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Chemical process of introducing a phosphate
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is described as the "transfer of a phosphate group" from a donor to an acceptor or the addition of a phosphate group
Phosphorylation
Metabolic pathway
Oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation, is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize
Oxidative_phosphorylation
Process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein
Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase
Protein_phosphorylation
Metabolic reaction
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the production of ATP or GTP supported by the energy released from another high-energy
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Substrate-level_phosphorylation
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
phosphate group to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2.[citation needed] The negative ΔG indicates that the
Cellular_respiration
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
monophosphate (AMP). Other processes, such as oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, regenerate ATP. ATP is also a precursor to DNA and
Adenosine_triphosphate
Phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine
Tyrosine phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO3−4) group to the amino acid tyrosine on a protein. It is one of the main types of protein
Tyrosine_phosphorylation
Energy-producing metabolic pathway
oxidative phosphorylation through ATP synthase. In eukaryotic organisms, the electron transport chain, and site of oxidative phosphorylation, is found
Electron_transport_chain
Signal pathway enzyme chain
A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation
Phosphorylation_cascade
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
NADH generated by the citric acid cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked
Citric_acid_cycle
Chemical compound
achieved throughout processes such as substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation, all of which facilitate the
Adenosine_diphosphate
Electrochemical principle that enables cellular respiration
Electrochemical gradient Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation Mitchell P (July 1961). "Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic
Chemiosmosis
Branch of proteomics
containing a phosphate group as a posttranslational modification. Phosphorylation is a key reversible modification that regulates protein function, subcellular
Phosphoproteomics
Signaling pathway involving transforming growth factor beta proteins
receptor is a serine/threonine receptor kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of the Type I receptor. Each class of ligand binds to a specific type
TGF_beta_signaling_pathway
Mammalian protein found in humans
affecting metabolism and survival. Phosphorylation of Akt's serine residue Ser473 by mTORC2 stimulates Akt phosphorylation on threonine residue Thr308 by
MTOR
Biochemical process in which a phosphate group is removed from a molecule
post-translational modification. Dephosphorylation and its counterpart, phosphorylation, activate and deactivate enzymes by detaching or attaching phosphoric
Dephosphorylation
Type of biological molecule
uncoupler or uncoupling agent is a molecule that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes and mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts
Uncoupler
Family of enzymes
the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for their work on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation and how it relates to PKA activity. PKA is one
Protein_kinase_A
Protein
primarily regulated through phosphorylation on multiple residues; its transcriptional activity is dependent on its phosphorylation state. FOXO1 negatively
Forkhead_box_protein_O1
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
phosphates (G3P). Once glucose enters the cell, the first step is phosphorylation of glucose by a family of enzymes called hexokinases to form glucose
Glycolysis
Group of six protein isoforms produced from the MAPT gene
potential serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) phosphorylation sites on the longest tau isoform. Phosphorylation has been reported on approximately 30 of these
Tau_protein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cap-dependent translation by binding to translation initiation factor eIF4E. Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 results in its release from eIF4E, thereby allows cap-dependent
EIF4EBP1
Linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell
the cell. For instance, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation all take place in the mitochondrial membrane. In contrast, glycolysis
Metabolic_pathway
Enzyme catalyzing transfer of phosphate groups onto specific substrates
transfer of phosphate groups to substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation. Typically ATP is the phosphate donor. Kinases are pervasive, the human
Kinase
Medical condition
Glycogen storage disease type VI (GSD VI) is a type of glycogen storage disease caused by a deficiency in liver glycogen phosphorylase or other components
Glycogen storage disease type VI
Glycogen_storage_disease_type_VI
Involuntary non-striated muscle
reductions in crossbridge phosphorylation, a process termed force suppression. This process is mediated by the phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein
Smooth_muscle
Class of enzymes
Some evidence has shown that phosphorylation at site 1 will nearly completely deactivate the enzyme while phosphorylation at sites 2 and 3 had only a small
Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_kinase
Enzyme of the glycolysis metabolic pathway
potential: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG). This is an example of phosphorylation coupled to oxidation, and the overall reaction is somewhat endergonic
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cellular processes, including cellular metabolism, chemotaxis, etc. Phosphorylation and acetylation of RELA are crucial post-translational modifications
RELA
American microbiologist and academic administrator
Sally Ann (1989). Modulation of cellular src family tyrosine kinases: Phosphorylation state and polyomavirus middle T antigen binding (Ph.D. thesis). The
Sally_Kornbluth
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DYRK1A gene. Alternative splicing of this
DYRK1A
Chemical reaction
electron transport is limited by the rate of phosphorylation. An increase in the rate of phosphorylation increases the rate by which electrons are transported
Hill_reaction
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
substrate is the S6 ribosomal protein. Phosphorylation of S6 induces protein synthesis at the ribosome. The phosphorylation of p70S6K at threonine 389 has been
P70-S6_Kinase_1
American-Swiss biochemist (1920–2021)
Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular
Edmond_H._Fischer
DNA located in mitochondria
responsible for coding of 13 essential subunits of the complex oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system which has a role in cellular energy conversion. Human
Mitochondrial_DNA
British biochemist (born 1967)
British biochemist, Director of the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit (MRC PPU) and Professor of Signal Transduction
Dario_Alessi
Class of protein kinase enzymes
threonine side chain in proteins. This process is called phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase
Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase
Penultimate step in the activation of mammalian spermatozoa
contributes to zona pellucida binding and acrosome reaction preparation. Phosphorylation by PKA can also regulate upstream steps of capacitation such as membrane
Capacitation
Peptide hormone
of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver is adjusted by the phosphorylation state of the enzymes that catalyze the formation of a potent activator
Glucagon
Class of enzymes
The activation of CDKs requires binding to cyclins and phosphorylation. This phosphorylation typically occurs on a specific threonine residue, leading
Cyclin-dependent_kinase
American biologist and geneticist (born 1949)
Casein kinase 1 gene. Doubletime mutations in Drosophila alter the phosphorylation and degradation of PER protein. This affects the regularity in period
Michael_W._Young
S-phase initiation, Sic1 prevents premature S-phase entry. Multisite phosphorylation of Sic1 is thought to time Sic1 ubiquitination and destruction, and
Sic1
a third or a half of the proteins experience phosphorylation). Because of its frequency, phosphorylation has a lot of importance in regulatory pathways
Regulatory_enzyme
Set of three serine threonine-specific protein kinases
kinase-2 (MAPKAPK2) can also serve as PDK2. Phosphorylation by mTORC2 stimulates the subsequent phosphorylation of Akt isoforms by PDPK1. Activated Akt isoforms
Protein_kinase_B
Events leading to cell division
proteins are inactivated by cyclin D-Cdk4/6-mediated phosphorylation. Rb has 14+ potential phosphorylation sites. Cyclin D-Cdk 4/6 progressively phosphorylates
Cell_cycle
Narrowing of blood vessels due to the constriction of smooth muscle cells
of Ca2+ entry and Ca2+sensitization: Rho-associated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of MYPT1 at Thr-855, but not Thr-697". Biochem J. 389 (3): 763–774
Vasoconstriction
Class of enzymes
Hepatic fructokinase (or ketohexokinase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to produce fructose-1-phosphate. ATP + ⟶ {\displaystyle
Hepatic_fructokinase
Epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3
DNA packaging protein histone H3. It is a mark that indicates the phosphorylation the 10th serine residue of the histone H3 protein. Depending on the
H3S10P
Cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep
phosphorylated during waking hours, and are dephosphorylated during sleep. The phosphorylation is aided by the gene Sik3. A type of laboratory mouse (named Sleepy)
Sleep_debt
Class of enzymes
several hexoses (like glucose) that contain an accessible -CH2OH moiety. Phosphorylation of a hexose such as glucose often limits it to a number of intracellular
Hexokinase
Transmembrane protein
There are several quantitative methods available that use protein phosphorylation detection to identify EGFR family inhibitors. New drugs such as osimertinib
Epidermal growth factor receptor
Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor
Protein-coding gene
phosphorylation was diminished by rapamycin and amino acid starvation and facilitated by FNIP1 overexpression, suggesting that FLCN phosphorylation may
Folliculin
Chemical compound
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor and AMP-activated protein kinase activating biguanide. Certain types of cancer cells requires oxidative phosphorylation to
HL156A
Epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3
the phosphorylation the 3rd threonine residue of the histone H3 protein. Pre-existing vs newly generated H3 is distinguished by phosphorylation at threonine
H3T3P
Enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other proteins
phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules. Phosphorylation usually results in a
Protein_kinase
Drug typically used in cancer treatment
proteins are activated by adding a phosphate group to the protein (phosphorylation), a step that TKIs inhibit. TKIs are typically used as anticancer drugs
Tyrosine_kinase_inhibitor
Class of cell surface receptors coupled to G-protein-associated intracellular signaling
phosphorylation results in the switching of the coupling from the Gs class of G-protein to the Gi class. cAMP-dependent PKA mediated phosphorylation can
G_protein-coupled_receptor
Mammalian protein found in humans
of these motifs is their frequently high degree of phosphorylation. Such Ser/Thr phosphorylation events greatly enhance the binding of many β-catenin
Catenin_beta-1
Gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane
An electrochemical gradient is essential to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The final step of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain
Electrochemical_gradient
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
"Enhanced processivity of RNA polymerase II triggered by Tat-induced phosphorylation of its carboxy-terminal domain". Nature. 384 (6607): 375–8. Bibcode:1996Natur
Cyclin_H
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
amyloid β-peptide sequence differentially affect synaptic loss, tau phosphorylation and neuronal cell death in an ex vivo system". PLOS ONE. 15 (9) e0239584
Alzheimer's_disease
or aspartic acid or histidine residues (mostly in prokaryotes). The phosphorylation of proteins is a major regulatory mechanism in cells. Phosphoproteins
Phosphoprotein
Quiescent stage of the cell cycle in which the cell does not divide
leads to G0 exit through nuclear import of cyclin D1 and subsequent phosphorylation of Rb. Finally, the Notch signaling pathway has been shown to play
G0_phase
Series of biochemical reactions
the growth factors causes activation of a cell surface receptor and phosphorylation of PI3K. Activated PI3K then phosphorylates lipids on the plasma membrane
Akt/PKB_signaling_pathway
Mitochondrial transmembrane protein
transport of phosphate ions across it for the purpose of oxidative phosphorylation. There are two significant isoforms of this gene expressed in human
Phosphate carrier protein, mitochondrial
Phosphate_carrier_protein,_mitochondrial
photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, green algae, and plants. During oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic respiration, oxygen is reduced to water, thus closing the
Dioxygen in biological reactions
Dioxygen_in_biological_reactions
Fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
amount of surface area for biochemical reactions, especially oxidative phosphorylation to occur on. Cristae are studded with proteins, including ATP synthase
Crista
compared to the second and third pathways, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Even if there is no oxygen present, glycolysis can continue to generate
Carbohydrate_catabolism
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
prevalent post-translational chemical group modification is phosphorylation. Phosphorylation is the reversible, covalent addition of a phosphate group to
Protein_biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of glucose molecules
its phosphorylation. Global control of gluconeogenesis is mediated by glucagon (released when blood glucose is low); it triggers phosphorylation of enzymes
Gluconeogenesis
Widening of blood vessels
action of the myosin-binding subunit of myosin light-chain phosphatase. Phosphorylation of this subunit by Rho-kinase prevents it from binding to and dephosphorylating
Vasodilation
Central nervous system stimulant
(PKA) and leads to phosphorylation of its targets. This includes the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), the phosphorylation of which induces
Methamphetamine
Enzyme
gene. This kinase, together with RPS6KA4, are thought to mediate the phosphorylation of histone H3, linked to the expression of immediate early genes. RPS6KA5
RPS6KA5
Form of metabolism in tumors
only in low yield compared to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic respiration, it allows proliferating cells to convert nutrients
Warburg_effect_(oncology)
Biological signaling pathway h
STAT6 are known. Serine phosphorylation. Most of the seven STATs (except STAT2) undergo serine phosphorylation. Serine phosphorylation of STATs has been shown
JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway
Protein found in humans
reactions of phosphorylation. This process allows the substrate to gain a phosphate group donated by an organic compound known as ATP. Phosphorylations are of
Cyclin-dependent_kinase_5
Protein found in humans
CaM KII/IV. Both of these pathways probably involve calcium-mediated phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133, thus allowing it to interact with BDNF's Cre regulatory
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor
fluctuating needs of the organism. Common chemical modifications include phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, methylation, lipidation, and proteolysis
Chemical_modification
Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase
the serine residue in the esteratic site of the cholinesterase. This phosphorylation inhibits the binding of the acetyl group of the acetylcholine to the
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
LENG9 is predicted to undergo post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, N-terminal acetylation, sumoylation, and C-terminal Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
LENG9
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Kinase 1). The Q472H germline KDR genetic variant affects VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and has been found to associate with microvessel density in NSCLC.
Kinase_insert_domain_receptor
Exercise phenomenon
sufficient energy is produced via oxidative phosphorylation, primarily from free fatty acids. Oxidative phosphorylation by free fatty acids is more easily achievable
Second_wind
Amino acid with a branched carbon chain
hours through phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase in skeletal muscle. Following resistance exercise without BCAA administration, phosphorylation of mTOR is
Branched-chain_amino_acid
Protein-coding gene in humans
serine/threonine-specific protein kinase. As such, it catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a consensus sequence on target
BRAF_(gene)
Human Gene
protein is localized in the cytoplasm. The RASGEF1C protein has 11 phosphorylation sites, and one O-glycosylation site. Human RASGEF1C protein is known
RASGEF1C
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
process protein phosphorylation phosphorylation negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus peptidyl-serine phosphorylation peptidyl-threonine
Doublecortin_like_kinase_3
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein phosphorylation response to stress cell population proliferation intracellular signal transduction peptidyl-serine phosphorylation phosphorylation regulation
MAP4K1
Cell found in connective tissue
activated by the Syk phosphorylation step is the linker for activation of T cells (LAT). LAT can be modified by phosphorylation to create novel binding
Mast_cell
Protein-coding gene in humans
phenotype is also tied to reduced BDNF expression and decreased CREB phosphorylation. Thus, the CaMKK2/CaMKIV/CREB cascade is required for BDNF (Brain Derived
CAMKK2
DNA replication in eukaryotic organisms
association between Cdc6 and CDK, and the CDK-dependent phosphorylation of Cdc6. The CDK-dependent phosphorylation of Cdc6 has been considered to be required for
Eukaryotic_DNA_replication
Protein with oligosaccharide modifications
reciprocal to phosphorylation and the functions of these are likely to be an additional regulatory mechanism that controls phosphorylation-based signalling
Glycoprotein
Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 through oxidation that will be reduced in oxidative phosphorylation to produce
Mitochondrial_matrix
Class of enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphotransferases are enzymes that catalyze phosphorylations (addition of inorganic phosphate, abbreviated P, to some substrate). A−P
Phosphotransferase
Enzyme participating to the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
Glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2) is an enzyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. In medicine, the term is often used to refer
Glucokinase
Protein complex on the surface of T cells that recognizes antigens
intermediate "proofreading" steps can be multiple rounds of tyrosine phosphorylation. These steps require energy and therefore do not happen spontaneously
T-cell_receptor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
enzyme binds to a subset of proteins and thus plays a role as a post phosphorylation control in regulating protein function. Studies have shown that the
PIN1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
process response to hypoxia negative regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation negative regulation of glycolytic process neurotrophin TRK receptor
DDIT4
influence aspects of the protein’s lifecycle. For example, phosphorylation of Cx43’s phosphorylation sites promote its trafficking from the Golgi apparatus
Gap_junction_modulation
Cell signaling pathway
leads to a series of phosphorylation events downstream in the MAPK cascade (Raf-MEK-ERK) ultimately resulting in the phosphorylation and activation of ERK
MAPK/ERK_pathway
Amino acid
threonine, whose side chains have a hydroxy group, but are alcohols. Phosphorylation of these three amino acids' moieties (including tyrosine) creates a
Tyrosine
PHOSPHORYLATION
PHOSPHORYLATION
PHOSPHORYLATION
PHOSPHORYLATION
Surname or Lastname
English (Northumberland)
English (Northumberland) : said to be a variant of Scottish Fairlie.
Boy/Male
African, American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Greek, Irish, Jamaican, Latin
Bringer of Light; Bright; Born at Daybreak; Man from Lucania; Form of Lucus
Girl/Female
Hindu
Victorious, Glorious, Famous, Successful
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Mythological, Sanskrit, Sindhi
Goddess Lakshmi
Boy/Male
German
Hard Strength; Firm
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name, from Middle English holy ‘holy’ + oke ‘oak’, for someone who lived near an oak tree with religious associations. This would have been one which formed a marker on a parish boundary and which was a site for a reading from the Scriptures in the course of the annual ceremony of beating the bounds.English : habitational name from the village of Holy Oakes in Leicestershire, recorded in Domesday Book as Haliach, and no doubt deriving its name as above, from Old English hÄlig ‘holy’ + Äc ‘oak’.
Boy/Male
Teutonic German
Noble friend.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Shailastha resident of Gandhamadhana
Male
Gaelic
Gaelic form of Latin Alexandrus, ALISTAR means "defender of mankind."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Grandeur. Pride.
PHOSPHORYLATION
PHOSPHORYLATION
PHOSPHORYLATION
PHOSPHORYLATION
PHOSPHORYLATION