system works similarly to external memory, where other members of the group are the external memory aid. Just as an individual's metamemory
Transactive_memory
Computer memory management methodology
the implementation, such as external fragmentation, which arises when there are many small gaps between allocated memory blocks, which invalidates their
Memory_management
Feature of computer systems
with a cache and an external memory that can be accessed directly by devices using DMA. When the CPU accesses location X in the memory, the current value
Direct_memory_access
PC chip handling onboard control tasks
Intel based PCs, the northbridge was also named external memory controller hub or graphics and memory controller hub if equipped with integrated graphics
Northbridge_(computing)
Inefficient use of storage space
such as processors; see below. Memory fragmentation can be internal and external. Internal fragmentation occurs when memory allocation provides more space
Fragmentation_(computing)
Device controlling access and addressing of memory
the need for an external memory controller.[citation needed] Some CPUs are designed to have their memory controllers as dedicated external components that
Memory_controller
Ordered listing of items in a collection
Machine Lauren G. Block; Vicki G. Morwitz (1999). "Shopping Lists as an External Memory Aid for Grocery Shopping: Influences on List Writing and List Fulfillment"
List
Data storage device
memory external storage method and device", published October 13, 2000, issued December 7, 2004 "Flash Memory: Where Did It Start?". GetFlashMemory.info
USB_flash_drive
Obsolete type of non-volatile computer memory
Bubble memory is a type of non-volatile computer memory that uses a thin film of a magnetic material to hold small magnetized areas, known as bubbles or
Bubble_memory
AMD neural processing unit microarchitecture
lowering latency. On-chip program and data memories that further reduce latency and power by minimizing external memory traffic. Dedicated DMA engines and programmable
AMD_XDNA
I/O-efficient algorithm regardless of cache size
of a more realistic cache's performance. It is different than the external memory model because cache-oblivious algorithms do not know the block size
Cache-oblivious_algorithm
2006 mobile phone model
cards which are also marketed as MMCmobile. The user memory for Nokia N72 is expandable up to 4 GB memory. Device Details - Nokia N72 Archived 2009-08-03 at
Nokia_N72
Array that replaces runtime computation with a simpler array indexing operation
fast memory instead of being stored on slower external memory, and maintains two pieces of data for a sub-range of bits composing an external memory (or
Lookup_table
Computer processor contained on an integrated-circuit chip
more rapidly than external memory speed, so cache memory is necessary if the processor is not to be delayed by slower external memory. A microprocessor
Microprocessor
Computer system with a dedicated function
microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits)
Embedded_system
Data storage device
the external memory controller to be shut down to save energy. It is used in a few game consoles such as the Wii. SRAM (Static random-access memory) –
Semiconductor_memory
Array of logic gates that are reprogrammable
Ethernet medium access control units, PCI or PCI Express controllers, and external memory controllers. These cores exist alongside the programmable fabric, but
Field-programmable_gate_array
Computer bus
The external bus interface, usually shortened to EBI, is a computer bus for interfacing small peripheral devices like flash memory with the processor.
External_Bus_Interface
Central computer component that executes instructions
input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with that of external components, such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized coprocessors such as
Central_processing_unit
Topics referred to by the same term
Bengal Fire Service, India .wbfs, a file format for storing Wii ROMs on external memory WBF (disambiguation) This disambiguation page lists articles associated
WBFS
Process for preserving information in DRAM
charges in the memory cells leak away, so without being refreshed, the stored data would eventually be lost. To prevent this, external circuitry periodically
Memory_refresh
AI research laboratory
introduced neural Turing machines (neural networks that can access external memory like a conventional Turing machine). The company has created many neural
Google_DeepMind
Access latency of a memory unit from RAM
will have to communicate with the external memory cells. Latency is therefore a fundamental measure of the speed of memory: the less the latency, the faster
Memory_latency
Form of computer data storage
have a memory hierarchy consisting of processor registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, memory paging systems and virtual memory or swap
Random-access_memory
Reference to a specific memory location
99,999. In practice, the CPU supported 20,000 memory locations, and up to two optional external memory units could be added, each supporting 20,000 addresses
Memory_address
Data transfer channel connecting parts of a computer
high-speed internal connections and Universal Serial Bus (USB) for connecting external devices. Modern buses utilize both parallel and serial communication, employing
Bus_(computing)
Tree data structure
dominate the running time of a data structure, the time-complexity of external memory algorithms is dominated by the number of read/writes a data structure
Fractal_tree_index
Component that stores information
located in computer memory. The terms memory, main memory, and primary storage are also used for computer memory. Computer memory is often referred to
Computer_memory
Hybrid RISC digital signal processor
Blackfin uses a byte-addressable, flat memory map. Internal L1 memory, internal L2 memory, external memory and all memory-mapped control registers reside in
Blackfin
Cell phone released in 2006-2007
still image capture. Storage: 20 MB internal memory, MicroSD slot allows for up to 2 GB external memory Audio Playback: Supports MP3, AAC, and AAC+ Connectivity:
Motorola_Krzr
Compressed data structure for pattern matching
array in external-memory has been demonstrated. There are several open source implementations of compressed suffix arrays available (see External links below)
Compressed_suffix_array
table provides summary of comparison of various flash memory cards, as of 2025[update]. Of memory cards (i.e. intended as such, to use e.g. internally)
Comparison_of_memory_cards
Recovery of evidence from mobile devices
smartphone 'apps'. Nowadays mostly flash memory consisting of NAND or NOR types are used for mobile devices. External memory devices are SIM cards, SD cards (commonly
Mobile_device_forensics
Hardware required to use a video game console or to enrich a game's play experience
consoles relied on external memory cards, modern systems typically feature internal storage (HDDs or SSDs), often requiring external hard drives or expansion
Video_game_accessory
Maximum amount of RAM accessible by a computer
shared between RAM, peripherals, and read-only memory. In the case of a microcontroller with no external RAM, the size of the RAM array is limited by the
RAM_limit
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
externally accessible address buses. NOR memory has an external address bus for reading and programming. For NOR memory, reading and programming are random-access
Flash_memory
Computer programming paradigm
and optimal local on-chip memory reuse is attempted, in order to minimize the loss in bandwidth, associated with external memory interaction. Uniform streaming
Stream_processing
Techniques employed to give access to more than 640 kibibytes
cache or external memory accesses. This was necessary since the 80486 introduced an on-chip cache, and therefore masking this bit in external logic was
DOS_memory_management
Line of single-chip microprocessors from Microchip Technology
general, there is no provision for storing code in external memory due to the lack of an external memory interface. The exceptions are PIC17 and select high
PIC_microcontrollers
8-bit microcontroller family
internal program and RAM (1 to 768 bytes) or an external memory of up to 64 kilobytes. With external memory, B and C are used as address and data bus. In
Motorola_68HC11
16-bit microprocessor
processor can be paused with the address bus tri-stated for external direct memory access (DMA). Memory accesses are always 16 bits wide, with the CPU automatically
TMS9900
Hardware that translates virtual addresses to physical addresses
effect known as external fragmentation. This occurs when memory allocations are released but are non-contiguous. In this case, enough memory may be available
Memory_management_unit
Variable defined outside any function block in C programming
In the C programming language, and its predecessor B, an external variable is a variable defined outside any function block. On the other hand, a local
External_variable
Electro-mechanical data storage device
produced in large volume, like mobile phones and tablets, rely on flash memory storage devices. More than 224 companies have produced HDDs historically
Hard_disk_drive
while providing the block-oriented storage of a B-tree for optimizing external memory accesses. Much like the k-d tree, a K-D-B-tree organizes points in
K-D-B-tree
Dynamic random-access memory included in a processor chip or package
is higher when compared to equivalent standalone DRAM chips used as external memory, but the performance advantages of placing eDRAM onto the same chip
EDRAM
components of a sensor node usually involve a microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, power source and one or more sensors. Sensors are used by wireless
Sensor_node
ARM Cortex-M based Microcontrollers by STMicroelectronics
random number generator (RNG) engine. Larger IC packages add 8/16-bit external memory bus capabilities. The STM32F2x7 models add Ethernet MAC, camera interface
STM32
Tree containing all suffixes of a given text
constructing both suffix trees and suffix arrays, for example, in external memory, compressed, succinct, etc. The suffix tree for the string S {\displaystyle
Suffix_tree
Mathematical model describing how an output of a function is computed given an input
machines Random-access machines Turing machines Decision tree model External memory model Functional models include: Abstract rewriting systems Combinatory
Model_of_computation
36-bit computer by Digital (1966–1983)
DECsystem-10) models (1080, 1088, etc.) use the original PDP-10 memory bus, with external memory modules. Module in this context meant a cabinet, dimensions
PDP-10
Dynamic memory allocation method
behavior on real-time systems by avoiding out of memory errors. Fixed-size blocks eliminate the problem of external fragmentation -- little slivers of free space
Memory_pool
Series of graphing calculators
expandable via special RAM (memory expansion) and ROM (software application) cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The
HP_48_series
Self-correcting computer data storage
Many ECC memory systems use an "external" EDAC circuit between the CPU and the memory. A few systems with ECC memory use both internal and external EDAC systems;
ECC_memory
Type of recurrent neural network
network controller coupled to external memory resources, which it interacts with through attentional mechanisms. The memory interactions are differentiable
Neural_Turing_machine
also References External links data cache (D-cache) A cache in a CPU or GPU servicing data load and store requests, mirroring main memory (or VRAM for a
Glossary of computer hardware terms
Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms
First electronic general-purpose digital computer
system to store memory in its inception, these punch cards could be used for external memory storage. In 1953, a 100-word magnetic-core memory built by the
ENIAC
Line of personal digital assistants and mobile phones
but ultimately, this capability gave way to external memory slots and firmware-upgradable flash memory after the Palm III series. The next couple of
Palm_(PDA)
2004 cell phone model
the display. It has 90 MB of internal memory supported by a 128 MB MultiMedia Card (MMC). The external memory can be upgraded up to 2 GB. Moreover, the
Nokia_7710
Electrical component for processing data
component (digital circuit) that performs operations on an external data source, usually memory or some other data stream. The term is frequently used to
Processor_(computing)
Mobile Wi-Fi device
internal memory slot for microSD card that supports up to 32 GB and approximately 5 hours battery life (2200 mAh). Additionally the device has an external antenna
Huawei_E5
Second generation of double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory
the DDR2 internal clock runs at half the DDR external clock rate, DDR2 memory operating at the same external data bus clock rate as DDR results in DDR2
DDR2_SDRAM
to maximize memory. However, the situated approach relies on external memory aids and environmental cues. Another approach to human memory augmentation
Memory_augmentation
Class of artificial neural network
method of extending recurrent neural networks by coupling them to external memory resources with which they interact. The combined system is analogous
Recurrent_neural_network
Form of collective memory defined by shared experiences and culture
of Remembrance De-commemoration Every Second Counts (video contest) External memory (psychology) Genocide denial Hauntology Historical negationism Holocaust
National_memory
Micro-electronic component
processors in a single package. However, such x86 processors still require external memory and storage chips. An SoC consists of hardware functional units, including
System_on_a_chip
Concept in memory management
is a part of memory management in which multiple adjacent free blocks of computer memory or cache are merged. Coalescing reduces external fragmentation
Coalescing_(computer_science)
Hardware cache of a central processing unit
(L2), is checked, and so on, before accessing external memory. As the latency difference between main memory and the fastest cache has become larger, some
CPU_cache
Chinese fabless semiconductor company
RK3126, also to be introduced in Q4 2014, that features more integrated external interfaces, including CVBS, HDMI, Ethernet MAC, S/PDIF, Audio DAC, and
Rockchip
state is a delay experienced by a computer processor when accessing external memory or another device that is slow to respond. Computer microprocessors
Wait_state
Physical components of a computer
(CPU), random-access memory (RAM), motherboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and computer case. It includes external devices such as a
Computer_hardware
Component of Microsoft Windows
needed by them into memory in advance so that they can be accessed very quickly when needed. ReadyBoost (when enabled) uses external memory like a USB flash
Prefetcher
Family of 8-bit microcontrollers
byte. The MCS-48 can address 4096 bytes of program memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 256 bytes of external memory, and eight port I/O addresses. Most arithmetic and
Intel_MCS-48
Cartridge containing flash memory developed for use in video game consoles
onboard flash memory on the cartridge, although newer cartridges usually use external memory cards as storage in place of onboard memory, such as Compact
Flash_cartridge
Misidentification during memory recall
misattribution of memory or source misattribution is the misidentification of the origin of a memory by the person making the memory recall. Misattribution
Misattribution_of_memory
Computer algorithm
The buddy memory allocation technique is a memory allocation algorithm that divides memory into partitions to try to satisfy a memory request as suitably
Buddy_memory_allocation
Home video game console
blocks with a 64-bit data path to external memory devices, and is capable of a very high data transfer rate into external dynamic RAM. The Atari Jaguar has
Atari_Jaguar
System to help searching for information
2007). "Before Memex: Robert Hooke, John Locke, and Vannevar Bush on External Memory". Science in Context. 20 (1): 21. doi:10.1017/S0269889706001128. hdl:10072/15207
Search_engine_(computing)
Inability to remember important information because of the ease of looking online
has also raised concerns that offloading memory to external stores may leave individuals vulnerable to memory manipulation, as Risko and colleagues found
Google_effect
Signal in the system bus of an x86-based computer system
processors only had 16 bits. To access a 20-bit address space, an external memory reference was made up of a 16-bit offset address added to a 16-bit
A20_line
Programmable calculator produced by Texas Instruments
Just like the SR-52, it has a magnetic card reader for external storage. One quarter of the memory is stored on each side of one card. The TI-58 (May 1977)
TI-59_/_TI-58
Intel 8051-compatible family of 8 bit microcontrollers
Port 0, are used in accesses to external memory. In this application, Port 0 outputs the low byte of the external memory address, time-multiplexed with
Atmel_AT89_series
Video card by Matrox
transform and lighting acceleration of Direct3D 7.0 cards. The chip's external memory interface is 128-bit and is designed to use either SDRAM or SGRAM.
Matrox_G400
Property of an algorithm
is important for I/O bound computing tasks. External space: space needed on a disk or other external memory device; this could be for temporary storage
Algorithmic_efficiency
8-bit microprocessor
to memory. For example, the 14-bit address, which can access "16 K × 8 bits of memory", needs to be latched by some of this logic into an external memory
Intel_8008
bilingualism, context dependent memory indicates that the language spoken during the encoding of the event acts as the external context. Whereas the language
Bilingual_memory
Canadian psychologist
extensive capacities for external storage and retrieval of information. Donald suggests that the increasing reliance on external memory media in this third
Merlin_Donald
Family of microcontrollers
need for external memory in most applications. Some devices have a parallel external bus option to allow adding additional data memory or memory-mapped
AVR_microcontrollers
EXTERNAL MEMORY
EXTERNAL MEMORY
Girl/Female
Arabic Muslim
Eternal.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
External
Girl/Female
Tamil
Nithyadevi | நீதà¯à®¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€Â
Eternal
Nithyadevi | நீதà¯à®¯à®¤à¯‡à®µà¯€Â
Boy/Male
Arabic American Egyptian Muslim
Eternal.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nabhanyu | நபாநà¯à®¯à¯
Eternal
Nabhanyu | நபாநà¯à®¯à¯
Girl/Female
Hindu
Eternal
Boy/Male
Hindi
Eternal.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Eternal
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
External; Outside
Girl/Female
Tamil
Saswaty | ஸஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯Â
Eternal
Saswaty | ஸஸà¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯Â
Boy/Male
Muslim
Eternal
Girl/Female
Tamil
Eternal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Outside external
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Eternal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Eternal
Girl/Female
Hindu
Eternal
Boy/Male
Hindu
Eternal
Girl/Female
Tamil
Eternal
EXTERNAL MEMORY
EXTERNAL MEMORY
Girl/Female
Indian
Captivating, Clever, Smart, Fascinating
Boy/Male
Indian, Sikh
Loyal
Girl/Female
Indian
From gazelle
Girl/Female
Irish
Pearl.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
One who Enlightens
Girl/Female
African, Australian, Nigerian
Precious Child; Good; Precious
Boy/Male
Indian
Radiant, Another name of the Sun, Mane of Lord Sun
Boy/Male
Muslim Arabic
Proper name. Ancestor of North Arabia.
Boy/Male
French
Piper.
Girl/Female
Muslim
A narrator of Hadith (Wife of abu Hayyan al-kasir)
EXTERNAL MEMORY
EXTERNAL MEMORY
EXTERNAL MEMORY
EXTERNAL MEMORY
EXTERNAL MEMORY
a.
Of or pertaining to a mother; becoming to a mother; motherly; as, maternal love; maternal tenderness.
n.
A fleshy covering of a seed, lying between the external and internal integuments.
n.
The point where two converging lines meet; an angle, either external or internal.
a.
Of or pertaining to a father; fatherly; showing the disposition of a father; guiding or instructing as a father; as, paternal care.
a.
Possessing knowledge, whether by internal, conscious experience or by external observation; cognizant; aware; sensible.
n.
Something external or without; outward part; that which makes a show, rather than that which is intrinsic; visible form; -- usually in the plural.
a.
Pertaining to its own affairs or interests; especially, (said of a country) domestic, as opposed to foreign; as, internal trade; internal troubles or war.
n.
The quality of being manifest to the senses; external acts or appearances; regard for externals.
a.
Eternal; everlasting.
a.
Not sternal; -- said of ribs which do not join the sternum.
adv.
In an external manner; outwardly; on the outside; in appearance; visibly.
a.
External; outward; not inherent.
a.
Derived from, or dependent on, the thing itself; inherent; as, the internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scriptures.
a.
Situated between the external and internal carotid arteries; as, an intercarotid ganglion.
n.
A very slight convulsive or spasmodic contraction of certain muscles, external or internal.
a.
Internal; inward; -- opposed to external.
a.
Received or derived from a father; hereditary; as, a paternal estate.
a.
Foreign; relating to or connected with foreign nations; as, external trade or commerce; the external relations of a state or kingdom.
a.
Outward; exterior; relating to the outside, as of a body; being without; acting from without; -- opposed to internal; as, the external form or surface of a body.
a.
Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; inclosed; -- opposed to external; as, the internal parts of a body, or of the earth.